冠心病患者血浆内皮素－1和血清C型利钠肽、胱抑素C、妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平变化及其临床意义

目的：探讨冠心病患者血浆内皮素－1（ ET－1）和血清C型利钠肽（ CNP）、胱抑素C、妊娠相关血浆蛋白A （ PAPPA）水平变化及其临床意义。方法选择我院心内科2012年6月—2013年6月收治的冠心病患者91例为冠心病组,其中稳定型心绞痛（ SAP）患者35例（ SAP组）、不稳定型心绞痛（ UAP）患者33例（ UAP组）、急性心肌梗死（ AMI）患者23例（ AMI组）;选择同期在我院体检健康者35例为对照组。检测所有受试者血浆ET－1和血清CNP、胱抑素C、 PAPPA水平,并进行比较。结果冠心病组患者血浆ET－1和血清CNP、胱抑素C、 PAPPA水平均高于对照组（ P＜0.05）。 SAP组、 UAP组、 AMI组血浆ET－1和血清CNP、胱抑素C、 PAPPA水平均高于对照组, UAP组、 AMI组均高于SAP组, AMI组高于UAP组（P＜0.05）。直线回归分析结果显示,冠心病患者血清PAP-PA水平与血浆ET－1（r＝0.592）和血清CNP （r＝0.602）、胱抑素C （r＝0.593）水平均呈正相关（P＜0.01）。结论冠心病患者血浆ET－1和血清CNP、胱抑素C、 PAPPA水平明显升高,且随着冠心病严重程度加重而升高。     

不同类型冠心病患者血清尿酸、hs-CRP水平比较

目的 比较不同类型冠心病患者血清尿酸、hs-CRP水平,探讨其与冠脉病变严重程度的关系.方法 选取不稳定心绞痛（UAP）患者35例、急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者43例、稳定型心绞痛（SAP）患者31例和正常体检者35例,分别为UAP组、AMI组、SAP组和对照组.常规抽血分离血清检测hs-CRP、尿酸水平.结果 ①血清尿酸水平：AMI组、UAP组高于对照组（P均＜0.05）;SAP组与对照组比较无统计学差异;AMI组、UAP组高于SAP组（P均＜0.05）;AMI组高于UAP组（P＜0.05）.②血清hs-CRP水平：AMI组、UAP组、SAP组均高于对照组（P均＜0.05）;AMI组、UAP组、SAP组间比较无统计学差异.Pearson分析示血清尿酸与hs-CRP存在正相关（r=0.553,P＜0.05）.结论 血清尿酸、hs-CRP水平与冠心病的严重程度有关.     

冠心病患者血清同型半胱氨酸、高敏C-反应蛋白、胱抑素C水平变化及临床意义

目的:探讨冠心病患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、胱抑素C(CysC)水平变化及临床意义。方法:将临床诊断为冠心病的142例患者分为急性心肌梗死(AMI)组58例、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组42例、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组42例,测定其血清Hcy、hs-CRP、CysC水平,以112例非冠心病患者作对照组。结果:冠心病组血清Hcy、hs-CRP和CysC浓度明显高于对照组;AMI组患者血清Hcy和hs-CRP水平较UAP及SAP组高,而AMI组患者血清CysC水平较UAP及SAP组低。结论:Hcy、hs-CRP和CysC 3者联合检测对预测冠心病发生和发展有一定指导意义。     

血清胱抑素C水平与冠心病病变的关系

目的 评估血清胱抑素C（Cys C）水平与冠心病病变稳定性、病变严重程度的关系.方法 经冠状动脉造影入选199例患者,其中冠心病组128例,对照组71例;冠心病组再根据病变血管支数、临床类型分为各亚组.比较各组患者临床和生化指标是否有统计学意义.结果 冠心病组血清CysC水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,不稳定型心绞痛组显著高于稳定型心绞痛组和对照组（P＜0.01）,AMI组明显低于SAP组及UA组（P＜0.01）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.血清Cys C水平与Gensini评分呈正相关（r=0.417,P＜0.01）.结论 血清Cys C水平与冠脉病变的稳定性相关,在一定程度上可以反映其病变的严重程度.     

冠心病患者血浆正五聚蛋白-3、血清超敏C-反应蛋白与血脂的相关性

目的：通过分别检测冠心病患者及正常人的血浆正五聚蛋白-3（PTX3）、血清超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）及各项血脂水平,探讨血浆PTX3水平在各组间的差异以及血浆PTX3、血清hs—CRP与血脂的相关性。方法：入选经冠脉造影正常的40例患者为对照组;冠脉造影确诊为冠心病的60例,分为稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组,20例;不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组,20例;急性心肌梗塞（AMI）组,20例。分别检测各组入院第2d的血浆PTX3、血清h～CRP及各项血脂水平。血浆PTX3和血清hs—CRP水平取对数后均服从正态分布。对所得数据进行单因素方差分析、两变量相关分析及多元线性回归分析。结果：UAP组和AMI组患者的血浆PTX3对数水平显著高于SAP组和对照组的（P均〈0．05）;SAP组与对照组之间差异元显著性（P〉0．05）;UAP组和AMI组之间差异有显著性（P％0．05）。患者血浆PTX3对数水平与低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（LDL-C）水平存在正相关（r＝0．641。P〈0．05）,与总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）及高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（HDL—C）无线性相关（P均〉0．05）;而血清hs—CRP对数水平与TG、TC、LDL—C呈正相关．且与HDL-C呈负相关（r值分别为0．325、0．228、0．625、－0．312,P均〈0．05）。患者血浆PTX3对数水平与血清hs—CRP对数水平呈正相关（r=0．729,P〉0．05）。多元线性回归分析显示血浆PTX－3和LDL—C的相关性优于血清hs—CRP和LDL—C的（B=0．492,P=0．001：β＝0．382,P=0．03）。结论：血浆PTX3水平与血清hs-CRP水平呈正相关,PTX3是心血管疾病的独立危险因素,其与LDL—C的相关性优于hs—CRP。     

冠心病患者血浆ET、 MMP -9、hs - CRP、血小板聚集率及红花黄色素的干预影响

目的 比较冠心病(CHD)稳定型心绞痛患者(SAP)、不稳定型心绞痛患者(UAP)、急性心肌梗死患者(AMI)与正常对照者血浆内皮素(ET)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP -9)、高教C-反应蛋白(hs -CRP)、血小板聚集率的变化.方法选择SAP患者36例,UAP患者46例,AMI患者45例,30名健康体检者作为对照.将研究组按病变程度随机分为常规治疗组和红花黄色素组(常规治疗十红花黄色素100mg/d),药物干预前后行血浆ET、MMP -9、血小板聚集率及hs - CRP等参数的检测.结果 UAP组、AMI组血浆ET、MMP -9、血小板聚集率、hs- CRP值显著高于正常对照组及SAP组(P＜0.01).红花黄色素组(尤其UAP组、AMI组)与常规治疗组治疗后较治疗前血浆ET、MMP -9、血小板聚集率、hs - CRP值均显著下降(P＜0.01).红花黄色素组治疗后较常规治疗组血浆ET、MMP -9、血小板聚集率、hs - CRP值下降(P＜0.05).结论红花黄色素可以降低血浆ET、MMP -9、hs - CRP、血小板聚集率水平,对不同冠心病患者均有益处.     

老年冠心病患者血浆PAI—1及C—反应蛋白浓度的变化

目的：探讨血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制物－1（PAI－1）及血浆C－反应蛋白（C－RP）与不稳定型心绞痛的关系。方法：对比观察21例老年不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）患与19例老年稳定型心绞痛（SAP）患及20例健康对照例的血浆PAI－1及C－RP浓度的变化。结果：21例UAP患的PAI－1及C－RP浓度显高于SAP组患及对照组的（P＜0．01）。结论：血浆PAI－1及C－RP浓度变化在不稳定型心绞痛的发生及发展过程中有重要作用。     

老年冠心病患者血清炎症因子、基质金属蛋白酶-9、尿酸、胱抑素C水平变化

目的探讨老年冠心病患者血清炎症因子、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9、尿酸(UA)、胱抑素(Cys)-C水平变化及机制。方法冠心病患者117例,根据冠脉造影和实验室检查分为稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组43例、不稳定心绞痛组(UAP)39例,急性心肌梗死组(AMI)35例,同期健康体检者40例作为对照组。抽取血清标本检测各组血清炎症因子、MMP-9、UA、Cys-C水平变化。结果与对照组比较,SAP组、UAP组、AMI组血清hsCRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平显著增加(P<0.05);AMI组血清hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平高于SAP组和UAP组,UAP组血清hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平高于SAP组(P<0.05);与对照组比较,SAP组、UAP组、AMI组血清MMP-9、UA、Cys-C水平显著增加(P<0.05);AMI组血清MMP-9、UA、Cys-C水平高于SAP组和UAP组,UAP组血清MMP-9、UA、Cys-C水平高于SAP组(P<0.05)。结论血清炎症因子、MMP-9、UA、Cys-C水平变化参与老年冠心病发生发展,且病情越严重各指标水平越高,可评价病情严重程度。     

冠心病患者血浆内皮素、一氧化氮和前列环素水平的变化及临床意义

检测28例稳定型心绞痛（SAP）、48例不稳定型绞痛（UAP）、23例急性心肌梗死（AMI）及26例健康人血浆内皮素（ET）、一氧化氮（NO）及前列环素（PGI2）的代谢产物6－酮前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF1α)浓度，分析各组间差异。结果显示冠心病患者血浆ET增高的同时，血NO、6-keto-PGF1α下降，尤以AMI第1天和UAP患者为明显。认为冠心病患者存在血管内皮细胞损害，其分泌的ET与NO、PGI2失衡，诱发冠状动脉痉挛，促发了UAP和AMI的发生。     

冠心病患者血清载脂蛋白水平和血浆D-二聚体水平变化及其相关性研究

目的观察冠心病患者血清载脂蛋白水平和血浆D-二聚体水平变化,分析其相关性。方法选取2013年6月—2015年10月在宜昌市中心人民医院住院治疗的冠心病患者90例作为病例组,根据冠心病类型分为稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组25例、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组15例、陈旧性心肌梗死(OMI)组20例、急性心肌梗死(AMI)组30例。另选取同时期在本院体检的健康成年人30例作为对照组。比较5组受试者血清载脂蛋白水平和血浆D-二聚体水平。结果 SAP组、UAP组、AMI组患者血清载脂蛋白a水平低于对照组,UAP组、AMI组患者血清载脂蛋白a水平低于SAP组,OMI组患者血清载脂蛋白a水平高于SAP组、UAP组,AMI组患者血清载脂蛋白a水平低于OMI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SAP组、UAP组、OMI组、AMI组患者血清载脂蛋白b水平高于对照组,UAP组、AMI组患者血清载脂蛋白b水平高于SAP组,AMI组患者血清载脂蛋白b水平高于OMI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SAP组、UAP组、OMI组、AMI组患者血浆D-二聚体水平高于对照组,UAP组、AMI组患者血浆D-二聚体水平高于SAP组,OMI组患者血浆D-二聚体水平高于UAP组,AMI组患者血浆D-二聚体水平高于OMI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,血清载脂蛋白a水平与血浆D-二聚体水平呈负相关(P0.05),血清载脂蛋白b水平与血浆D-二聚体水平呈正相关(P0.05)。结论冠心病患者血清载脂蛋白a水平较低,血清载脂蛋白b水平和血浆D-二聚体水平较高,尤以AMI和UAP患者明显,血清载脂蛋白水平变化与血浆D-二聚体水平变化相关。     

Trust,benefit, satisfaction,and burden

BACKGROUND: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches that actively engage communities in a study are assumed to lead to relevant findings, trusting relationships, and greater satisfaction with the research process. OBJECTIVE: To examine community members' perceptions of trust, benefit, satisfaction, and burden associated with their participation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized controlled trial tested a cancer prevention intervention in members of African-American churches. Data were collected at baseline and 1-year follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Subscales measured perception of trust in the research project and the project team, benefit from involvement with the project, satisfaction with the project and the team, and perception of burden associated with participation. MAIN RESULTS: Overall, we found high levels of trust, perceived benefit, and satisfaction, and low perceived burden among community members in Partnership to Reach African Americans to Increase Smart Eating. In bivariate analyses, participants in the intervention group reported more perceived benefit and trust (P <.05). Participants in smaller churches reported more benefit, satisfaction and trust, while participants from churches without recent health activities perceived greater benefit, greater satisfaction, and lower burden with the project and the team (P <.05). Participants whose pastors had less educational attainment noted higher benefit and satisfaction; those whose pastors were making personal lifestyle changes noted higher benefit and satisfaction, but also reported higher burden (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: A randomized clinical trial designed with a CBPR approach was associated with high levels of trust and a perceived benefit of satisfaction with the research process. Understanding variations in responses to a research partnership will be helpful in guiding the design and implementation of future CBPR efforts.     

Cardiovascular,diabetes, and cancer strips: evidences,mechanisms, and classifications

Objectives

To report and name firstly that there are cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancers (CDC) strips; and disclose their mechanisms, classifications, and clinical significances.

Study design

Narrative and systematic review study and interpretive analysis.

Methods

Data sources and study selection: to collect and present related evidences on CDC strips from evidence-based, open-access, both Chinese- and English-language literatures in recent 10 years on clinical trials from PubMed according to keywords “CVD, DM and cancers” as well as authors’ extensive clinical experience with the treatment of more than fifty thousands of patients with CVD, diabetes and cancers over the past decades, and analyze their related mechanisms and categories which based on authors’ previous works. Data extraction: data were mainly extracted from 48 articles which are listed in the reference section of this review. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed data were included, narratively and systematically reviewed.

Results

With several conceptual and technical breakthrough, authors present related evidences on CDC strips, these are, CVD and DM, DM and cancers, cancers and CVD linked, respectively; And “Bad SEED” +/– “bad soil” theory or doctrine may explain this phenomenon due to “internal environmental injure, abnormal or unbalance” in human body resulting from the role of risk factors (RFs) related multi-pathways and multi-targets, which including organ & tissue (e.g., vascular-specific), cell and gene-based mechanisms. Their classifications include main strips/type B, and Branches/type A as showed by tables and figures in this article.

Conclusions

There are CDC strips and related mechanisms and classifications. CDC strips may help us to understand, prevent, and control related common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as these high risk strips.     

Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity,Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians,Mice, Swine,Seals, Ferrets,and Humans

Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and domestic avians, wild land and sea mammals, horses, canines, felines, swine, humans, and other species. One molecular trait shown to modulate IAV host range is the stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. The HA protein is the major antigen and during virus entry, this trimeric envelope glycoprotein binds sialic acid-containing receptors before being triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that cause membrane fusion. The HA proteins from different IAV isolates can vary in the pH at which HA protein structural changes are triggered, the protein causes membrane fusion, or outside the cell the virion becomes inactivated. HA activation pH values generally range from pH 4.8 to 6.2. Human-adapted HA proteins tend to have relatively stable HA proteins activated at pH 5.5 or below. Here, studies are reviewed that report HA stability values and investigate the biological impact of variations in HA stability on replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in experimental animal models. Overall, a stabilized HA protein appears to be necessary for human pandemic potential and should be considered when assessing human pandemic risk.     

Correlations between lipid levels and age, gender, glycemia, obesity, diabetes, and smoking

A low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Dietary measures and pharmacological agents are often not sufficient to reach the HDL-C target level of 40 mg/dl in patients with low baseline HDL-C. This study assesses the association between lipid levels and age, gender, body mass index (BMI), glycemia, diabetes and smoking and focuses on the parameters influencing HDL-C. In the town of Lede (Belgium) all patients aged between 45 and 64 years were invited during 1999 for a free of charge health check-up and blood test. Blood pressure, weight, length and smoking habits were recorded. Serum levels for glycemia and lipoproteins were determined. In total, 629 subjects attended for the check-up. In a logistic regression analysis age above 50 years was correlated with low HDL-C (OR = 2.27 CI = 1.10-4.68). Male gender was correlated with low HDL-C (OR = 3.85 CI = 1.77-8.43) and with high triglycerides (TG) (OR = 1.94 CI = 1.14-3.30). From the level of 90 mg/dl glycemia was correlated with low HDL-C (OR = 2.56 CI = 1.02-6.39) and high TG (OR = 2.12 CI = 1.16-4.06). Obesity was correlated with low HDL-C (OR = 2.36 CI = 1.18-4.71) and high TG (OR = 2.17 CI = 1.88-5.23). This study provides some evidence to sharpen the target levels for glycemia and BMI among patients with low HDL-C and high TG. For these patients, the target glycemia should be around 90 mg/dl and BMI around 25 kg/m2. Physical activity and diet are also important in the achievement of these target levels.     

Lipoxins,Resolvins, Protectins,Maresins, and Nitrolipids: Connecting Lipids,Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Essential fatty acids and their metabolites (γ-linolenic acid [GLA], dihomo-GLA, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid; prostaglandin E₁; prostacyclin [PGI₂]; PGI₃; lipoxins; resolvins; protectins; maresins; and nitrolipids) prevent platelet aggregation, produce vascular relaxation, inhibit neutrophil degranulation and superoxide formation, inhibit platelet activation, possess peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand activity, and release nitric oxide. Thus, they lower blood pressure, are anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory in nature, reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ameliorate the adverse actions of homocysteine, activate telomerase, and have cytoprotective properties—actions that prevent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Because coronary heart disease (CHD) and atherosclerosis are low-grade systemic inflammatory conditions, it is likely that reduced formation of lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins, and nitrolipids plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of CHD. Hence, development of stable synthetic analogues of lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins may form a new therapeutic approach to CHD and other low-grade systemic inflammatory conditions.