广州地区围产儿脏器重量及大小测量的研究

目的探讨广州地区围产儿脏器重量及大小的发育规律.方法选择625例胎龄准确的单胎,除外明显浸软、IUGR、水肿儿、巨大胎、有胸腹水者,新生儿除外先天性心脏病及有明显疾病的脏器.根据胎龄分为6组,分别测量围产儿体重、身长和各脏器重量、长度.进行统计分析.结果胰腺、肺发育最早,肾脏与肺发育最快,出生后脑增长最少而胰腺增长最快,肠变异最大等规律.结论围产儿脏器资料用于围产儿病理研究有一定意义.     

不同月龄SPF级SD雌性大鼠主要脏器参数的研究

目的：探讨SD雌性大鼠的体重、脏器重量及其指数的正常值范围。方法：选用1月龄的雌性大鼠74只,分别于2、3、4、7、8月龄时测定其体重及10个主要脏器重量,并计算其脏器指数。结果：从2月龄至8月龄,雌鼠心,肝,肾,脑,肾上腺的重量均明显增长,而胸腺重量显著降低。然而由于体重增长等因素,其心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胸腺以及肾上腺等指数均明显降低。结论：SPF级SD雌性大鼠主要脏器及其指数可反映其结构变化以及生理功能状态。     

胎儿体格及脏器发育状况的研究

作者对128例不同胎龄胎儿的身高、体重和132例不同胎龄胎儿的肝、脾、胸腺、胰重量和体积共十项指标进行了测量.结果表明,孕14～36周胎儿十项指标均随胎龄的增长而增加.身高、体重及肝、脾、胸腺、胰重量与胎龄呈正相关,以身高、体重与胎龄的相关尤为显著.胎儿的生长发育有明显的阶段性,胎儿身高、体重于妊娠24及34周各有一次生长高峰,四个脏器均于妊娠26周出现一次生长高峰.本文结果为衡量不同胎龄胎儿在宫内的生长发育提供了参考标准.     

用足孕期畸形学指标评价毫米波辐射对小鼠植入后胚胎生长发育的影响

本实验用频率36.11GHz、功率密度为10.0mW/cm~2的毫米波,在小鼠怀孕6～15d时进行2h/d的照射,在孕期终了用足孕期畸形学指标进行分析。结果显示,毫米波照射可导致足孕期孕鼠体重、体重增加数和胎鼠体重的明显降低,胎盘重明显减轻,足孕时胎仔身长及尾长均减短,照射未导致孕鼠脑、肝、肾、卵巢等脏器重量(右肾除外)及脏器/体重比值、活胎数、死胎数、吸收数等指标发生明显变化,亦未导致胎鼠外表发生畸形、内脏发生畸形,或骨骼畸形增多。     

江门地区301例围产儿死亡临床病理分析

目的探讨围产儿死亡的主要原因,及新生儿与死胎死产构成比的趋势.方法回顾性总结301围产儿死亡的临床资料,及206例围产儿尸体解剖病理资料.结果死胎死产以脐带异常、畸形为主,新生儿死亡以新生儿窒息、畸形为主.新生儿窒息以肺出血和肺透明膜病为主.新生儿与死胎死产构成比前后6年有明显减少的趋势.结论宣传、普及围产期知识,加强优生优育教育,普及产前检查,提高产前诊断水平,加强窒息儿的救治,特别是早产、低体重儿的救治,适时终止畸形儿妊娠,可以有效的降低围产儿死亡率.     

胎儿脏器重量的测量

尸检测量了600例4-10月龄新鲜国人胎儿的脑、心脏、肺脏、脾脏、肾脏、肝脏、胰腺、胃、胸腺、肾上腺、甲状腺、睾丸、卵巢子宫等十三项脏器的重量并分别对胎龄作半对数图以观察各脏器生长发育速度变化的趋势。结果表明所有脏器重量均随胎龄以不同速度增加,存在着三种速度变化类型:(1)稳定型,该型脏器于整个胎儿期生长发育速度保持相对稳定;(2)先慢后快型,该型脏器以六月龄前、后生长发育速度显著不同为特征;(3)末期速降型,该型脏器的生长发育速度变化与先慢后快型相似,但九月龄之后发育速度显著降低。     

299例妊娠晚期宫内死胎死因相关因素分析

目的分析妊娠晚期胎死宫内的相关因素。方法对299例孕28周以后的宫内死胎病例,依据临床病史、围产儿尸体解剖及胎盘病理学检查进行死因相关因素分析。结果死因主要集中于脐带胎盘因素、胎儿因素、宫内感染及妊娠合并内科疾病等,部份宫内死胎尸体脏器自溶,死因不明。结论加强围产保健,及早筛查畸形胎儿及预防胎儿宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）的发生,防治宫内感染、妊高征及内科合并症,有助于减少妊娠晚期死胎的发生率,从而降低围产儿死亡率。     

人胎肺细胞增殖与凋亡及其与发育分化的关系

<正> 目的:探讨增殖与凋亡这两种细胞学行为在同一个胚胎器官中的发生时间、表达规律以及它们对胚胎器官发育的影响,以了解这两种细胞行为在胚胎器官正常发生中各自的作用及相互的的联系.方法:采用原位核酸末端缺口杂交方法(TUNEL法)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)免疫组织化学技术,分别观察了28例胎龄16-32周的人胎肺组织在不同胎肺发育阶段细胞凋亡与增殖的表达率、表达部位及其随发育时间的变化趋势.结果:发现支气管粘膜上皮细胞在胎肺发育的早、中期(即假腺期和小管期),细胞的凋亡与增殖均明显较晚期(原始囊泡期)旺盛,而且两者均于胎肺发育的第24周达到最高峰(阳性细胞表达率分别为0.5263±0.0085及0.3684±0.0238),但凋亡与增殖细胞在不同发育时期表达部位有动态的变化:早期以间质细胞为主,中期以各级支气管粘膜上皮为主,晚期以支气管树远端的单扁上皮为主,而且增殖与凋亡在分布部位上的变化与胎肺发育过程中支气管树的形成发生的需要相一致.结论:细胞的凋亡     

早产性胎膜早破的处理及围产儿预后

胎膜早破(PROM)是临床常见的分娩并发症,其发生率占分娩总数的2.7%~7%[1]。常导致早产低体重儿,增加围产儿死亡率,同时有宫内感染的可能,处理不当可危及母婴安全。为减少早产的威胁需竭力延长胎龄,促胎肺成熟,以获得可存活的婴儿,但随着潜伏期的延长,又使母亲增加感染的机会,因     

围产儿羊水吸入性肺炎发病学探讨：172例多因素逐步回归研究

对1980.9～1982.8江苏省6个城市172例围产儿羊水吸入性肺炎临床病理多因素回归分析研究,以探讨其发病机制。目的是筛选能影响肺炎和羊水吸入的临床参数。结果:(1)男婴占52.91%,女婴47.09%。(2)组织学:肺的炎症和羊水大多数是混合性、弥漫性分布,病变较一致,纤维素渗出很少,这说明本病可能是在出生前或分娩过程中吸入感染的羊水所致。(3)影响本病发生的主要因素为剖腹产、胎吸术、羊水吸入以及胎龄。(4)影响羊水吸入性的因素为胎儿体重(4000g以上)和胎龄(42周以上)。而体重、胎龄和胎吸术又和产程延长有关。     

Body fat distribution and organ weights of 14 common strains and a 22-strain consomic panel of rats

The goal of this study was to determine the adiposity of a range of rat strains, including a panel of consomics, to estimate heritability. To that end, we assessed the body fat distribution and organ weights of groups of adult male rats from 3 outbred strains, 11 inbred strains and 22 consomic strains. We measured the weights of the gonadal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, femoral, subscapular and pericardial white fat depots, the subscapular brown fat depot, the kidneys, liver, heart, spleen, and brain. Strains were compared for the measured weight of each of these adipose depots and organs, and also for these weights adjusted statistically for body size. All individual adipose depot and organ weights were highly heritable, in most cases h² > 0.50. The fourteen inbred and outbred rat strains were not very different in body length but there was a three-fold difference in body weight, and up to a twenty-fold difference in the weight of some adipose depots. Comparison of the FHH-Chr n^BN consomic strains with the FHH host strain revealed 98 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for body composition and organ weight, with the introgressed chromosome reducing weight or adiposity in most cases. These results can be used to guide the choice of appropriate rat strains for future studies of the genetic architecture of obesity and body size.     

胎儿发育中水通道蛋白的免疫组化观察

目的观察胎儿器官和组织发育过程中水通道蛋白(AQPs)的表达特征,初步探讨AQPs对胎儿发育进程的生物意义。方法14～38周胎儿共12例,取用肾脏、肺脏、唾液腺、甲状腺和胃等器官,常规固定、石蜡包埋和切片;用免疫组化S-P法,检测AQPs(AQP1、AQP2和AQP4)在胎儿不同胎龄器官组织中的表达。结果胎儿肾脏中AQPs定位于近端小管和集合管系统;胎肺中AQPs的表达随肺泡发育分化而迁移,始终定位于肺泡上皮;晚期胎肺中AQPs于肺泡及呼吸道上皮均有表达;胎16周起检出AQPs反应于唾液腺、胃腺和胰腺等消化腺,同时甲状腺中AQPs在滤泡上皮也有活跃表达。结论胎肾中AQPs的表达与肾的重吸收功能直接相关;胎肺内AQPs的表达反映肺泡上皮分化的轨迹,其调节水分的作用为肺泡发育提供空间;AQPs介导细胞内外水分的转运不但调节消化腺的分泌还参与调节甲状腺滤泡的激素合成和分泌过程。表明AQPs在胎儿发育过程,对各器官中水转运功能的成熟起重要作用。     

全反式维甲酸对生长发育期大鼠实质器官的损伤

目的 探讨体内过量全反式维甲酸（ATRA）对生长发育期SD大鼠的脑、心、肺、肝、肾和脾的影响。方法 以48只3周雄性SD大鼠为实验对象,随机分为对照组和3个实验组,ATRA剂量分别为40、60、80 mg/(kg·d),每组12只,进行连续10 d ATRA灌胃处理,记录SD大鼠每日体重,于灌胃第10天解剖称量各器官的重量以及计算脏器指数,然后对各器官进行HE染色。结果 ATRA灌胃后,与对照组比较,40 mg/(kg·d) ATRA组肾指数升高,体重变化差异无统计学意义;60 mg/(kg·d) ATRA组体重降低,心、肾指数升高,脾脏重量降低;80 mg/(kg·d)ATRA组体重明显降低,脑、心、肾指数升高,脑、脾重量降低;HE染色显示,与对照组比较,ATRA处理组的肺泡壁增厚,肾小管上皮细胞有空泡样改变,脾脏红髓出现较多巨噬细胞,而大脑、肝脏、心肌无明显组织学变化。结论 体内过量全反式维甲酸能够对生长发育期SD大鼠的肺、肾和脾有一定的损伤作用。     

Feasibility of percutaneous organ biopsy as part of a minimally invasive perinatal autopsy

To determine the feasibility of percutaneous fetal organ biopsies in the context of a ‘minimally invasive’ perinatal autopsy after stillbirth and termination for abnormality is the aim of this study. We assessed successful biopsy rate and the proportion adequate for histological examination in 30 fetuses undergoing organ sampling before autopsy. The relationship between gestational age, body weight, death–biopsy interval, operator experience and successful biopsy rate was investigated. Significant findings from conventional block histology were compared with corresponding percutaneous biopsies. Of 210 organ biopsies attempted from seven target organs, 107 were obtained, of which 94 were adequate for pathological comment. The median delivery–autopsy interval was 4 (range 2–11) days. Adequate samples were obtained from the lung in 86% cases (95% CI 68, 96%), liver 76% (95% CI 56, 90%) and less frequently for the myocardium, kidney, adrenal, thymus and spleen. There was no relationship between biopsy success and time to biopsy, gestational age, body weight and user experience. No histological abnormalities found at autopsy were diagnosed from needle biopsies. Although targeted percutaneous biopsies appear feasible for some organs, fewer than 50% of all biopsies are adequate for histological examination. This technique cannot be considered to provide useful clinical information as part of a ‘minimally invasive’ perinatal autopsy.     

Gross and microscopic visceral anatomy of the male Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae), with reference to organ size and growth

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the Cape fur seal heart, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, intestine and kidneys (n = 31 seals) is described. Absolute and relative size of organs from 30 male seals are presented, with histological examination conducted on 7 animals. The relationship between log body weight, log organ weight and age was investigated using linear regression. Twenty five animals were of known age, while 6 were aged from counts of incremental lines observed in the dentine of tooth sections. For the range of ages represented in this study, body weight changes were accurately described by the exponential growth equation, weight = w_or^t, with body weight increasing by 23% per annum until at least 9–10 y of age. Organ weight increased at a rate of between 25% and 33% per annum until at least 9–10 y of age, with the exception of the intestines, where exponential increase appeared to have ceased by about 7 y. The relationship between body weight and organ weight was investigated using logarithmic transformations of the allometric equation, y = ax^b, where the exponent b is 1 if organ weight is proportional to body weight. Most organs increased in proportion to the body. However, the heart, liver and spleen had exponents b > 1, suggesting that these organs increased at a faster rate than the body. The basic anatomical features of the viscera were similar to those of other pinnipeds, with some exceptions, including the arrangement of the multilobed lung and liver. Apart from the large liver and kidneys, relative size of the organs did not differ greatly from similar sized terrestrial carnivores. The histological features of the organs were generally consistent with those previously described for this species and other otariids. The heart, as in other pinnipeds, was unlike that of cetacea in not having unusually thick endocardium or prominent Purkinje cells. Notable histological features of the lungs included prominent fibrous septa, prominent smooth muscle bundles, cartilage extending to the level of the alveolar sacs and ample lymphoid tissue. The spleen had a thick capsule, well developed trabeculae and plentiful plasma cells. Abundant parietal cells were present in the fundic glands and lymphoid follicles were present in the gastric lamina propria, particularly in the pyloric region. Small intestinal villi were very long but this could have resulted from underlying chronic inflammation. Lymphoid follicles were prominent in the colon. The kidney reniculi each had a complete cortex, medulla and calyx, but a sportaperi medullaris musculosa was not identified.     

Cytomegalovirus studies of autopsy tissue. II. Incidence of inclusion bodies and related pathologic data.

Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) were recovered from lung tissue in 34 (6.8%) of 502 unselected autopsy cases. Inclusion bodies were detected in the lung in nine of these cases (26%) and in organs other than the lung in three others. Overall, the incidence of inclusion bodies in this series of 502 cases was 2.4%. Our data strongly indicate that virus isolation is more sensitive than histopathologic study in establishing the presence of CMV infection. However, CMV was not recovered from one kidney and one liver in which inclusion bodies were present, although the virus was isolated from lung. Four of five cases of renal allograft rejection were positive for both CMV and inclusion bodies. The incidence of CMV recovery and inclusion body detection in leukemia and lymphoma cases was more than twice that in cases with other diseases. CMV inclusion bodies with or without associated inflammation were found, in descending order of frequency, in the lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, adrenal gland, esophagus, prostate, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and heart.     

胎儿心、肝和肾长度预测胎儿发育的可行性探讨

目的探讨南方地区胎儿期体质发育数据,为影像诊断、孕期保健等提供参考数据。方法对741例引产胎儿的肝脏、心脏、肾脏的长度及体重进行测量性分析。结果①胎儿的肝脏、心脏、肾脏的长度及体重增长速率与胎龄增加呈正相关。肝脏长度在24周前、33～37周间变化明显,心脏长度在25周后加速均匀增长,肾脏长度在28周前、33～37周间变化明显与体重增长速度比较一致,29～32周为体重变化敏感期。②胎儿体重与肝心肾脏长度间以及孕周与肝心肾脏长度存在线性关系,其中体重分别与心、肝脏长度间的线性关系较强,肝、心、肾脏长度对胎儿体重和孕周的预测效果较好。结论可考虑利用肝、心、肾脏长度对胎儿体重(间接反映发育状况)进行预测。     

Specific heat output (SHO) of visceral organs/tissues: the hypothesis and first estimations

It was hypothesized that each organ/tissue has a characteristic specific heat output (SHO; kcal/d.g). Heat output (HO; kcal/d) is defined as the product of the SHO and the weight, g, of the organ/tissue. FHP (fasting heat production) is defined as the sum of HO values of all tissues of fasted animals. FHP and organ weight were perturbed by variations of food intake of 48 young swine before FHP and weights of 36 organ/tissue variables were measured. Cluster analysis was used to group the variables and simplify the analyses and indicated that small intestine, kidneys, liver and pancreas were principal sources of FHP. Regression estimates indicated that the SHO of pancreas and kidneys was high (1.1 to 1.9), that of small intestine, liver and colon was intermediate (.21 to .26), and that of stomach and lungs was low (.11 to .14). All other viscera tissues were assumed to have SHO near that for nonviscera, estimated at .0165 kcal/d.g. Mean values of FHP and empty body weight were 1856 kcal/d and 46,651 g respectively; thus the mean SHO value of all tissues was about .04 kcal/d.g. The SHO values of stomach, intestine, colon, pancreas, kidneys, liver and lungs were in the range 3- to 50-fold greater than SHO of the whole body and in the range 7- to 120-fold greater than the estimated SHO of the nonviscera. These findings indicate that the small intestine, liver and kidneys account for about 60% of HO from viscera or about 30% of total FHP.     

Systemic distribution of West Nile virus infection: postmortem immunohistochemical study of six cases

Rare cases of West Nile virus (WNV)-associated inflammation outside the central nervous system (CNS) have been reported. We evaluated the systemic distribution of WNV in postmortem tissues during encephalitis in six patients using immunohistochemistry. WNV antigens were detected in neurons of CNS (all 6 cases), kidney (4 cases), lungs (2 cases), pancreas (2 cases), thyroid (2 cases), intestine (2 cases), stomach (1 case), esophagus (1 case), bile duct (1 case), skin (1 case), prostate (1 case) and testis (1 case). In systemic organs epithelial cells were infected. In none of the six cases were viral antigens identified in hepatocytes, heart, adrenal gland, nerves, skeletal muscles, bone, vessels and fat. All cases in which viral antigens were identified in systemic organs in addition to CNS were severely immunocompromised transplant recipients. With the exception of testis and brain, most foci of infection were not associated with inflammation. While the absence of inflammation may in part be due to patient immunosuppression or to possible transient nature of any host response, compartmentalization of viral antigen to the luminal region of epithelial cells may sequester WNV from immune recognition. Comparison of our findings with previous reports suggests that patients with WNV encephalitis can have widespread systemic infection.