132例缺血性脑血管病患者DSA分析

目的采用经颅多普勒（TCD）进行缺血性脑血管病（ICVD）筛查,并与DSA检查进行对比研究,以了解TCD在诊断缺血性脑血管病中的价值,同时分析缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞发生的特点。方法回顾性分析132例诊断为缺血性脑血管病的患者,先有21例患者同时行DSA及TCD检查,进行对比研究。另有111例ICVD患者行DSA检查,明确有无脑供血动脉的狭窄或闭塞及其位置,判断责任血管。结果与DSA结果相比较,TCD特异性为98.5%,敏感性为61.9%。132例ICVD患者中发现脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞85例（64.4%）,烟雾病9例（6.8%）,动脉瘤5例（3.8%）,1例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘,1例颈内动脉起始部狭窄合并另一侧颈内动脉起始部夹层,可判断责任血管68例（68.0%）,脑梗死组的脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞发生率高于短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）组（P〈0.05）,脑梗死患者中颅内病变多于颅外病变（P〈0.05）,而TIA患者颅内外病变发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 TCD可作为筛查缺血性脑血病的常用方法,特异性高,但敏感性一般。中国人缺血性脑血管病患者中,脑梗死颅内动脉病变发生率高于颅外动脉,但在TIA患者中,差异无统计学意义。     

62例缺血性脑血管病患者DSA结果分析

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布特征。方法选择连续行主动脉弓 全脑血管造影检查的成年缺血性脑血管病患者71例,其中62例存在脑动脉狭窄,分析脑动脉狭窄的分布规律。结果62例脑动脉狭窄患者中颅内动脉狭窄的发生率(81.6%)明显高于颅外动脉(57.3%)。结论动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者颅内动脉狭窄的发生率高于颅外,部分患者存在动脉瘤或瘤样扩张。     

400例缺血性脑梗死患者数字减影全脑血管造影分析

目的 分析缺血性脑梗死患者的脑血管病因和病变血管的分布情况.方法 回顾性分析400例缺血性脑梗死数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)结果,分析脑梗死的血管病因,并对动脉粥样硬化脑梗死者总结分析动脉病变的部位、分布及血管狭窄形态.结果 脑血管造影结果提示88.25％缺血性脑梗死患者为不同程度的动脉粥样硬化引起血管狭窄或闭塞(353例),此外11.75％缺血性脑梗死患者病因是由于动脉夹层、Moyamoya病、椎基底动脉扩张延长症、鼻咽癌放疗后脑动脉病变、血管迂曲、微血管病变等原因引起.353例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死中单纯前循环血管受累(45.61％)明显多于单纯后循环血管受累(34.27％),P＜0.01;前循环脑梗死中以颈内动脉(56.6％)和大脑中动脉(26.4％)受累最常见;后循环脑梗死中以椎动脉病变(33.0％)最多见.结论 脑血管造影显示缺血性脑梗死患者有最常见病因是动脉粥样硬化脑血管狭窄或闭塞,占88.25％.前循环脑梗死患者血管病变以颈内动脉起始部病变和大脑中动脉病变多见,后循环脑梗死中以椎动脉动脉病变多见.颅外血管狭窄以颈内动脉颅起始部和椎动脉起始部多见,颅内血管狭窄以大脑中动脉和椎动脉颅内段多见.     

265例缺血性脑卒中患者DSA结果分析

目的对265例缺血性脑血管病患者的DSA资料进行分析,进一步评价DSA在缺血性脑血管病诊治中的意义。方法对265例确诊为缺血性脑血管病的患者于发病后2h~6个月行全脑血管造影,明确有无脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞,明确血管狭窄部位及责任动脉,并测定狭窄长度及狭窄程度。结果 265例缺血性脑血管病患者脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的发生率为72.1%。缺血性脑血管病患者脑血管狭窄或闭塞的好发部位依次为颈内动脉起始部(16.4%)、大脑中动脉水平段(13.9%)、椎动脉开口处(12.3%)。单发脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞88例(46.1%),多发脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞103例(53.9%),其中颅内外动脉串联病变43例(41.7%),颅内外非串联病变60例(58.3%)。责任动脉的检出率为77%。结论对反复卒中及患糖尿病的缺血性卒中患者应行DSA以明确患者有无颅内外脑供血动脉狭窄,以制定包括药物及支架置入术等更为有效的二级预防。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄与血压变异性的相关性

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄与血压变异性的关系. 方法 选择自2006年11月至2010年6月在淮南市第一人民医院神经内科住院的206例缺血性脑血管病患者为研究对象,对患者进行连续主动脉弓+全脑血管造影检查,并作动脉血压监测.根据造影结果分组,并对其临床资料进行回顾性分析. 结果 (1)206例患者中75例颅内外动脉无狭窄,131例存在脑动脉狭窄,其中42例仅有颅外动脉狭窄,38例仅有颅内动脉狭窄,51例颅内外狭窄并存;颅外动脉狭窄的发生率(71.0％,93例)高于颅内动脉(67.9％,89例).(2)与颅内外动脉无狭窄组比较.单纯颅外动脉狭窄组、单纯颅内动脉狭窄组、颅内外动脉狭窄并存组24h平均收缩压、舒张压标准差,白昼平均收缩压、舒张压标准差,夜间平均收缩压、舒张压标准差均明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)收缩压变异系数与脑动脉狭窄患病率成正相关(r=0.918,P=0.002),而舒张压变异系数与脑动脉狭窄发患病率无明显相关性(P＞0.05);24 h平均收缩压与脑动脉狭窄患病率成正相关(r=0.936,P=0.001),而24 h平均舒张压与脑动脉狭窄患病率无明显相关性(P＞0.05).(4)多元回归分析显示:24h平均收缩压、收缩压变异系数与颅内外动脉狭窄患病率呈明显正相关.(5)血脂异常是单纯颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素;高龄是单纯颅外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素;吸烟是单纯颅内动脉狭窄及单纯颅外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素;高血压是单纯颅外动脉狭窄及颅内外动脉狭窄并存的独立危险因素. 结论 在缺血性脑血管病患者中,脑动脉狭窄与平均血压标准差、收缩压变异系数独立相关.高血压、高脂血症、冠心病、吸烟、高龄、糖尿病和高同型半胱氨酸血症等危险因素与脑动脉狭窄的分布模式有一定关系.动脉血压变异性是缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外狭窄的独立危险因素,但与狭窄的分布模式无相关性.     

缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄分布研究

目的 研究缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄分布特点.方法 本研究收集了1031例在院脑梗死和TIA患者的DSA资料,对其中资料完整的1000例患者进行分析.结果 DSA显示,1000例患者中有680例存在脑动脉狭窄,累计有1417条血管狭窄.发生部位依次为:大脑中动脉狭窄337条、椎动脉远端及基底动脉狭窄291条、颈内动脉颅外段狭窄280条、椎动脉起始段狭窄207条、颈内动脉虹吸段狭窄115条、大脑前动脉狭窄100条、大脑后动脉狭窄70条.大脑中动脉、椎基底动脉系统和颈动脉颅外段是最常见的动脉狭窄好发部位.颅内动脉狭窄331例,颅外动脉狭窄134例,颅内外动脉均见狭窄215例.结论 颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄仍是缺血性卒中的重要原因,最近三年,多发病变、颅外动脉病变检出率明显上升,值得关注,控制血压、血糖、血脂可预防脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的发生.     

缺血性脑卒中患者的数字减影脑血管造影的研究

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者全脑血管造影的特点。方法对243例缺血性脑卒中患者进行全脑血管造影检查,回顾性分析脑动脉颅内动脉狭窄、颅外动脉狭窄的发生率及其分布情况。结果在243例缺血性脑卒中180例（74.07%）存在脑动脉狭窄或闭塞,前循环动脉狭窄或闭塞82例（45.46%）,后循环52例（28.89%）,前后循环均有46例（25.56%）。颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞48例（26.67%）,颅外动脉86例（47.78%）,颅内、外动脉均有46例（25.56%）。180例中共发现狭窄血管356支,单支血管病变82例,多支血管病变98例。颅外血管狭窄以颈内动脉颅外段最多,颅内血管狭窄以椎动脉颅内段和大脑中动脉为多。结论脑血管造影可以准确地评价缺血性脑卒中患者脑动脉狭窄的分布情况及其程度,为临床提供了诊治依据。     

缺血性脑血管病的DSA结果分析

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)的检查结果及临床意义。方法对120例缺血性脑血管病患者行DSA检查,观察及评价颅内外血管病变的直接征象及侧支循环建立情况,分析影像结果与临床表现的相关性。结果检出颅外颈动脉病变者86例(71.67%),共累及血管93支,以颈动脉狭窄为主50支(53.76%),其它动脉43支(46.24%);颅外动脉狭窄62支(66.67%),颅内动脉狭窄31支(33.33%),颅外动脉狭窄的发生率明显高于颅内动脉;颈内动脉颅外段狭窄33支(53.23%),颈内动脉颅内段7支(22.58%),颈内动脉颅外段狭窄明显高于颈内动脉颅内段。结论颈动脉病变在缺血性脑血管病的发生中起重要作用,DSA检查在缺血性脑血管病的诊断中有重要的应用价值。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑主要供血动脉狭窄分布的DSA分析

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者脑主要供血动脉狭窄分布特征。方法对2007-2009年诊治的脑主要供血动脉狭窄92例ICVD患者的临床和DSA资料进行回顾性分析。结果脑主要供血动脉颅外段病变发生率(82.6%)高于颅内段动脉(66.3%);多支动脉及前后循环同时病变的发生率较高(79.3%、57.6%);颈动脉系统常见狭窄部位是颈内动脉颅外段(57.6%)、大脑中动脉(34.8%),椎基底动脉系统常见狭窄部位是椎动脉颅外段(57.6%)、椎动脉颅内段(20.7%)。可干预危险因素越多,颅外合并颅内动脉狭窄的发生率越高,但无显著性差别(χ2=7.1;P=0.069)。结论 ICVD患者以颅外段动脉狭窄多见;颈动脉系统狭窄好发于颈内动脉颅外段、大脑中动脉,椎基底动脉系统好发于椎动脉颅外段。伴不同可干预危险因素组颅内合并颅内动脉狭窄的发生率无显著差异。     

经颅多普勒和颈动脉超声检测高血压患者无症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变

目的分析无脑缺血症状的高血压患者颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变的发生频率及分布特征,并探讨其危险因素。方法对106例无脑缺血症状的高血压患者采用经颅多普勒超声(Transcranial Doppler,TCD)和颈动脉超声判断颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变,分析各危险因素的影响。结果 69例有颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变,其中23例颅内动脉狭窄,2例颅外颈动脉狭窄或闭塞。颅内动脉狭窄发生率明显高于颅外颈动脉狭窄或闭塞(P<0.05)。Logistic多元回归分析显示与年龄、高血压病病程及高脂血症相关。结论无脑缺血症状的高血压病患者,半数以上存在颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变,年龄、高血压病病程和高脂血症是颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变的独立危险因素。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -