猕猴输精管内注射高分子聚合物HFMC后对睾丸组织结构的影响

本实验选用具有生育力成年雄性猕猴７只，在直视下行双侧ＨＦＭＣ输精管内注射，每侧剂量分别为３０ｍｇ１只，６０ｍｇ和１００ｍｇ各３只；于注射后２．５年和３．５年分别处死动物，取睾丸组织进行光镜和电镜观察．结果发现：猕猴注射ＨＦＭＣ２．５年后，睾丸光镜大部分曲细精管生精上皮结构完整，排列整齐。仅见局部少数管腔生精上皮层数减少，上皮细胞轻度水样变性等病理改变。电镜下曲细精管内除支持细胞内脂褐素增多，轻度基底膜增厚和精母细胞内质网扩张外，各级生精细胞，支持细胞及细胞间连接复合体等超微结构未见明显异常。注射ＨＦＭＣ３．５年后猕猴的光镜、电镜结果与注射后２．５年结果相似，但局部改变较２．５年组轻。上述结果表明：猕猴输精管内注射一定剂量ＨＦＭＣ节育不会引起睾丸组织的严重病理改变。但是，由于注射ＨＦＭＣ后，ＨＦＭＣ释放Ｈ＋及其对输精管的暂时阻塞，改变了精子生存的内环境，使睾丸出现局部轻度病理改变，随着ＨＦＭＣ逐渐溶解排出，睾丸功能相继恢复正常，配对产仔。为ＨＦＭＣ应用提供了安全性依据。     

家兔高位输精管结扎后其近端结构变化的观察

家兔高位输精管结扎后其近端结构出现明显变化。光镜和电镜观察显示，管的近端管径增粗，管腔扩张，腔内充满精子。柱状上皮细胞顶部胞膜内陷增多，胞质内含有较丰富的有衣小泡、多泡体、溶酶体和线粒体等。出现变化的时间是术后的第３个月。中位输精管结扎后其近端结构的变化基本相似于高位结扎。低位输精管结扎后无变化。本研究结果提示，家兔输精管不单纯是输送精子的管道，还有较强的摄取某些物质的作用。     

水通道蛋白1在生后小鼠精囊腺与前列腺发育过程中的表达与分布

目的 探讨水通道蛋白1(AQP1)在雄性小鼠出生后不同发育阶段精囊腺和前列腺的表达与分布.方法 应用RT-PCR、免疫印迹和免疫组织化学染色方法,检测出生后15d、35d、70d 小鼠精囊腺、前列腺AQP1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平及细胞定位.结果 RT-PCR与免疫印迹结果均显示,出生后70d小鼠精囊腺、前列腺AQP1 mRNA及蛋白表达量较出生后15d显著增强(P<0.05);免疫组织化学染色显示,AQP1蛋白仅表达于出生后15d、35d小鼠精囊腺平滑肌细胞、前列腺腺泡上皮细胞基膜及间质细胞,而此时期精囊腺上皮细胞AQP1蛋白表达呈阴性;出生后70d,AQP1蛋白强烈表达于精囊腺和前列腺上皮细胞.结论 AQP1 mRNA及蛋白在雄性小鼠精囊腺、前列腺的表达与分布随年龄增长而改变,此变化可能与雄性附属性腺发育相关.     

家兔高位输精管结扎后期近端结构变化的观察

家兔高位输精度结扎后其近端结构出现明显变化。光镜和电镜观察显示，管的近端管径增相，管粗扩张，腔内充满精子，柱状上皮细胞顶部胞膜内陷增多，胞质内含有较丰富的有衣小泡，多泡体，溶酶体和线粒体等。出现变化的时间是术后的第３个月。中位输精管结扎后期近端结构的变化基本相地高位结扎。低位输精管结扎后无变化，本研究结果提示，家兔输精管不单纯是输送精子的管道，还有较强的摄取某些物质的作用。     

磁共振增强三维短时反转恢复变角激发T2WI快速自旋回波序列在成人精道解剖结构显示中的应用价值

目的 探讨MR增强三维短时反转恢复变角激发T₂加权成像(T₂WI)快速自旋回波(3D STIR T₂WI SPACE)序列对成人精道解剖结构显示的可行性及应用价值。方法 回顾性研究。收集2016 年11 月—2019 年3 月复旦大学附属华东医院MR室58 例成年男性腹盆腔MRI资料,年龄29~87 岁,按年龄分为低龄组(≤60岁,22 例)和高龄组(＞60岁, 36例)两组。所有患者均在德国西门子Syngo Via数据后处理工作站3D Viewer薄层最大强度投影(MIP)后行多平面重组(MPR)及曲面重组(CPR)。用3D Viewer行薄层MIP,获得冠状位、轴位、矢状位薄层MIP重建图。观察输精管壶腹段、后腹膜段和精囊腺的形态、走行、信号强度、背景抑制情况,参照日本Oh-Oka团队的评分标准,分别在MPR轴位和CPR 图像对输精管壶腹段、后腹膜段和精囊腺进行图像质量评分。采用Wilcoxon符号秩检验对比分析MPR轴位与CPR图像分别在输精管壶腹段、后腹膜段和精囊腺的图像质量评分,Wilcoxon秩和检验对比分析低龄组和高龄组在CPR图像上的图像质量评分。统计前列腺小囊检出率,并在3D Viewer获得的冠状位、轴位、矢状位三个方位薄层MIP重建图上测量前列腺小囊三个方位的径线值。结果 58例男性腰腿痛患者116侧输精管后腹膜段、壶腹段和精囊腺MR增强3D STIR T₂WI SPACE序列 MPR轴位和CPR图像质量评分分别为3(3,3)、2(2,2)、2(1,2)分和2(2,2)、2(1,2)、2(1,2)分,差异均有统计学意义(Z=10.232、5.196、2.000, P值均＜0.05)。22例(44侧)低龄组和36例(72侧)高龄组腰腿痛患者输精管后腹膜段、壶腹段和精囊腺MR增强3D STIR T₂WI SPACE序列CPR图像在的图像质量评分分别为2(1,2)、2(1,2)、1(1,2)分和2(2,2)、2(2,2)、2(1,2)分,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.673、2.249、3.042, P值均＜0.05)。58例患者前列腺小囊检出率为27.58%(16/58),前列腺小囊冠、横、矢三个方位径线值分别为5.35(4.33,6.88)、7.50(5.90,9.00)、8.00(6.43,10.78)mm。结论 MR增强3D STIR T₂WI SPACE序列能较清晰显示精囊腺、输精管壶腹段、后腹膜段以及前列腺小囊等精道精细结构解剖,可为指导临床提供影像学参考。     

前列腺血管构筑及临床意义

<正> 借助解剖镜、扫描电镜和组织学切片,对15例前列腺的血管及血管铸型标本进行了观测研究。它的动脉供应是多源的。除有膀胱上下动脉分支至前列腺外,还有精囊腺输精管动脉的前列腺支4～6条,管径     

前列腺血管构筑及其临床意义

对１５例成人前列腺血管铸型标本进行扫描电镜及组织学观测。动脉为多源性，除有膀胱上、下动脉分支供应外，还有精囊腺输精管动脉的前列腺支４～６条，沿射精管周围入前列腺实质；膀胱颈粘膜下的动脉支６～７条，围绕尿道入实质；阴部内动脉的穿盆膈支以及阴茎背动脉返支等。在腺的间质内动脉与静脉缠绕行进，反复分支，呈水稻根须样分布于腺泡周围；然而，静脉则呈吊床样包绕腺泡的基底部。     

输精管结扎16个月的大鼠细胞免疫功能的研究

本文观察了输精管结扎１６ｍｏ的大鼠细胞免疫功能的变化。结果表明：①输精管结扎对胸腺细胞自发增殖反应性及ＣｏｎＡ诱导的脾细胞增殖反应性均无影响；②ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦ的水平，输精管结扎组与假手术组比较均无显著差异。因此，输精管结扎１６ｍｏ大鼠细胞免疫功能无明显变化     

家兔附睾管尾段吸收功能的研究

家兔输精管低位结扎后附睾管尾段结构出现明显变化，外形和光电镜观察显示其管径增大，管腔扩张，腔内精子密集。附睾的平均重量增加。主细胞顶部胞膜向胞质内凹陷增多，并形成施工吞饮小泡，核上区出现许多与吸收作用有关的小泡、大泡、多泡体、溶酶体和线粒体等超微结构。出现上述变化的时间是术后的第３个月。输精管中位结扎组的变化情况基本相似于低位结扎组。输精高位结扎后因不能排出的睾网液可在附睾的近段被大部吸收，少量的     

输精管吻合不育家兔皮质质醇与IL—1、TNF—α变化

应用显微外科技术以来 ,输精管吻合解剖学成功率可达95 %以上 ,但生育力恢复却只有 5 0 %～ 60 %。吻合不育的内分泌变化机制值得研究。本文研究了输精管吻合不育家兔血清皮质醇变化 ,并检测了血清 IL- 1活性和 TNF- α含量。1　材料与方法1.1　动物模型　日本大耳白雄兔 3 1只 ,体重 2 .5～ 3 .0 kg,随机分为 :1输精管吻合组 14只雄兔于输精管结扎 12月后 ,行显微外科吻合术。 3月后与成年雌兔交配 ,观察 2月后根据配偶妊娠与否分为吻合育组 ( VFG)和吻合不育组( VIG) ,各 7只。 2输精管结扎组 ( VG) 8只雄兔只接受结扎手术和假吻合…     

Pathological changes in the reproductive tract of male rhesus monkeys associated with age and simian AIDS.

The pathological changes associated with ageing and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in groups of immature, adult and ageing Rhesus monkeys were studied. Eighty three per cent (5 of 6) of uninfected ageing animals had hyperplasia of the prostate, 33 per cent (2 of 6) had mild prostatitis and in 66 per cent (4 of 6) there were calcified concretions in the seminal vesicles. The testes were normal and showed active spermatogenesis. In the SIV-infected animals, two types of lesion occurred; the most common, in 81 per cent (18 of 22 monkeys), was the presence of focal lymphoid infiltrations in the epididymis, prostate or seminal vesicles. The other was hypospermatogenesis (23 per cent, 4 of 17) with degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated that the lymphoid masses contained approximately equal numbers of B and T lymphocytes, but the majority of diffusely scattered cells were T lymphocytes. Staining for SIV antigen identified small numbers of positive lymphocytes and macrophages in all tissues.     

Monocytic orchitis and aspermatogenesis in normal and vasectomized rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

The immunopathologic findings in the testes and kidneys of 25 long-term vasectomized monkeys and of 13 age-matched control animals were compared. Antisperm antibody was found in serum samples from 60% of vasectomized monkeys and in no samples from control animals. Orchitis, aspermatogenesis, or both, resembling allergic orchitis, was noted in 92% of vasectomized animals and in 23% of controls. Epididymitis and epididymal granuloma occurred exclusively in the vasectomized animals (52%). By immunofluorescence, granular deposits of IgA, IgG, and/or C3 in the basal lamina of the ductuli efferentes and the caput epididymidis were detected in 45% of the control monkeys. In vasectomized animals, the incidence of immune deposits increased to 91%, and the deposits became more widespread. Although both vasectomized and control animals had IgM, IgG, or both, in the glomerular mesangial region, C3 was found in vasectomized monkeys only (29%). The results of this study indicate that monocytic infiltrations with aspermatogenesis in association with immune deposits along the excurrent duct normally occur in subhuman primates, and that these changes increase in incidence after vasectomy. Although the testicular disease highly resembles allergic orchitis, an immunologic basis remains to be established.     

Characterization of proteins from boar prostate

PROBLEM: Most components of seminal plasma are secreted by accessory sexual glands: seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland. The portion of proteins secreted by prostate gland differs in various species. Characterization of boar prostate proteins is the subject of this communication. METHODS OF STUDY: Proteins of boar prostate gland were separated by affinity chromatography on heparin-polyacrylamide to non-heparin-binding (H-) and heparin-binding (H+) fractions. The H- and H+ fractions were subjected to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) and their elution profiles were compared with those of the H- and H+ fractions of boar seminal plasma. The isolated proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunodetection, N-terminal amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry (MALDI). RESULTS: The following proteins of boar prostate secretion were identified: beta-microseminoprotein, serotransferrin, serum albumin, myoglobin and PSP I and PSP II spermadhesins. CONCLUSION: Presented results demonstrate composition of the main proteins of boar prostate secretion. Beta-Microseminoprotein was found to be a major protein of prostate secretion. PSP I and PSP II, major proteins of the H- fraction of boar seminal plasma, were found in boar prostate secretion in lower amounts. The major proteins of the H+ fraction of boar seminal plasma (AQN, AWN) were not detected in prostate secretion.     

The effect of dietary supplementation with limonene or myo-inositol on the induction of neoplasia and matrix metalloproteinase and plasminogen activator activities in accessory sex organs of male Lobund-Wistar rats

Prostate cancer, the most prevalent non-cutaneous cancer in men, is associated with increased age. This suggests that dietary chemopreventive measures could be effective in delaying the onset or decreasing the severity of the disease. We utilized the Lobund-Wistar rat nitrosomethylurea induced, testosterone promoted (NMU-T) model of male sex accessory gland cancer to test the potential chemopreventive effects of myo-inositol and limonene on tumor incidence and associated protease activities. Tumors were found to arise in the seminal vesicles and dorsal and anterior prostate lobes. There were also some tumors that appeared to arise in both the seminal vesicles and anterior prostate, and in some cases the tissue of origin was not clear. The distribution of tumors as to site of origin in limonene or myo-inositol treated animals did not vary from that of the starch fed control animals, and the number of animals presenting with metastases did not vary significantly between treatment groups. There was a statistically significant delay in onset of tumors in myo-inositol, but not limonene fed rats, at 10months post-induction of carcinogenesis; however, at 12 and 15months this was not significant. The ventral prostate and seminal vesicles expressed pro-MMP-2 and plasminogen activator (PA) activities. Based on sensitivity to amiloride, the PA activities were predominately urokinase (uPA) in the ventral prostate and a mixture of tissue-type activator (tPA) and uPA in the seminal vesicles of non-treated rats. Sex accessory gland tumors, and metastases, expressed increased levels PA and pro- and active forms of MMP-2 and -9. The PA activities of the tumors were a mixture of uPA and tPA. There was no difference in the levels of these protease activities based on the tissue of tumor origin, nor in tumor vs metastasis. These studies indicate that MMP and PA activities play a role in sex accessory gland tumor biology and that dietary supplementation with myo-inositol can delay but not ultimately prevent the development of such tumors.     

Biological dose volume histograms during conformal hypofractionated accelerated radiotherapy for prostate cancer

Radiobiological data suggest that prostate cancer has a low alpha/beta ratio. Large radiotherapy fractions may, therefore, prove more efficacious than standard radiotherapy, while radiotherapy acceleration should further improve control rates. This study describes the radiobiology of a conformal hypofractionated accelerated radiotherapy scheme for the treatment of high risk prostate cancer. Anteroposterior fields to the pelvis deliver a daily dose of 2.7 Gy, while lateral fields confined to the prostate and seminal vesicles deliver an additional daily dose of 0.7 Gy. Radiotherapy is accomplished within 19 days (15 fractions). Dose volume histograms, calculated for tissue specific alpha/beta ratios and time factors, predict a high biological dose to the prostate and seminal vesicles (77-93 Gy). The biological dose to normal pelvic tissues is maintained at standard levels. Radiobiological dosimetry suggests that, using hypofractionated and accelerated radiotherapy, high biological radiation dose can be given to the prostate without overdosing normal tissues.     

Spontaneous mutation in mice provides new insight into the genetic mechanisms that pattern the seminal vesicles and prostate gland.

The seminal vesicles and prostate gland are anatomically adjacent male sex-accessory glands. Although they arise from different embryonic precursor structures and express distinct sets of secretory proteins, these organs share common features in their developmental biology. A key shared developmental feature is the elaboration of complex secretory epithelia with tremendous surface area from simple precursor structures with juxtaposed epithelial and mesenchymal cells. In this study, new insight into the nature of the biological processes that underlie glandular morphogenesis is achieved by analyzing the phenotypes present in mice that harbor a spontaneous mutation, seminal vesicle shape (svs), previously identified for causing altered seminal vesicle morphology in adults. An examination of seminal vesicle development in svs mice provides the first evidence that the concurrent processes of epithelial branching and epithelial infolding are distinct processes under separate genetic control. It also provides the first direct evidence that the thickness and topology of the smooth muscle layer in the seminal vesicles are determined by interaction with the glandular epithelium during the branching process. In addition, the seminal vesicle phenotype in svs mice is shown to phenocopy the morphologic form present in certain other mammals such as the guinea pig, raising the possibility that the svs mutation is the sort of variant that arises during evolution. By also including an investigation of the prostate gland, this study also identifies previously unrecognized phenotypes in svs prostates, including increased gland size and dramatically reduced levels of branching morphogenesis. Finally, this study advances the goal of identifying the svs gene by mapping the svs mutation relative to known molecular markers and testing Fgfr2 as a candidate gene. The finding that the svs mutation maps to a genomic region syntenic to a region frequently deleted in human prostate tumors, together with the prostatic phenotype present in svs mice, further raises the interesting possibility that the svs mutation will identify a candidate prostate tumor suppressor gene.     

On-line re-optimization of prostate IMRT plans for adaptive radiation therapy

For intermediate and high risk prostate cancer, both the prostate gland and seminal vesicles are included in the clinical target volume. Internal motion patterns of these two organs vary, presenting a challenge for adaptive treatment. Adaptive techniques such as isocenter repositioning and soft tissue alignment are effective when tumor volumes only exhibit translational shift, while direct re-optimization of the intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan maybe more desirable when extreme deformation or differential positioning changes of the organs occur. Currently, direct re-optimization of the IMRT plan using beamlet (or fluence map) has not been reported. In this study, we report a novel on-line re-optimization technique that can accomplish plan adjustment on-line. Deformable image registration is used to provide position variation information on each voxel along the three dimensions. The original planned dose distribution is used as the 'goal' dose distribution for adaptation and to ensure planning quality. Fluence maps are re-optimized via linear programming, and a plan solution can be achieved within 2 min. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated with a clinical case with large deformation. Such on-line ART process can be highly valuable with hypo-fractionated prostate IMRT treatment.     

Real-time PCR analysis of leptin and leptin receptor expression in the rat prostate, and effects of leptin on prostatic acid phosphatase release

We have recently demonstrated the expression of leptin and leptin receptor (Ob-R) isoforms a, b, c, e and f in the rat seminal vesicles and prostate. The aim of the present study was to provide a semiquantitative real-time PCR estimation of leptin/Ob-R isoform mRNA expression in the seminal vesicles and individual components of rat prostate, and to ascertain the in vitro effects of leptin on prostate acid phosphatase release. The highest expression of the leptin and Ob-R genes was in the seminal vesicles and lateral prostate lobe, respectively. Of the various isoforms, Ob-Rb displayed the highest and Ob-Re the lowest expression. Leptin (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) enhanced acid phosphate release from seminal vesicles, and (10(-6) M) decreased it from the coagulating lobe. Taken together, our findings support the contention that leptin may be involved in the autocrine-paracrine functional regulation of rat seminal vesicles and prostate. The physiological relevance of the marked heterogeneity of the different prostate lobes in both their leptin/Ob-R expression and functional response to leptin remains to be addressed.     

Immunology: High concentrations of the soluble p55 tumour necrosis factor receptor in human seminal plasma

Soluble TNFRs (tumour necrosis factor receptors) inhibit in-vivoand in-vitro bioactivities of TNF, and thus the secretion ofsoluble TNFRs could be a physiological principle to attenuatethe bioactivities of TNF. Two types of TNFR have been identifiedand both forms can be released from cells. In this study, solubleTNFRs in seminal plasma from three groups of men were analysed:from men with normal semen quality (n = 32), with reduced semenquality (n = 7) and vasectomized men (n = 3). Sensitive andspecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were utilized todetect soluble TNFRs in seminal plasma, based on capture antibodiesdirected against non-TNF-binding sites of the TNFRs and digoxigenin(DIG)-labelled TNF. The mean ± standard deviation levelsof p55 TNFR were 56.4 ± 20, 64.4 ± 17 and 45.4± 5 ng/ml in the three groups, respectively. The concentrationof p75 TNFR was < 1 ng/ml in all groups. The results suggestan exclusive existence of high amounts of the soluble p55 TNFRin seminal plasma. Seminal plasma from vasectomized men containedp55 TNFR at approximately the same levels as the specimen fromthe two other groups, indicating that the source of p55 TNFRis not the testis but rather some tissue more distal in themale genital tract, such as the prostate or the seminal vesicles.The soluble p55 TNFR was purified from human seminal plasma,using affinity and gel filtration chromatography. Further characterizationof the purified p55 revealed a protein with a molecular weightof –22 kDa, both under reducing and non-reducing conditions.Probably due to the elongated structure of p55 TNFR, the moleculebehaved as a larger protein (50 kDa) by gel filtration chromatography.The isolated TNFR inhibited TNF cytotoxicity in vitro.     

输精管结扎家兔自身免疫反应的实验研究

33只成年雄兔行双侧输精管结扎手术后,进行连续12个月的免疫学观察。7只同龄雄兔作为空白对照。结果表明,间接血凝试验69.7%结扎组家兔检测出抗精子抗体,滴度范围为1:5～1:1280;间接免疫荧光测定有90.9%的实验组家兔测出抗精子抗体。白细胞粘附抑制实验呈阳性反应者占实验组家兔的43.5%,与对照组比较差异显著。应用PEG光密度和抗补体法测定CIC均里阴性。输精管结扎后第3个月附睾肿胀者占45%,第5—7个月达70%,之后逐渐消退。而与此同时抗精子抗体阳性检出率明显增高,故可推断精子抗原主要经附睾入血,作用于免疫系统导致体液与细胞免疫反应。结扎组家兔胸腺、脾、淋巴结呈明显的增生现象支持这一结论。