自体血回输在骨科手术中的应用100例分析

目的：探讨自体血回输在骨科手术中的应用。方法：应用全自动自体血液回收机,收集手术野出血,经处理后回输给患者。结果：应用自体血回收,使75.8%的患者避免了术中、术后异体血输入,术后血液检测及凝血功能指标正常。结论：自体血回输可使需输血骨科手术患者避免了异体输血带来的潜在危险,节约了血资源。     

自体血液回收技术在脑外伤手术中的应用

目的：探讨自体血液回收技术在脑外伤手术中的应用效果。方法：应用全自动血液回收机收集手术野出血,经处理后回输给患者。结果：应用自体血回收使70%的患者避免了术中、术后异体血的输入,患者未出现不良输血反应,无其他明显并发症。结论：自体血回输技术可使脑外伤患者减少或避免异体输血带来的潜在危险,节约了大量的血液资源,有效缓解了血源紧张情况。     

术中自体血回输在骨科手术中的应用

目的 探讨术中自体血回输的安全性和实用性.评价其在骨科手术治疗中的应用价值.方法 将100例骨科手术患者随机分成自体血回输治疗组50例和对照组50例.观察两组术中出血、血常规、血气分析及输血后并发症的情况.结果 两组术中出血量无明显差异.自体血回输组所需异体血较非回输血组自体血液回输组明显减少.术前与术后第1天的红细胞数量、血红蛋白及红细胞压积差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),无自体血回输并发症发生.结论 应用术中自体血回输是一种安全有效、简便易行、节约血源及财力的输血方式,能减少异体输血量避免并发症,在骨科手术中具有很高的临床应用价值.     

自体血液回收机在手术中的应用

目的　探讨自体血液回收机在手术中应用的可行性、安全性及护理。方法　实施自体血液回收的择期手术患者 1 5例 ,手术前输注 6 %羟乙基淀粉液实行中度血液稀释。手术中使用国产自体 血液回收机 ,术中失血合用肝素盐水抗凝处理回收 ,经血液回收机的过滤、洗涤、浓缩处理后回输病人。整个过程均严格执行无菌操作。结果　本组病人术中自体血液回收量平均为 (6 80± 2 5 0 )ml,术中病人生命体征稳定 ,无异常出血表现 ,术后恢复好。结论　术中自体血液回收后回输是安全可靠的 ,可明显减少异体输血量 ,节约血源 ,减少因输异体血引起的不良反应及并发症     

回收式自体输血在手术中的应用

目的观察手术中应用血液回收机回输自体血的效果。方法选择223名出血较多的手术患者,应用全自动血液回收机,收集手术野或体腔出血,处理后回输给患者。结果每例平均回输自体浓缩红细胞(408±238)ml,74.4%患者(166名)术中、术后不再输库血;术后血液检测及凝血功能指标均正常。结论术中采用血液回收机回输自体血安全,可显著节约血源。     

自体血液回收机在手术中的应用

目的探讨自体血液回收机在手术中应用的可行性、安全性及护理.方法实施自体血液回收的择期手术患者15例,手术前输注6%羟乙基淀粉液实行中度血液稀释.手术中使用国产自体-血液回收机,术中失血合用肝素盐水抗凝处理回收,经血液回收机的过滤、洗涤、浓缩处理后回输病人.整个过程均严格执行无菌操作.结果本组病人术中自体血液回收量平均为(680±250)ml,术中病人生命体征稳定,无异常出血表现,术后恢复好.结论术中自体血液回收后回输是安全可靠的,可明显减少异体输血量,节约血源,减少因输异体血引起的不良反应及并发症.     

自体血回输在异位妊娠内出血中的运用（附17例分析）

目的 探讨自体血回输在异位妊娠内出血急诊手术中的运用价值.方法 2004年10月至2005年10月,采用京精-2000型自体血液回收机对17例异位妊娠内出血病人进行术中自体血回输.分别记录术中出血量和回收血量.结果 17例患者共回收自体血24053ml,回输血12290ml,所有患者均顺利恢复,无自体输血相关并发症.结论 异位妊娠内出血急诊手术中运用自体血液回输安全有效,可迅速获得大量新鲜红细胞,有效地维持循环,减少术中血液丢失,减少异体血输入量和降低输血后并发症,提高抢救成功率.     

术中自体血回输在骨科大手术中的应用

目的评价骨科大手术中自体血液回输的安全性和效果。方法用国产BW-8100A型血液回收机对37名骨科大手术患者进行术中血液回输,并对其中30名患者手术前术后24h的血压、心率、血常规和凝血指标进行分析。结果30名手术患者共回输血量20005ml,平均回输血666.8ml,各项检测结果均达到正常水平。结论回收式自体血液回输可有效减少骨科大手术中血液丢失,减少输注异体血,是1种经济、安全、实用的血液保护技术。     

骨科手术患者自体血回输的临床研究

目的探讨在骨科手术中采用自体血回输的临床效果。方法将择期行骨科手术患者随机分为自体血回输组和异体输血组，比较两组患者术前和术后24h血常规、凝血状态、术中出血量、异体输血量、术后24h引流量及输血相关并发症等情况。结果两组术中出血量和术后24h引流量的差异无显著性，自体血回输组异体血输用量显著少于异体输血组，术后24h两组患者血常规和凝血状态的差异无显著性。结论术中自体血回输能明显减少异体血输入量，是骨科大手术安全补充失血的方法。     

回收式自体输血在宫外孕手术中的应用

目的 观察宫外孕手术中回输自体血的效果。方法 选择30例出血较多的宫外孕手术患者，应用全自动血液回收机，收集手术野或体腔出血，处理后回输给患者。结果 每例患者回输浓缩红细胞（406±237）ml，73．3％患者术中术后不再输库血；术后血液检测及凝血功能指标均正常。结论 宫外孕术中采用血液回收机回输自体血可显著节约血源，安全有效，成本适宜。     

骨科术后伤口引流血液自体回输的临床应用

目的：观察由骨科患者术后伤口引流液中回收洗涤浓缩红细胞的含量和细胞功能的变化,并探讨自体血液再回输的护理方法。方法：选择利用自体血液回输的患者30例,术中使用自体血回输仪,术后将处理后的浓缩红细胞回输给患者。在术前、术中以及术后6 h内,进行血常规和生化检查,并统计学分析。结果：30例患者共回输浓缩血量达6 876 mL,平均每例219 mL,自体血回吸收率为75%,患者术前、术后Hb及Hct比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：术后使用自体血回输仪,及时回收了伤口引流失去的血液,减少术后患者对异体输血的需要量,是安全有效的血液回输技术。     

术中自体血液回收与回输的应用研究

目的探讨自体血液回收技术在血液保护中的作用。方法运用ZITI-2000型血液回收机回收与回输自体血116例,监测术前及术中心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、动脉血氧饱和度（SpO2）、血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（Hct）、血小板计数（PLT）的变化,测定红细胞悬液的Hct,记录每例回收血量、回输血量和异体输血率。结果①平均每例回收血3379m l,回输血液1235m l,异体输血率为25.8%。②回输后HR、MAP、SpO2、Hb、Hct显著上升（P〈0.01）,PLT无显著变化。③回输红细胞悬液Hct为0.41～0.49。结论自体血液回收技术是一种安全、可靠的血液保护技术,可显著节约血源和减少异体输血。     

自体血液回收技术在大失血手术患者中的应用研究

目的：探讨自体血液回收技术对循环、血细胞和凝血功能的影响及应用效果。方法：选择急诊大失血手术患者27例,采用ZITI-2000型血液回收机回收血液,经过滤、离心、清洗后回输给患者。分不同时点观察HR、SBP、MAP、DBP、SPO2的变化,并监测RBC、Plt、HB、Hct、FIB、PT、APTT的变化。计算输血量和异体输血率。随机选择8例进行回收原血和回输血血细胞学比较。结果：（1）术前血压较低,心率较快,回输血液后,HR显著降低（P〈0.01）,SBP和MAP显著升高（P〈0.01）。（2）术前RBC、HB和Hct均低于正常水平,回输后各时点均升高明显（P〈0.01）。术前FIB和Plt低于正常水平,回输后各时点增高,但无显著意义。PT、APTT无明显变化。（3）回收原血平均每例3735 mL,回输血平均每例1589 mL,异体输血率为25%。（4）回输血RBC、HB和Hct均显著高于回收原血（P〈0.01）。结论：自体血液回收技术用于临床安全可靠,能有效维持循环的稳定,对凝血功能无明显影响,节约血源,减少异体输血。     

Infectious disease markers in autologous and directed donations

SUMMARY. Autologous collections are strongly advocated by the New South Wales Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service (BTS) and have increased more than sevenfold since 1988. Directed donations, although not promoted, have also increased during this time. The prevalence of infectious disease markers (HIV, hepatitis C, hepatitis B and syphilis) in donations collected by the BTS from different donor groups including overall volunteer homologous, first-time volunteer homologous, autologous and directed were evaluated over a 42-month period. Donations from first-time volunteer homologous donors had the highest prevalence of hepatitis B and C. Autologous donations had a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis compared with overall volunteer homologous donations. The percentage of directed donations testing positive for either hepatitis B or C was higher than overall volunteer homologous donations, but not statistically significant. This study demonstrates that donations from first-time donors are the least safe, that the crossover of autologous blood into the volunteer homologous pool decreases the safety of that pool and suggests that directed donations may not be as safe as volunteer homologous donations and cannot be generally advocated at this time.     

Autologous transfusion. A safe alternative for the 1990s.

Autologous transfusion is a safe and affordable alternative to the traditional use of homologous blood. Many persons who would not ordinarily meet the criteria for homologous or directed donation can be autologous donors. The use of autologous blood ensures that the patient will not contract AIDS or hepatitis from transfused blood products. Many community hospitals have autologous blood programs, which allow them to draw, store, and reinfuse blood all under one roof.     

Autologous blood transfusion in coronary artery bypass surgery

Forty-four patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery participated in an autologous blood donor program. Blood was collected at weekly intervals up to three days prior to the scheduled date of surgery. Sixteen patients donated a total of two autologous units each, and 28 patients donated one autologous unit each. No donor morbidity or mortality was encountered during or following blood donation. Autologous blood accounted for more than one-third of all blood required by these patients throughout their hospital courses. Autologous transfusion appears to be a safe procedure for patients with severe coronary artery disease.     

Autologous versus homologous donors. Evaluation of markers for infectious disease

Autologous blood donations may provide a new source of blood when components not used by the donors are deemed suitable for homologous use. However, the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases form such donors has not been evaluated. We compared the prevalence of infectious markers and rate of abnormal responses to a confidential donor ballot in autologous donors from two blood collection programs, one blood center and one hospital-based, to corresponding homologous blood programs. The incidence of abnormal test results in autologous donors for HIV antibodies (either Western blot confirmed or repeatedly reactive, unconfirmed), HBsAg, ALT, and anti-HBc were not statistically different from homologous rates. The incidence of STS abnormalities in autologous donors was statistically significant, although all positive results were biologic false positives. The rate of abnormal responses to the confidential ballot was statistically significant only in autologous donors whose collections were already determined to be unsuitable for homologous use due to medical history problems. Although the data do not address infectious complications in transfusion recipients, this study offers no evidence that autologous blood components are less safe than their homologous equivalents.     

Effect of Plasma Removal on Blood Stored in ACD with Adenine

An evaluation of the effects of plasma in blood preservation was carried out on units of blood from which the plasma had been removed at different times during storage and on other units in which the plasma volume had been replaced by saline. Blood was either collected in ACD and stored for 14 or 21 days, or collected in ACD supplemented with adenine and stored for 21 or 42 days. These units were given in homologous transfusions to human volunteers. Autologous transfusions were used for separate groups studied at the same time.
Stored units reflected progressive chemical deterioration with increasing storage. The elevation of plasma hemoglobin concentration was observed to be greater in units stored as packed cells.
Average posttransfusion survival values for blood stored for 21 or 42 days were higher for adenine-supplemented blood than for blood in ACD alone, Autologous transfusions with ACD-adenine blood stored for 21 or 42 days survived for the same length of time as did homologous transfusions. Packed cells with plasma removed shortly after collection had the poorest survival.
The similarity of values obtained for cells without plasma suggested that plasma was not particularly involved with the preservation of blood for up to 21 days of storage as tested by red blood cell survival. Improved preservation obtained with adenine was observed even when plasma was removed. Hence, the usefulness of plasma for component therapy may well outweigh its role in blood storage.     

稀释式自体血输血在全髋置换术中的应用

目的：探讨稀释式自体血输血在全髋置换术中应用的可行性。方法：选择40例需行全髋置换术的病人,其中的20例采用稀释式自体血输血,作为研究组,另外20例采用异体血输血,作为对照组,其条件与研究组基本相似。结果：稀释式自体血输血量平均为700ml,其中17例围手术期不需要异体血输入,3例术后输异体血,平均为400ml,对照组围手术期异体血输血量平均为800ml,结论：稀释式自体血输血在全髋置换术中安全可行,基本可以做到围手术期明显减少输血量或不输异体血,大大节约了用血量,同时避免输血的并发症。     

Detection of autologous blood transfusions in athletes: a historical perspective

Autologous blood transfusions (ABTs) has been used by athletes for approximately 4 decades to enhance their performance. Although the method was prohibited by the International Olympic Committee in the mid 1980s, no direct detection method has yet been developed and implemented by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Several indirect methods have been proposed with the majority relying on changes in erythropoiesis-sensitive blood markers. Compared with the first methods developed in 1987, the sensitivity of subsequent tests has not improved the detection of blood doping. Nevertheless, the use of sophisticated statistical algorithms has assured a higher level of specificity in subsequent detection models, which is a crucial aspect of antidoping testing particularly to avoid "false positives." Today, the testing markers with the best sensitivity/specificity ratio are the Hbmr model (an algorithm based on the total amount of circulating hemoglobin level [hemoglobin level mass] and percentage of reticulocytes, 4.51·ln(Hbmass)-√%ret) and the OFF-hr model (algorithm based on hemoglobin level concentration and percentage of reticulocytes, Hb(g/L)-60·√%ret). Only the OFF-hr model is currently approved by WADA. Recently, alternative indirect strategies for detecting blood doping have been proposed. One method is based upon a transfusion-induced immune-response resulting in specific changes in gene expression related to leukocytes such as T lymphocytes. Another method relies on detecting increased plasticizer metabolite levels in the urine caused by the leakage of plasticizers from the blood bags used during the blood storage. These methods need further development and validation across different types of transfusion regimes before they can be implemented. In addition, several research projects have been funded by WADA in recent years and are now under development including "Detection of Autologous Blood Transfusions Using Activated Red Blood Cells (the red blood cells eNOS system)" and "Detection of Autologous Blood Transfusion by Proteomic: Screening to find Unique Biomarkers, Detecting Blood Manipulation from Total Hemoglobin Mass using 15-nitric Oxide as a Tracer Gas, Storage Contamination as a Potential Diagnostic Test for Autologous Blood Transfusion and Test for Blood Transfusion (Autologous/Homologous) based on Changes of Erythrocyte Membrane Protome" (WADA, WADA Funded Research Projects. http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Research/Funded-Research-Projects/. 2010). Although strategies to detect autologous blood transfusion have improved, a highly sensitive test to detect small volumes of transfused autologous blood has not yet been implemented.