慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者静脉血栓栓塞的发生率及预防

静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是一种常见疾病,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)急性加重期的患者是发生VTE的危险因素.VTE是COPD急性加重期患者常见的潜在致命的并发症,肺栓塞亦是COPD患者死亡相对常见的原因.然而关于COPD急性加重期的VTE发生率及预防的报道很少.通过检索与此相关的文献,大部分临床资料显示肝素可以显著降低VTE的发生率,为评估COPD急性加重期患者所有有关VTE的发生率和预防的有效信息,为临床工作提供依据,本文将对此进行综述.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与凝血-纤溶功能异常

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是以气道、肺实质和肺血管的慢性炎症为特征。因肺内通气血流比例失调致慢性缺氧，可继发红细胞增多和血黏滞度增高，引起血流高黏、高聚、高凝及微血栓形成。COPD急性加重期凝血-纤溶功能异常进一步恶化，对病情进展的影响已经为临床高度关注。研究同时发现COPD与静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）关系密切，其合并深静脉血栓（DVT）甚至肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）已成为重要的医疗保健问题。     

慢性阻塞性肺病并发静脉血栓栓塞危险因素分析

目的 探讨COPD发生静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）的高危因素与预防对策.方法 分析我院呼吸内科诊断为COPD并发VTE的65例住院患者的临床资料,实验组（COPD合并VTE组）和对照组（COPD无VTE组）就年龄、长期卧床、其他合并症、长期吸烟、低氧血症、长期口服或静脉糖皮质激素、COPD急性加重频繁、深静脉置管等多种因素进行组间比较,采用χ2检验两组间的差异性.结果 实验组与对照组比较,长期卧床（〉7天）、COPD急性加重频繁（〉3次/年）、长期口服或静脉应用激素和深静脉置管,经χ2检验,P〈0.05,差异具有统计学意义.结论 长期卧床、COPD急性加重次数频繁、长期口服和静脉应用激素和深静脉置管是COPD并发VTE的高危因素.     

P选择素在静脉血栓栓塞症发病机制中的作用及与炎症的关系

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)主要包括深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)和肺血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE),是同一疾病病程中两个不同阶段的不同临床表现.欧洲的研究资料表明,症状性VTE发生人数每年超过150万,VTE相关死亡人数每年约54.35万.我国VTE的诊断也呈逐年上升趋势.已有多项研究表明P选择素作为炎症因子,在VTE发病机制中起了重要作用,而炎症本身又与VTE有着密切的联系.我们即以VTE发病机制出发,总结P选择素在VTE中的作用及与炎症的关系.     

老年COPD急性加重期血栓前状态及丹参的治疗

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)急性加重期常有血栓前状态 (或谓高凝状态 )。丹参具有益气养血、活血化瘀、抗红细胞聚集扩张血管作用 ,丹参酮具有抗纤维化作用 ,丹参应用于COPD患者可增加肺小血管血流量和抗微血栓形成。为探讨COPD急性加重期血栓前状态 ,凝血和抗凝系统与血液流     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并肺血栓栓塞症12例临床分析

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病,在我国40岁以上人群中的患病率高达14%。慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)是COPD患者死亡的重要原因,对患者的疾病进程、活动耐力、生活质量及社会经济负担均产生严重负面影响。急性肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)是常见的三大致死性心血管疾病之一[1]。COPD患者处于高凝状态、因慢性缺氧致血管内皮损伤且合并细小动脉原位血栓,是PTE的独立危险因素。AECOPD患者PTE的发病率和病死率显著增高。我们通过分析12例AECOPD合并PTE患者的临床资料,旨在探讨其临床特征和诊治策略。     

COPD合并肺血栓栓塞症诊断现状

<正>COPD被认为至2020年将会成为世界上死亡率最高的第三大疾病[1],而COPD患者易出现血液高凝状态,是肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的一项独立危险因素[2]。Rizkallah[3]等通过Meta分析结果发现19.9%(95%CI 6.7%~33.0%)COPD患者急性发作期可能并发PE,住院患者发病率可能更高态24.7%(95%CI 17.9%~31.4%)。法国一项研究[4]显示:882例确定为急性有症状的PTE患者中有8%例合并有COPD。COPD合并PTE患者临床上极易诊断为COPD急性加重期(AECOPD),造成患者治疗的延误[5]。因而提高对COPD合并PTE的认识,对其及时诊治尤为重要。     

肾病综合征合并静脉血栓栓塞症的治疗及预防

静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)包括深静脉血栓形成(DVT)及肺栓塞(PE),是同一疾病在不同部位、不同发病阶段的不同的临床表现,肾病综合征(NS)患者VTE发生率相当高[1,2],需要早期诊断和正确治疗.本文着重介绍NS患者合并VTE治疗及预防.     

不同强度华法林抗凝治疗对肺血栓栓塞症二级预防预后及凝血功能的影响研究

<正>静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)包括肺血栓栓塞症(PE)及深静脉血栓形成(DVT)。VTE为一种高复发性疾病,观察性研究显示若停用抗凝治疗后,该疾病10年的累积复发率可高达30%~([1])。VTE导致的血栓后综合征(PTS)、慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)等并发症亦严重影响患者生命及生活质量,因此VTE的二级预防尤为重要~([2])。部分患者需要进行长期的二级预防;目前针对华法林不同的抗凝治疗强     

210例入院诊断为慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的PaO_2/PaCO_2分析

目的:分析入院第一诊断为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的血气结果,探讨动脉血氧分压/动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaO2/PaCO2)比值在临床诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析了以第一诊断为COPD急性加重入院210例患者的临床资料,按出院第一诊断分为COPD急性加重组、肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)组、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)组、哮喘组及间质性肺疾病组,将COPD急性加重组与其余4组患者吸氧前后的PaO2/PaCO2比值及PaCO2分别进行比较,观察2个指标在COPD急性加重组与其余4组间的差异是否有统计学意义。结果:1·210例中,出院第一诊断为COPD急性加重者154例(74%),PTE21例(10%)、OSAHS11例(5%)、哮喘15例(7%)、间质性肺疾病9例(4%),即:非COPD急性加重56例(26%)。2·COPD组与其他组比较显示:吸氧前及吸氧后,COPD组的PaO2/PaCO2比值明显低于PTE组与哮喘组,差异具有统计学意义;COPD组与间质性肺疾病组比较,PaCO2明显升高,有统计学意义。3·若取PaO2/PaCO2比值≤1·0同时PaCO2值≥45mmHg,则PTE组及哮喘组均为0例,即:可除外PTE及哮喘。结论:吸氧前后测定PaO2/PaCO2比值并联合PaCO2值对鉴别COPD与PTE、哮喘有一定的临床意义,但与OSAHS、间质性肺疾病的鉴别意义有限。PaO2/PaCO2比值计算方法简便,对临床有借鉴价值。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.