骨骼趣闻

<正>成年人的骨骼系统由206块骨头、32颗牙齿和其他可将骨骼连接在一起的关节构成。婴儿的骨骼数量多于成年人成年人体内拥有206块骨头,但婴儿的数量会多些。一个新生儿的骨架大约由300个不同的部位构成,它们是骨骼和软骨的混合物。软骨会最终固化为骨骼,这一过程被称为骨化。随着时间的推移,婴儿体内"额外"的骨头会融合形成更大的骨头,到成年时骨骼的总数量就减少到206块。     

骨骼重量参数在骨剂量学中的应用

目的　比较不同的骨骼重量参数对骨剂量值的影响。方法　依据我国和日本成年人骨骼重量的参考值,以２２６Ｒａ 和２３９Ｐｕ 为例,分别计算了骨骼源器官和靶器官１ 年期间的待积当量剂量,并与ＩＣＲＰ参考人相应参数计算所得的剂量相比较。结果　因骨骼重量参数的不同,计算所得的骨剂量是有相当差异的。结论　骨骼重量参数对骨剂量值是有影响的。     

系统性肥大细胞增生症骨骼改变一例

系统性肥大细胞增生症骨骼改变一例曹民生患者男，２７岁。因逐渐增大的无痛性腹部肿块１１年入院。体检：侏儒表现，极度消瘦，严重贫血，身高１５４ｃｍ，体重４６ｋｇ，腹部高度膨隆，腹围９８ｃｍ。皮肤散在褐色皮疹斑点。实验室检查：白细胞１．３×１０９／Ｌ红细胞...     

儿童类风湿性关节炎临床X线诊断

类风湿性关节炎，并非成年人“专利”，儿童类风湿性关节炎在美国称幼年关节炎，是儿童时期常见的慢性全身性结缔组织疾病。其病理变化虽与成人类风湿性关节炎类似，但由于儿童免疫状态不同，骨骼有机成分相对较多，骨骼发育尚未成熟，其临床X线表现与成人不同，     

中国美利奴羊“U”系新类群

“Ｕ”系羊新类群公羔初生重平均４．８４ｋｇ，母羔平均４．９１ｋｇ；断妈重公羔平均３９．４２ｋｇ，母羔平均３４．６９ｋｇ；１２月龄体重公羊平均８０．５ｋｇ，母羊平均６３．１８ｋｇ。周岁公羊毛长平均１１．９７ｃｍ，剪毛量平均１３．１４ｋｇ，周岁母羊分别为１１．７４ｃｍ和１０．２０ｋｇ；平均净毛率达７０％以上。２周岁公羊体重平均１１６ｋｇ、毛长平均１１．５ｃｍ、剪毛量平均１４．５ｋｇ、净毛率７０．２％，     

民航飞行人员高血压发病情况和疗效观察

我国卫生组织2004年初步调查统计表明，我国的高血压患者达1．35亿。美国心脏病协会（AHA）最新数据也表明，全美有6千万人患高血压，18岁以上成年人有25％是该病患者。英国等欧洲国家的统计报道，65岁以上的成年人一半是高血压患者。     

“虫克星”对绵羊硬蜱的驱杀试验

本试验采用“虫克星”胶囊０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重，注射液、片剂０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重，并用“害获灭”０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重做对照药物，对绵羊硬蜱进行了驱杀试验，用药１０天后，分别获得８５．４％、８４．９％、８１．１％、７２．６％的驱杀率。     

不同补饲水平对盘江黄牛放牧育肥增重效果的研究

选择６０头盘江黄牛公牛，随机分为４个组，其中３个试验组１个对照组，进行不同补饲水平的育肥试验。补饲精料每千克含ＤＭ０．８８４ｋｇ、ＣＰ０．１４３ｋｇ、ＮＥｍｆ７．０３ＭＪ，补饲组的增重水平和育肥效益明显优于不补饲组。其中以补饲２．５ｋｇ组的效果最好，其日增重达到０．７８３ｋｇ，比对照组０．２３１ｋｇ提高２３９％；育肥总收入和日均收入分别为２１８．７９元和２．４３元，比对照组的１４５．５３元和１．６     

“克虫星”对绵羊硬蜱的驱杀试验

本试验采用“虫克星”胶囊０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重，注射液、片剂０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重，并用“害获灭”０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重做对照药物，对绵羊硬蜱进行了驱杀试验，用药１０天后，分别获得８５．４％、８４．９％、８１．１％、７２．６％的驱杀率。     

烟碱诱发大鼠体温下降形成耐受的时间与剂量依赖性

烟碱急性给药（２．０，３．５和５．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｐ）诱发大鼠体温下降具有剂量依赖性。美加明（１．０和５．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｐ）可部分拮抗烟碱的体温下降作用，而六甲溴胺（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｐ）不表现拮抗活性。烟碱（２．０，３．５和５．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｐ）每日一次，连续１２ｄ给药，随着时间。     

中国成年男子器官、组织和全身元素负荷量研究

目的估算60种元素在中国成年男子主要器官、组织和全身的负荷量代表值。方法依据中国4个不同膳食类型地区采集68例急死正常成年男子尸体18种器官组织样品所测60种元素浓度代表值，按中国参考人器官、组织重量参考值估算了相应器官、组织和全身负荷量。结果补充或更新了中国成年男子60种元素在18种主要器官、组织和全身负荷量代表值。结论补充或更新结果为确定中国参考人器官、组织和全身这些元素负荷量参数参考值和背景值及计算元素某些生物动力学模型参数提供了较过去更全面和有代表性的依据。     

52例中国人主要器官、组织中37种元素的负荷量研究

目的估算37种元素在中国成年男子主要器官、组织和全身的负荷量。方法在我国4个不同膳食类型地区补充采集21例急死正常尸体肌肉、肋骨、肝、。肾、肺、甲状腺、心、胃、脾和小肠样品，连同过去31例尸体所采集样品对37种元素的测定浓度，按中国参考人器官、组织重量参考值估算了相应器官、组织和全身的负荷量。结果获得了我国成年男子10种器官、组织中37种元素器官、组织和全身的负荷量。结论首次获得的这些结果为确定中国人器官、组织所测元素负荷量背景值和中国参考人相应负荷量参考值及生物动力学模型参数提供较前更为系统和有代表性的依据。     

中国人主要脏器重量参考值

本文作者收集了我国建国以来各主要医学院校解剖教研室和病理教研室、法医研究所及医院病理科的尸解记录，根据参考值应取自正常健康人的原则，提出资料的选择标准，按标准从中选择了８２７３例发育正常的急死者的正常脏器，按男、女分１６个年龄组对其１２个脏器（脑、心、肾、肝、肺、胰、脾、肾上腺、甲状腺、胸腺、脑垂体、睾丸）的重量进行了统计分析。为了解国人脏器重量的长期增长趋势，将１９７０年前和１９７０年后的尸解脏器重量作了统计对比。在此基础上根据国人脏器重量增长的年龄阶段性，性别差异，长期增长趋势，和使用方便等原则，用内插三次样条近似函数曲线方法推荐了中国男、女各代表年龄组（０，１，５，１０，１５，２０～５０）的１２个脏器重量的参考值。同时用脏器重量与体重的回归方程计算了成人参考体重下各脏器重量的预期值。比较表明预期值与参考值非常接近，证明所推荐的脏器重量参考值的合理性。最后对推荐的中国人脏器重量参考值与现行ＩＣＲＰ和日本参考人值作了比较。     

中国人镧系元素膳食摄入量和主要器官及组织负荷量研究

目的 测定我国成年男子膳食食品和主要器官、组织中镧系元素浓度和估算其膳食日摄入量和器官、组织负荷量。方法 在我国不同膳食类型4地区采集21例急死正常尸体10种主要器官、组织样品，连同过去所采当地食品和31例尸体6种器官、组织样品，采用ICP—MS或INAA法及必要的质量控制措施，分别测定了11和14种镧系元素浓度。按当地膳食组成和中同参考人器官组织重量估算了摄入量和器官、组织负荷量。结果 获得了我国12类食品和10种主要器官、组织样品中14种镧系元素浓度、摄入量和相应器官、组织负荷量。结论 本研究首次获得我国各类食品和成年男子10种器官组织中11种镧系元素浓度、相应膳食口摄入量和负荷量。所获结果为确定中国参考人镧系元素相应参数提供较前更为系统的依据，也为不同镧系元素、食品和器官组织提供了比较和背景值的国情资料。     

52例中国人主要器官、组织中37种元素的浓度

目的测定中国成年男子主要器官、组织中元素浓度。方法在我国4个不同膳食类型地区补充采集21例急死正常尸体肌肉、肋骨、肝、。肾、肺、甲状腺、心、胃、脾和小肠样品，连同过去31例尸体采集的样品，采用ENAA、INAA、ICP-AES和ICP-MS方法及必要质控措施，共测定37种元素浓度。结果获得了我国成年男子这些器官、组织样品中37种元素浓度。结论除改善I在甲状腺和33种元素在其他5种器官、组织过去报道结果代表性外，本研究首次获得我国这些元素在心、胃、脾与小肠和Be、Cl、S、I在除甲状腺中Ⅰ以外10种器官、组织浓度资料。这些结果为确定中国成年男子器官、组织元素浓度背景值和中国参考人及生物动力学模型相应参数提供较前更为系统和代表性依据。本结果还和近年文献资料及ICRP参考人新估计值进行了比较。     

31例中国人主要器官组织中42种元素浓度和含量研究

目的 测定中国成年男子主要器官组织中元素浓度和估算其含量,为确定中国参考人相应参数提供依据,为微量元素和健康关系研究提供我国当前资料。方法 在我国不同膳食类型的4省市（河北、山西、上海和四川）采集31例急死正常成年男子尸体肌肉、肋骨、肝、肾、肺和甲状腺样品,有用NAA、ICP－MS、ICP－AES、多种AAS技术和必要质控措施共测定42种元素浓度,并按中国参考人器官组织重量估算了这些元素相应含量。结果 获得了31例中国成年男子甲状腺中I、其他5种器官组织中40种元素和肋骨中Li的浓度及相应组织含量估算值。结论 本研究除更新了我国15种元素相应资料外,首次获得27种元素在这些器官组织中浓度和含量资料,为确定中国和亚洲参考人相应参数提供较为系统的依据。还就我国本次结果与近年国内文献值和对ICRP参考人相应参数最新国际估算值的比较,元素在这些器官组织中浓度的相对分布和地区差异进行了讨论。     

Anaerobic characteristics in male children and adolescents

Only sparse information has been published on the effects of growth, development, and maturation on the ability to perform high intensity, short-term "anaerobic" tasks. Cross-sectional studies on Italian, African, British, and American females and males have indicated an age-related progression in the performance of the Margaria step-running test. Children had a distinctly lower mechanical power output than adolescents and young adults, both in absolute terms and when divided by body weight, or by fat-free mass. Data are presented on some 300 10- to 45-yr-old Israeli males who performed the Wingate anaerobic test by cycling or by arm cranking. Both the peak power at any 5-s period and the mean power throughout the test were lowest in the children, whether expressed in absolute power units or corrected for body weight. Performance progressed with age and reached the highest values at the end of the third decade for cycling and at the end of the second decade for arm cranking. This pattern is unlike that described for maximal O2 uptake per kg body weight which, in males, remains virtually unchanged from childhood to young adulthood. In females, maximal O2 uptake per kg is even higher in children than among adolescents or adults. Biochemical correlates of such a low anaerobic performance in children are their lower maximal lactate concentration in muscle and blood, lower rate of anaerobic glycolysis, and lower levels of acidosis at maximal exercise. The mechanisms for the relatively deficient anaerobic characteristics of children are not clear.     

Body composition of elite American athletes

Five hundred twenty-eight male athletes participating in 26 Olympic events and 298 female athletes participating in 15 Olympic events underwent determination of body fat percentage (% fat) and lean body mass (LBM) via hydrostatic weighing and/or anthropometric methods. All groups of athletes were below the average values for % fat of college age men and women of 15% and 25%, respectively. In general, athletes involved in a sport where their body weight is supported, such as canoe and kayak (males, 13.0 +/- 2.5%; females, 22.2 +/- 4.6%) and swimming (males, 12.4 +/- 3.7%; females 19.5 +/- 2.8%), tended to have higher % fat values. Athletes involved in sports where a weight class has to be made to compete, such as boxing (males, 6.9 +/- 1.6%) and wrestling (male, Junior World Freestyle 7.9 +/- 2.7%), events such as the 100, 200, and 400 meters in athletes (male 100 and 200 meters, 6.5 +/- 1.2%; female 100, 200 and 400 meters, 13.7 +/- 3.6%) that are very anaerobic in nature and extremely aerobic events such as the marathon (males, 6.4 +/- 1.3%) demonstrated lower % fat values. Athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage, such as basketball (males, 84.1 +/- 6.2 kg; females, 55.3 +/- 4.9 kg) and volleyball (males, 75.0 +/- 6.6 kg; females, 58.4 +/- 4.5 kg) tended to have a larger LBM.     

Impact of total body water fluctuations on estimation of body fat from body density

The purpose was to investigate the possibility that variability in body weight in females due to water retention causes differences in body density (Db) values determined by hydrostatic weighing (HW). Determination of total body water (TBW) and Db were concurrently measured in seven females who experienced considerable fluctuations in body weight (1.5-4.5 kg) and seven males, ages 19-24. Females were measured when they felt they were at their lowest (LO) and highest (HI) body weights (BW) during a menstrual cycle. Males were randomly tested approximately 3 wk apart. Mean values of selected variables were compared in the LO vs HI testing sessions by paired t-tests. Significant mean differences were found in the females (P less than 0.01) for the following variables: BW (kg) (LO = 58.9, HI = 61.1), Db (g.cc-1) (LO = 1.0430, HI = 1.037), and percent body fat (%BF) as determined by HW alone (LO = 24.8%, HI = 27.6%). Variables significant at the P less than 0.05 level were TBW(l) (LO = 33.6, HI = 35.1) and %TBW of the fat-free body (LO = 74.5, HI = 75.9). However, changes in TBW could not entirely account for observed changes in Db. Only mean BW (kg) was significant (P less than 0.01) in the males (LO = 74.3, HI = 74.6). It is concluded that changes in TBW can in part result in significantly different Db values obtained from HW in females who did experience perceptible changes in BW during a menstrual cycle. The remaining differences may be due to changes in fat and protein content or methodological errors.