流行性感冒疫苗的预防效果观察

为了解流行性感冒（流感）疫苗的预防效果和安全性,于2012～2013年为洮南市三个社区2378人接种流感疫苗（免疫组）,并接儿童、成人、老年3个年龄段选取2280人设立对照组。经6个月追踪观察结果显示,流感疫苗对流感样症状的预防有效率在儿童、成人、老年组中为82．7％、69．6％和78．6％,平均77．4％,对预防上呼吸道感染症状的有效率分别是44．6％、50．7％和46．7％．平均47．8％。在第2年的观察中,接种流感疫苗的副反应率为1．2％。证实流感疫苗具有良好预防效果和安全性。     

流感疫苗预防效果观察

目的 :了解流行性感冒 (流感 )疫苗的预防效果和安全性。方法 :对接种后的人群进行观察与随访。结果 :流感疫苗对类流感症状的预防有效率在儿童、青年、壮年、老年组中分别为84.0 3%、6 6 .80 %、6 9.87%、和 10 0 .0 0 % ,平均为 76 .5 3%。对预防上呼吸道感染症状的有效率分别为47.6 6 %、5 7.84%、5 2 .87%、和 49.19% ,平均为 48.47%。接种流感疫苗副反应发生率为 0 .94%。结论 :流感疫苗具有良好的预防效果和安全性     

流行性感冒裂解疫苗临床安全性调查

目的了解流行性感冒(流感)疫苗临床接种安全性和预防效果,为开展流感预防研究提供科学依据。方法对2006~2007年免疫组936人和对照组907人进行6个月追踪观察,并进行统计分析。结果在接种流感疫苗的936人中,出现接种部位疼痛7例(0.75%),皮肤瘙痒2例(0.21%),发热(≥37.5℃)2例(0.21%),皮疹发生1例(0.11%)。流感样症状的发生率两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论接种流感疫苗能极显著地减少流感样症状的发生,对儿童的预防作用尤为明显。     

流行性感冒疫苗的安全性和免疫原性观察

为了解流行性感冒（流感）疫苗，尤其是儿童剂型流感疫苗的安全性和免疫原性，于1999年末在天津市对防感灵的儿童剂型和成人剂型进行了接种后安全性和免疫原性观察，共观察25～55岁成人53名和6月龄～3岁儿童69名。结果表明副反应发生率分别为3.8％和8.7％；抗体阳转率分别为92.2％、85.8％。证实防感灵疫苗儿童剂型和成人剂型均具有良好的免疫原性和安全性。     

流行性感冒疫苗的预防效果观察

目的：探讨健康人群接种流行性感冒疫苗预防流行性感冒的效果以及接种的安全性。方法：选取2012年05月-2014年05月接种流感疫苗健康人员500人。根据接种疫苗人群年龄将所有接种人群进行分组。设为A1组阮疫组（儿童组，成年组，老年组）1，同期选择500名健康人员作为A2组【对照组（儿童组，成年组，老年组）】。A2组：不对其实施疫苗注射；A1组：实施疫苗注射。对比两组实验人员在出现流感样症状以及上呼吸道感染症状概率表现出的差异性。结果：在流感样症状出现概率以及上呼吸道感染症状出现概率两方面，A1组低于A2组患者尤为显著（P〈0．05）。结论：健康人群接种流感疫苗后，在预防流行性感冒以及预防出现上呼吸道感染症状等方面，表现出显著价值，有效表现出接种的有效性以及安全性。     

儿童接种流感疫苗对流行性感冒的预防效果

目的 探讨儿童接种流感疫苗对流行性感冒的预防效果及安全性。方法 选取2021年1月—2022年6月寿光市人民医院接种流感疫苗适龄儿童120例，随机分为对照组和观察组各60例，对照组未接种流感疫苗，观察组接种流感疫苗。比较两组儿童不同时间流行性感冒发生情况和生活质量情况，并分析流感疫苗接种不良反应发生情况。结果 对照组1、3、6个月流行性感冒发生率分别为6.67%、16.67%、30.00%，观察组分别为0.00%、3.33%、11.67%，观察组低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组不良反应发生率为10.00%，包括局部反应、发热、皮肤瘙痒、头痛、接种部位疼痛，占比分别是1.67%、3.33%、1.67%、1.67%、1.67%。观察组物质功能、心理功能、躯体功能、社会功能的生活质量评分高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 以儿童年龄为依据进行流感疫苗接种具有预防流行性感冒作用，而且不良反应发生率低，疫苗接种具有较高的安全性，值得临床推广应用。     

流行性感冒疫苗的免疫效果观察

目的 为了解流行性感冒（流感）疫苗免疫效果及安全性。方法 1999年1－2月在杭州市192名7－9岁儿童进行了疫苗接种前后免疫水平观察。结果 甲1型（H2N2）、甲3型（H3N2）和乙型流感HI抗体阳性保护率分别由1．56％、53．13％152．60％上升到82．81％，87．50％和97．92％；平均抗体增长幅度分别是免疫前的18．9，2．9和5．69倍。副反应发生率为1．6％。结论 证实流感疫苗具有良好的免疫效果和安全性，值得进一步推广应用。     

阜阳市≤5岁儿童流行性感冒病例病原学特点及流感疫苗接种现状调查

目的 对阜阳市≤5岁儿童流行性感冒（流感）病例病原学特征及流感疫苗接种情况进行研究。方法 以2019年阜阳市2家医院全年确诊的≤5岁儿童流感病例为研究对象,收集儿童病例的人口学信息、临床症状、实验室资料、流感诊断结果等,并采用自制调查问卷对儿童病例主要监护人进行流感疫苗接种情况调查,采用描述流行病学分析方法对结果进行分析,并采用单、多因素分析方法对儿童病例流感接种影响因素进行分析。结果 共获得1 488例阜阳市≤5岁儿童流感病例,男童818例（占54.97%）,女童670例（占45.03%）。甲型流感774例（52.02%）,乙型流感714例（47.98%）。甲型流感病例高热（>39 ℃）及高热惊厥发生率均高于乙型流感病例（P<0.05或P<0.01）,流涕鼻塞、咽喉红肿/痛发生率低于乙型流感病例（均P<0.05）。1 488例流感病例中共有297例在近6个月内接种过流感疫苗,接种率为19.96%。儿童主要监护人大专及以上文化程度（OR=2.273）、家庭月收入越高（OR=2.057）、知晓流感疫苗（OR=3.537）的儿童病例6个月内接种疫苗的可能性越高,6个月前有流感疫苗接种史（OR=1.475）的儿童病例6个月内接种流感疫苗的可能性也越高。结论 阜阳市≤5岁儿童流感病例病原为甲型流感和乙型流感大致相当,流感疫苗接种率较低,影响儿童流感疫苗接种率的因素主要有主要监护人文化程度、家庭月收入、流感疫苗知晓情况及6个月前流感疫苗接种史。     

接种流感疫苗引起类输液反应1例报告

流行性感冒 (流感 )的预防是全球性的公共卫生问题。由于其发病率高 ,传播速度快 ,危害性很大。世界上许多国家应用流感疫苗进行免疫预防已取得不错的效果。学校是一个人口密集群体 ,易发生流感的流行 ,接种流感疫苗预防流感是许多学校采用的方法。目前我国应用进口流感疫苗预防流感较普遍 ,其安全性和免疫原性观察报告也较多 ,认为反应轻微 ,效果较好[1,2 ] 。常见反应多为一过性发热等。在临床治疗过程中出现输液反应较常见 ,而由疫苗引起者尚未见报道。 2 0 0 2年 10月 ,我校发生 1例接种流感疫苗后出现类输液反应 ,现报告如下。高某 ,男…     

新乡县149例儿童流感样病例暴发流行病学调查

目的分析149例儿童流感样病例流行病学特征，为疫情控制提供科学依据。方法组织流行病学专业人员进行现场爆发调查，并对结果进行统计分析。结果149例流感样病例中男生97人、女生52人，男女之比为1．87：1。病例均为幼儿园、小学、中学在校学生，其罹患率为180％o；年龄最小为2岁，最大为12岁，其中6岁-12岁年龄段占69％。33例症状较重患者经流感快速实验诊断，被确诊为B型流行性感冒。在被调查的788名幼儿、儿童中，接种流感疫苗者5人，接种率仅为0．63％。结论应以儿童为流感疫苗重点接种对象；并采取综合措施加强幼儿园、学校呼吸道传染病的预防控制。     

A community-based survey on influenza and vaccination knowledge,perceptions and practices in Peru

BackgroundAlthough Peru provides safe and effective influenza vaccines free-of-charge, coverage among vaccine target groups like pregnant women and older adults remains low. To improve risk communication messages and vaccine uptake, we explored knowledge, perceptions and practices about influenza illness and vaccination.MethodsA cross-sectional, community-based survey with a three-stage cluster sampling design was conducted in three cities in Peru. We included mothers of young children, pregnant women and persons ≥65 years. Participants completed a questionnaire about knowledge, perceptions and practices about influenza illness and vaccination against influenza during the past year. Generalized linear models were used to explore factors associated with vaccination in the past year.Results624/645 (97%) mothers, 54/55 (98%) pregnant women and 622/673 (92%) older adults approached provided informed consent and were surveyed. While most mothers, pregnant women and older adults (94%, 96% and 91%, respectively) perceived influenza as a potentially serious illness, few pregnant women (13%) and older adults (34%) self-identified themselves as a target group for influenza vaccination. Only 28% of mothers, 19% pregnant women, and 27% older adults were vaccinated against influenza during the previous year. Among the participants that did not get vaccinated against influenza in the previous year, “being afraid of vaccination and its effects” was the most commonly cited barrier. Knowledge of the recommendation for annual vaccination was significantly associated with vaccination status among pregnant women (p = 0.048) and older adults (p = 0.004).ConclusionDespite a government subsidized vaccine program, vaccine utilization remained low among pregnant women and older adults, who seemed typically unaware of their status as high-risk groups targeted for vaccination. Those aware of the recommendations for annual vaccination were more likely to be vaccinated. Information campaigns addressing fears and highlighting populations at risk for severe influenza illness that are targeted for vaccination might increase vaccine coverage in Peru.     

Predictors of influenza vaccination in an urban community during a national shortage

Little is known about the impact of vaccine shortages on vaccination rates among disadvantaged populations in the United States. We compared factors associated with influenza vaccination rates during a vaccine shortage (2004-2005) and a non-shortage (2003-2004) year among adults in predominantly minority New York City neighborhoods. Thirty-one percent of participants received influenza vaccine during the non-shortage year compared with 18% during the shortage. While fewer people received the influenza vaccine during the shortage, a higher proportion of the vaccinated were in a high-risk group (68% vs. 52%, respectively). People were less likely to have been vaccinated during the shortage if they were Black. This study suggests that vaccination rates were lower during the shortage period among Blacks and those who are not explicitly a focus of national vaccination outreach campaigns. Such groups are less likely to be vaccinated when vaccines are scarce.     

Communicating to increase public uptake of pandemic flu vaccination in the UK: Which messages work?

BackgroundVaccination is considered the most effective preventive measure against influenza transmission, yet vaccination rates during the 2009/10 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic were low across the world, with the majority of people declining to receive the vaccine. Despite extensive research on the predictors of uptake of influenza vaccination, little research has focused on testing the effectiveness of evidence and theory-based messages.AimsTo examine the persuasiveness of messages promoting vaccination and antiviral use either as health-enhancing or as risk-reducing, as well as messages which conveyed evidence-based information about the costs and benefits of vaccination, or which applied anticipated regret as a motivator for vaccine uptake.MethodWe conducted 11 focus groups with forty-one members of the general population in England including young and older adults, those with lower education, parents, and those with elevated health risk. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe factual, evidence-based messages were well received with participants finding them the most convincing and useful, particularly where they gave cost–benefit comparisons. Health-enhancing messages were received with scepticism and concern that the messages were not honest about the potential lack of safety of vaccination. In contrast, risk-reduction messages were perceived as being more balanced and credible. Messages aiming to elicit feelings of anticipated regret for not getting vaccinated were generally perceived as patronising and unprofessional.ConclusionsVaccination messages should be kept brief, but convey balanced, evidence-based information, and be transparent in their communication of potential side-effects. The general public seem to prefer messages that are factual and emphasise the costs and benefits of vaccination, particularly with regards to vaccine safety.     

Are medical residents a "core group" for future improvement of influenza vaccination coverage in health-care workers? A study among medical residents at the University Hospital of Palermo (Sicily)

Despite international recommendations, vaccination coverage among European healthcare workers, including physicians, is widely recognized as unsatisfactory. In order to plan tailored vaccination campaigns and increase future coverage, we investigated reasons for refusing vaccination and determinants associated with influenza vaccine uptake among young health care workers.A survey was carried out during September and October 2010 on medical residents attending post-graduate Schools of the Medical Faculty at the University of Palermo (Italy). Each participant completed an anonymous web-based questionnaire including items on demographic and occupational characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with regard to influenza and influenza vaccination, and main sources of information.A total of 202 (66.9%) out of 302 medical residents participated in the survey. During the 2009-2010 influenza vaccine campaign, 44 residents (21.8%) were vaccinated against seasonal influenza and 84 (41.6%) against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. For the impending 2010-2011 influenza season, 45 (22.3%) stated their intention to get vaccinated against seasonal influenza, 40 (19.8%) were uncertain and 117 (57.9%) were opposed. Considering themselves to be a high risk group for developing influenza was significantly associated with vaccination against both 2009-2010 seasonal (adj-OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.05-2.04) and pandemic A (H1N1) influenza (adj-OR 1.38; 95% CI = 1.08-1.75). Intention to get vaccinated against 2010-2011 seasonal influenza was significantly more frequent in participants who had a high perception of efficacy/safety (adj-OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.05-2.12). After adjusting for confounding, vaccinations against seasonal 2009-2010 influenza, pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal 2010-2011 influenza were significantly more frequent in residents who were vaccinated against influenza at least once in the previous five influenza seasons.Influenza vaccination among medical residents appears to be habitual, with little comprehension of the rationale and logic for vaccination, including the need to be vaccinated to protect patients from nosocomial influenza infection. Our study suggests the importance of prioritizing residents for vaccination campaigns, as they represent “the future” and include a core group that habitually accepts vaccination.     

Low uptake of influenza vaccine among university students: Evaluating predictors beyond cost and safety concerns

IntroductionAnnual influenza vaccine coverage for young adults (including college students) remains low, despite a 2011 US recommendation for annual immunization of all people 6 months and older. College students are at high risk for influenza morbidity given close living and social spaces and extended travel during semester breaks when influenza circulation typically increases. We evaluated influenza vaccine uptake following an on-campus vaccine campaign at a large, public New York State university.MethodsConsecutive students visiting the University Health Center were recruited for a self-administered, anonymous, written survey. Students were asked about recent influenza vaccination, barriers to influenza vaccination, and willingness to get vaccinated to protect other vulnerable individuals they may encounter. Frequencies and proportions were evaluated.ResultsOf 653 students approached, 600 completed surveys (92% response proportion); respondents were primarily female (61%) and non-Hispanic white (59%). Influenza vaccine coverage was low (28%). Compared to coverage among non-Hispanic white students (30%), coverage was similar among Hispanic (30%) and other race/ethnicity students (28%) and lowest among non-Hispanic black students (17%). Among the unvaccinated, the most commonly selected vaccination barriers were “Too lazy to get the vaccine” (32%) and “Don’t need the vaccine because I’m healthy” (29%); 6% of unvaccinated students cited cost as a barrier. After being informed that influenza vaccination of young, healthy people can protect other vulnerable individuals (e.g., infants, elderly), 71% of unvaccinated students indicated this would increase their willingness to get vaccinated.ConclusionsInfluenza vaccine uptake among college students is very low. While making vaccine easily obtained may increase vaccine uptake, college students need to be motivated to get vaccinated. Typically healthy students may not perceive a need for influenza vaccine. Education about vaccinating healthy individuals to prevent the spread of influenza to close contacts, such as vulnerable family members, may provide this motivation to get vaccinated.     

Knowledge and attitudes towards influenza vaccination of health care workers in emergency services

Annual vaccination rates among French health care workers (HCWs) are in decline even in Emergency Services to which patients at highest risk of influenza complications are admitted, and in which HCWs have the greatest risk of exposure to influenza from patients. We aimed here to identify knowledge and attitudes towards influenza vaccination of HCWs in Emergency Services. We collected 344 self-administered questionnaires of 1060 HCWs. Only 18% of HCWs were vaccinated against influenza. Physicians were vaccinated more often (55%) than nurses (16%) or aid nurses (11%). The most important barriers to vaccination were reported as being a lack of time (33%), lack of safety of the vaccine (31%), fear of contracting influenza due to vaccination (29%), and lack of effectiveness (23%). Being vaccinated was significantly related to a higher knowledge score based on epidemiological influenza items (OR (95% CI)) (1.63 (1.08–2.46)) and vaccine features items (2.36 (1.36–4.10)).     

流行性感冒病毒裂解疫苗在18岁以上健康人群中应用的安全性及免疫原性研究

目的 评价流感病毒裂解疫苗安尔来福(R)的免疫原性及安全性.方法 2010年8-9月在沈阳市开展开放式临床试验,选择18～60岁及＞60岁健康成年人接种安尔来福(R)进行安全性观察,并采集受试者免疫前及免疫后21 d 血清标本,采用血凝抑制试验(HI)进行流感病毒裂解疫苗甲型H1N1、甲型H3N2及乙型3个型别抗体检测.结果 130名观察对象完成疫苗接种并进行安全性观察,其中120人完成免疫前及免疫后采血.总体不良反应发生率为2.3%(3/130),均为全身不良反应,未出现严重不良反应.接种疫苗后21 d,成年组甲型H1N1、甲型H3N2及乙型3个型别抗体阳转率分别为82.5%、93.7%、92.1%,GMT增长倍数分别为20.2、32.0、11.4,保护率分别为92.1%、98.4%、98.4%;老年组3个型别抗体阳转率分别为89.5%、91.2%、87.7%,GMT增长倍数分别为23.9、39.8、15.1,保护率分别为93.0%、94.7%、96.5%.结论 疫苗安尔来福(R)接种后甲型H1N1、甲型H3N2及乙型3个型别抗体各项指标均超过欧盟标准,表明其免疫原性及安全性良好.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of split influenza vaccine (Anflu(R) ). Methods An open-labeled clinical trial was carried out in adults aged 18-60 years and elders aged over 60 years from August to September, 2010 in Shenyang, Liaoning province. One dose of split influenza vaccine was administered and adverse events were observed. Serum samples were obtained prior to vaccination and 21 days post vaccination. A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B antibodies against influenza virus were measured using micro-hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Results A total of 130 subjects were recruited and 120 paired serum samples were obtained. The overall rate of adverse events was 2.3% (3/130) and all of them with systemic reaction. No single serious adverse event was reported. 21 days after the vaccination, the sero-conversion rates of A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B antibodies against influenza virus among adults were 82.5%, 93.7% and 92.1%, respectively. The Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) ratios were 20.2, 32.0 and 11.4, while the sero-protection rates were 92.1%, 98.4% and 98.4%, respectively. The sero-conversion rates of antibodies among elders were 89.5%, 91.2% and 87.7%, with the GMT ratios as 23.9, 39.8 and 15.1, respectively. The seroprotection rates were 93.0%, 94.7% and 96.5%,respectively. Conclusion All indexes ofA/H1N1,A/H3N2 and B antibodies exceeded the licensure criteria established by the EU Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use,proving the trial vaccine Anflu(R) with good safety and immunogenicity.     

Knowledge,attitudes and practices related to influenza illness and vaccination in children: Role of awareness campaigns in changing parents’ attitudes toward influenza vaccination in Jordan

BackgroundInfluenza infection is associated with a significant health burden in children, especially in developing countries. The influenza vaccine is an important preventive strategy for flu illness. Aim of this study to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to influenza illness and vaccination in children in the Jordanian population and to study the effect of awareness campaigns on changing the attitudes of parents toward vaccinating their children against influenza.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among families visiting shopping malls and parks in November 2016. A questionnaire was administered via in-person interviews. Answers to KAP questions regarding influenza illness and vaccination were summed, with a total KAP score of 30. Facts about influenza illness and vaccination were explained to parents and provided in printed pamphlets.ResultsThere were 1241 respondents. 10.9% of participants had vaccinated their children during the last season 2015/2016. The mean KAP score (standard deviation) was 16.21 (4.61). People living in urban areas, with high monthly income >600 JD and healthcare workers had higher KAP scores than their counterparts. Compared to other sources of information about the influenza vaccine, health resources correlated most with vaccinating children. Awareness and educational pamphlets changed attitudes positively in 29% of parents who refused the influenza vaccine for their children.ConclusionsAwareness about influenza illness and vaccination is insufficient, and the coverage rate of influenza vaccination in children is low in the Jordanian population. Implementing public health policies is necessary to spread knowledge about influenza illness and vaccination and to promote the practice of receiving the influenza vaccine in children. Educational campaigns are helpful in changing the attitudes of parents toward vaccinating their children against the flu.