53例小儿细菌性脑膜炎有关病原研究

小儿细菌性脑膜炎（菌脑）的病原构成及病原检测方法的阳性率比较。研究方法：共５３，应用肺炎链球菌多价型（ＰＮＣ）、流感嗜血杆菌Ｂ型（Ｈｉｂ）、脑膜炎双球菌Ａ及Ｂ群（ＭＣＡ，ＭＣＢ）三种细菌抗血清，采用对流免疫电泳（ＣＩＥ）检测脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）、血、尿抗原共４７例，ＣＳＦ涂片革兰氏染色找细菌２５例，ＣＳＦ培养２０例，血培养２０例。结果和结论：１、明确病原菌者８６．７％，其中Ｈｉｂ占４５．２８％为主要病     

南宁市新生儿细菌性脑膜炎监测研究

目的 掌握本地区新生儿细菌性脑膜炎的流行病学和临床特征,提高该病的防治水平。方法 对南宁市2000年12月-2002年11月67,342名新生儿进行主动监测。疑似病例作脑脊液(CSF)常规检查和血、CSF细菌分离培养。脑膜炎患婴进行动态评估与定期随访。结果 临床细菌性脑膜炎47例,发病率69.8/10万,农村病例占76.6％;明显高于城区;≤7天新生儿占61.7％,其中2天内占34.0％;医源性感染占6.4％。临床表现不典型,CSF中WBC中位数(M)=46×106/L,蛋白中位数(M)=1.83 g/L,WBC数与蛋白定量之间具有高度相关性(r=0.5308 t=4.2015 P<0.001)。CSF培养出病原菌4例(8.5％),阳性率低可能与检测前使用抗生素病例较多有关。血培养阳性率29.8％,以大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌为主。病死率25.5％,后遗症发生率48.6％。结诊降低该病发生率的关键,在于加强农村围产儿感染的防治和控制医源性感染。致病原流行病学监测,有利于临床诊治水平的提高。     

应用多糖-蛋白结合物免疫方法预防侵袭性细菌感染

革兰阴性或阳性细菌从人类宿主的粘膜局部侵入血流,可引起侵袭性疾病,这些细菌包括奈瑟脑膜炎双球菌(MC)、流感嗜血杆菌b 型(Hib)、肺炎链球菌(PNC 旧称肺炎双球菌)、伤寒杆菌等。大肠杆菌 K_1和乙型链球菌是胎儿和新生儿疾病的主要病原菌。它     

南宁市新生儿细菌性脑膜炎监测研究

目的掌握本地区新生儿细菌性脑膜炎的流行病学和临床特征,提高该病的防治水平.方法对南宁市2000年12月～2002年11月67,342名新生儿进行主动监测.疑似病例作脑脊液(CSF)常规检查和血、CSF细菌分离培养.脑膜炎患婴进行动态评估与定期随访.结果临床细菌性脑膜炎47例,发病率69.8/10万,农村病例占76.6%;明显高于城区;≤7天新生儿占61.7%,其中2天内占34.0%;医源性感染占6.4%.临床表现不典型,CSF中WBC中位数(M)=46×106/L,蛋白中位数(M)=1.83g/L,WBC数与蛋白定量之间具有高度相关性(r=0.5308t=4.2015 P＜0.001).CSF培养出病原菌4例(8.5%),阳性率低可能与检测前使用抗生素病例较多有关.血培养阳性率29.8%,以大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌为主.病死率25.5%,后遗症发生率48.6%.结诊降低该病发生率的关键,在于加强农村围产儿感染的防治和控制医源性感染.致病原流行病学监测,有利于临床诊治水平的提高.     

细菌性脑膜炎266例病原学与耐药性分析

目的 回顾性调查2000-2005年临床诊断符合细菌性脑膜炎（BM）患儿266例的脑脊液致病菌及耐药性情况。方法致病菌采用常规方法分离培养，细菌鉴定采用革兰染色、API生化鉴定系统（法国生物梅里埃），X、V因子试验（嗜血杆菌属）、Optochin试验（肺炎链球菌阳性）及肺炎链球菌、B型流感嗜血杆菌及脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗原检测（乳胶凝集方法）。细菌抗生素耐药检测采用KB及E-test法。结果乳胶凝集法显示BM患儿主要病原菌为肺炎链球菌（20．0％，）、B型流感嗜血杆菌（15．4％）、脑膜炎奈瑟菌（7．7％）。培养法提示凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌引起BM比例为15．4％，大肠埃希菌为4．9％。88．9％凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑青霉素耐药（MRS）。结论肺炎链球菌、B型流感嗜血杆菌及脑膜炎奈瑟菌仍是上海地区BM儿童的主要病原菌，葡萄球菌引起BM所占比例超过脑膜炎奈瑟菌且多为苯唑西林耐药株。我国BM儿童病原菌谱存在一定地域差异。     

22例嗜血流感杆菌肺炎临床与实验室研究

本组22例确诊为嗜血流感杆菌B型(Hib)肺炎,尿Hib抗原检测全部阳性,血2例阳性,血清Hib特异性抗体(SIg)包括IgG、IgA、IgM与IgG亚类升高者19例,占86%。极重型4例,<4月3例,入院时SIg均无升高,经19天～3月动态观察,2例仍无反应。重型4例,年龄与以上相仿,入院时SIg3例上升,1例一直无反应。轻型14例,年龄偏大,全部有SIg升高。本组临床症侯与X线胸片表现与同期128例肺炎比较除母乳喂养少,营养不良与病情迁延外,无其他特征,说明特异性抗原、抗体测定对确诊肺炎病原十分重要。鉴于尿抗原取材方便,又不受应用抗生素影响,本组研究仅1例尿Hib抗原阳性与临床诊断不符,认为在探讨细菌性肺炎病原诊断,值得推广。     

荧光定量PCR测定在小儿非细菌性脑膜炎病原学诊断中作用及其临床意义

目的 研究疱疹类病毒与肺炎支原体(MP)在潍坊地区小儿中枢神经系统(CNS)感染发病中的作用 及荧光定量PCR测定(FQ-PCR)与临床的关系。方法 利用FQ-PCR法检测小儿非细菌性脑膜炎(非菌脑)脑脊液 (CSF)中EBV、HSV、CMV和MP的核酸,并与CSF中其特异性抗体结果进行比较。结果 192例非菌脑患儿中84 例病原DNA阳性(阳性率43.8％),且年龄越小,阳性率越高,以0-3岁组最高,占50.0％;阳性者中,EBV-DNA阳 性率最高(46.4％),其次是HSV-DNA和MP-DNA(28.6％和14.3％),CMV-DNA阳性率最低(10.7％);重型患儿 CSF 4种病原DNA的拷贝量明显高于轻型患儿(P<0.05,0.01);CSF病原DNA阳性率与特异性IgM阳性率分 别为43.8％(47／192例)和24.5％(84／192例)(P<0.01)。结论 小儿CNS感染发病中上述4种病原不可忽视; CSF病原DNA拷贝量检测对判断非菌脑病情具有重要指导意义;MP的直接损伤是MP脑膜炎的发病机制之一; FQ-PCR特异性强、敏感性高,需标本量少,是早期快速诊断小儿非菌脑的可靠方法,值得推广使用。     

首都儿科研究所1997-2006年住院患儿中枢神经系统感染性疾病的流行病学特点

目的 了解首都儿科研究所住院患儿中枢神经系统(CNS)感染性疾病的流行病学特点.方法 对1997年1月-2006年12月在片都儿科研究所附属儿童医院住院的972例临床确诊为CNS感染性疾病患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,入选病例急性期血清和(或)脑脊液病原学的检测包括细菌和真菌涂片、培养及快速病原学诊断;病毒抗体、肺炎支原体抗体、结核抗体检测.结果 1.CNS感染性疾病病例占同期内科位院总人数的1.76%.2.CNS感染性疾病的主要病种:病毒性脑炎747例,细菌性脑膜炎177例,支原体脑炎21例,结核性脑膜炎12例.3.CNS感染性疾病患儿972例中男:女比例为1.72∶1.0.发病年龄为(4.75±4.03)岁.4.血清和(或)脑脊液病原学检测阳性的病例共283例(29.12%),细菌学检测阳性者48/177例(27.12%),其中以肺炎链球菌(4.52%)、大肠埃希菌(3.39%)、脑膜炎舣球菌(3.39%)、流感嗜血杆菌B(Hib,3.39%)为主;病毒抗体阳性者210/747例(28.11%),主要为疱疹病毒[128/747例(17.14%)]及肠道病毒[91/747例(12.18%)].结论 CNS感染性疾病足内科住院患儿中重要病种之一.病毒及细菌是儿童CNS感染性疾病的主要感染原.肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、脑膜炎双球菌、Hib是本院细菌性脑膜炎的主要致病菌;疱疹病毒及肠道病毒是本院病毒性脑炎的主要病原.     

脑脊液培养阳性的36例儿童化脓性脑膜炎病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 分析我院近5年化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点、病原菌分布及耐药性.方法 对我院2007年1月至2011年10月脑脊液培养阳性的36例化脓性脑膜炎患儿的临床特点、病原菌种类及耐药性进行分析.结果 我院共送检脑脊液培养2 267份,分离出36株细菌,阳性率为1.6％,其中革兰阳性菌27株(75.0％,27/36),最常见的细菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(50.0％,18/36),其次为大肠埃希菌(13.9％,5/36),肺炎链球菌(11.1％,4/56),金黄色匍萄球菌(8.3％,3/36).药敏结果显示95.2％ (20/21)的葡萄球菌产生β内酰胺酶而对青霉素G耐药,仅33.3％(7/21)的菌株对苯唑西林敏感.患儿病死率为13.9％(5/36).结论 葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎链球菌是我院小儿化脓性脑膜炎的常见病原,临床应根据药敏结果合理选择抗生素.     

新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点与早期诊断

目的探讨新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点与早期诊断方法。方法选择2010年3月-2011年12月就诊于本院新生儿科疑似化脓性脑膜炎患儿100例,均于本院应用抗生素前行腰椎穿刺术,留取脑脊液(CSF)标本行常规、生化检测及培养,同时留取CSF 1 mL行PCR检测16 S rRNA。结果临床诊断为化脓性脑膜炎者40例,其中发热36例(90%),惊厥29例(72.5%),呼吸暂停5例(12.5%),前囟饱满23例(57.5%)。临床诊断为化脓性脑膜炎40例患儿,其CSF PCR检测均为阳性。CSF培养阳性5例,该5例CSF参数异常,PCR检测均呈阳性。PCR检测16 S rRNA阳性58例,PCR阳性率明显高于CSF培养、CSF参数(χ2=65.09,P=0.00;χ2=6.48,P=0.01)。结论新生儿化脓性脑膜炎临床特点不典型,CSF检查存在一定局限性,CSF培养阳性率低,结合PCR检测能提高阳性率。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.