4-羟基壬烯醛诱导支气管上皮细胞凋亡

目的 探讨4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)对支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)凋亡的诱导作用及其机制.方法 将支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)分为空白对照组、10 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、50 μmol/L4-HNE作用4 h组,观察4-HNE作用4 h后的细胞凋亡情况.Western印迹方法检测磷酸化(p-)SAPK-JNK和caspase-3蛋白表达的情况.结果 细胞经30 μmol/L、50 μmol/L 4-HNE作用后,姬姆萨染色可见明显细胞凋亡改变.对照组、10 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、50μmol/L 4-HNE组的AnnexinV-PI染色凋亡细胞数分别为1.94±1.03,2.03±1.04,43.36±1.3,65.92±3.45.30 μmol/L和50 μmol/L 4-HNE组与对照组及10 μmol/L 4-HNE组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).各组p-SAPK-JNK蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).30 μmol/L、50 μmol/L 4-HNE刺激组caspase-3的表达较对照组和10 μmol/L4-HNE组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 30、50 μmol/L 4-HNE可通过caspase-3的激活引起支气管上皮细胞的凋亡.     

红霉素对支气管上皮细胞转录因子c-Jun和核因子-κB表达的影响

探讨红霉素对4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)引起的支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)核转录因子c-Jun及NF-κB的影响。将人支气管上皮细胞分为4-HNE组(10μmol/L 4-HNE)红霉素+4-HNE组、对照组,在4-HNE刺激细胞2、4、8及12h后,检测c-Jun及NF-κB的变化。结果表明,4-HNE和对照组比较,c-Jun、NF-κB自2h后各时间段两组差异有统计学意义,P均<0.05。红霉素+4-HNE组在4-HNE刺激2h后,c-Jun及NF-κB的表达较4-HNE组,差异有统计学意义,P均<0.01。4-HNE促进支气管上皮细胞c-Jun及NF-κB的表达。红霉素可抑制4-HNE诱导的c-Jun及NF-κB的表达。     

Alpha-熊果苷激活凋亡信号通路对人急性T细胞白血病细胞TIB-152异常增殖的调节作用

目的:本文旨在探究alpha-熊果苷对人急性T细胞白血病细胞TIB-152增殖和凋亡的影响及其分子机制。方法:TIB-152细胞分为4组:TIB-152 (对照组); alpha-熊果苷(10、20、50μmol/L)组。CCK-8检测细胞增殖。流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡。蛋白印迹检测B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2相关蛋白X(Bax),Cleaved caspase-3和Cleaved caspase-9表达。结果:低浓度(50μmol/L)的alpha-熊果苷对TIB-152没有明显的细胞毒性,高浓度(50μmol/L)的alpha-熊果苷会对TIB-152产生细胞毒性。50μmol/L的alpha-熊果苷组细胞增殖倍数明显低于对照组(P0. 01)。与对照组相比,50μmol/L的alpha-熊果苷组细胞凋亡率显著升高(P0. 01)。而且,50μmol/L的alpha-熊果苷组Bax/Bcl-2比值显著高于对照组(P0. 01)。同时,50μmol/L的alpha-熊果苷组Cleaved caspase-3和Cleaved caspase-9表达也显著高于对照组(P0. 01)。结论:Alpha-熊果苷可激活凋亡信号通路抑制人急性T细胞白血病细胞TIB-152细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡。     

奥氮平对鱼藤酮诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

探讨非典型抗精神病药物奥氮平对鱼藤酮诱导神经元凋亡的可能保护作用及其机制。以NGF诱导后的PC12细胞作为细胞模型,采用鱼藤酮诱导细胞凋亡。用不同浓度奥氮平、氟哌啶醇预处理后,观察鱼藤酮对PC12细胞的作用,分别用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞活性、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率、Hoechst33342染色观察细胞形态学改变,并对二者的结果进行比较。鱼藤酮以剂量依赖的方式杀死PC12细胞。鱼藤酮(6μmol/L)作用后,奥氮平(50μmol/L)组预处理48h的细胞活力显著高于对照组(无药物预处理)(P<0.05);鱼藤酮(4、6、8μmol/L)作用后,氟哌啶醇组(20、40、60μmol/L)的细胞活力均低于对照组。流式细胞仪检测结果显示,对照组、氟哌啶醇(20μmol/L)组、奥氮平(50μmol/L)组、空白对照组(无药物预处理以及鱼藤酮处理)的细胞凋亡率依次为(32.2±1.3)%、(42.1±1.0)%、(14.0±1.0)%和(1.3±0.3)%。Hoechst33342染色结果显示,对照组每个视野多见凋亡细胞,细胞核裂解为碎块,氟哌啶醇组更明显;奥氮平组凋亡细胞数量较氟哌啶醇组及对照组为少。结果提示奥氮平对鱼藤酮诱导PC12细胞的凋亡具有保护作用,这可能是奥氮平和氟哌啶醇在精神分裂症病人应用中有不同的治疗效果和副作用的部分机制。     

Smoothelin在氯化镉致16HBE细胞损伤中的作用

目的 研究氯化镉致16HBE细胞损伤后smoothelin基因mRNA表达变化,探讨SMTN在镉致细胞损伤中的作用.方法 分别用10、20、30、40 μmol/L CdCl2 处理16HBE细胞24 h,用30 μmol/L CdCl2处理16HBE细胞12、24、48和72 h,利用MTT法检测细胞存活率,qRT-PCR法检测细胞SMTN基因表达变化.结果 与CdCl2浓度为0 μmol/L对照组相比,10、20、30、40 μmol/L组细胞存活率分别为(84.2±9.7) %、(54.6±6.0) %、(30.2±2.9)%、(10.9±2.1) %,皆有显著性差异(P<0.01);而20、30、40 μmol/L组细胞SMTN mRNA相对表达分别2.943±0.212,10.602±1.330,43.782±4.571,与CdCl2浓度为0 μmol/L对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),且随着CdCl2染毒剂量的上升,SMTN表达逐渐升高.与CdCl2浓度为0 μmol/L对照组比较,30 μmol/L CdCl2处理16HBE细胞12、24、48和72 h,细胞生存率分别为(76.3±7.2) %,(35.2±4.0) %,(18.8±2.1) %,(7.0±0.9) %,有显著性差异(P<0.01),12、24、48和72 h处理细胞SMTN mRNA相对表达分别为11.419±1.441,12.030±1.402,10.420±1.114,8.953±0.987,有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 SMTN mRNA在氯化镉处理细胞中表达明显升高,有明显的剂量-反应关系,可能在镉致细胞死亡或凋亡中发挥作用.     

阻断MEK1上调支气管上皮细胞谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶的表达

目的 探讨MEK1信号通路与支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-GCS)表达的关系.方法 应用MEK1抑制剂PD98059 50μmol/L分别孵育16-HBE 2、8、16及24 h.用Western印迹方法和荧光定量PCR检测细胞γ-GCS重链蛋白和mRNA的表达.用显色方法检测细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量.用Western印迹方法检测细胞c-jun的水平.结果 经PD98059孵育4、8、16及24 h后,γ-GCS重链蛋白和mRNA的表达和细胞内GSH的含量较对照组均增加.各时间段c-jun表达较各对照组减少.结论 在支气管上皮细胞中MEK1抑制剂PD98059对16-HBE的γ-GCS和GSH有明显的上调作用.阻断激活蛋白-1(AP-1)途径不能减少γ-GCS和GSH的合成.     

BMS-345541对人骨肉瘤细胞MG63凋亡及其作用机制

目的研究BMS-345541对人骨肉瘤细胞MG63凋亡的影响及其可能的机制。方法以0、2、4、6、8、10μmol/L BMS-345541处理MG63细胞24、48 h后,用CCK-8法检测细胞存活率。用0、2、4、8μmol/L药物作用细胞24 h后,以PI染色法观察细胞凋亡情况、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。以同样浓度作用细胞48 h,Western-blot检测cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达情况。结果 (4-10)μmol/L的BMS-345541均可抑制MG63细胞的增殖,其抑制效应呈剂量-时间依赖性,48 h最低存活率只有(0.412±0.024)(P0.05)。PI染色荧光显微镜观察结果发现:随药物浓度增高,相同视野下正常细胞数逐渐降低,凋亡细胞数逐渐增高。流式细胞仪分析:0、2、4、8μmol/L的作用BMS-345541 24 h后,凋亡率分别为(5.2±0.78)%、(5.82±0.82)%、(8.86±1.71)%、(11.01±2.69)%,与对照组相比,8μmol/L组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示MG 63细胞中的cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达量上调,与对照组相比,2、4、8μmol/L组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 BMS-345541可抑制MG63细胞增殖,并诱导其发生凋亡,其作用机制可能与cleaved caspase-3表达上调有关。     

土荆皮乙酸促进喉癌细胞系HEp-2凋亡

目的本文观察土荆皮乙酸(PAB)对人喉表皮样癌细胞系2(HEp-2)的增殖和凋亡的影响。方法细胞分组及处理:以0、0.5、1、2、4、8和16μmol/L的PAB分别处理细胞24、48和72 h;MTT法检测细胞活性;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡;Western blot和qPCR检测细胞Bcl-2、Bax和caspase-3蛋白及mRNA表达;免疫组化检测细胞PARP和c-PARP蛋白的表达。结果 PAB呈时间-浓度依赖性抑制HEp-2增殖。与对照组比较,4和8μmol/L PAB组HEp-2细胞凋亡率均显著升高(P<0.01);4和8μmol/L PAB组HEp-2细胞的Bcl-2和PARP表达均显著下降(P<0.05);Bax、caspase-3和c-PARP的表达均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 PAB可激活线粒体凋亡途径,诱导HEp-2细胞凋亡。     

松香酸通过诱导自噬减轻AGEs诱导的心肌H9c2细胞凋亡和内质网应激反应

目的:本文旨在探索松香酸(abietic acid,AA)对晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycosylation end products,AGEs)诱导的心肌H9c2细胞凋亡和内质网应激的影响及其相关机制。方法:H9c2细胞分为5组:对照组加入生理盐水处理24 h;AGEs处理组加入AGEs(100 mg/L)处理24 h;AGEs+AA(10、25和50μmol/L)组同时加入AGEs(100 mg/L)和AA(10、25和50μmol/L)处理24 h。MTT法检测H9c2细胞活力。Western blot分析肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb)、肌酸激酶MB同工酶(creatine kinase MB isoenzyme,CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cardiac troponin I,c Tn I)、C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein,CHOP)、cleaved caspase-12、GADD34、Bi P、LC3、P62和beclin 1的蛋白水平。ELISA检测乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性。流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡。结果:低浓度(低于50μmol/L)的松香酸对H9c2细胞活力无明显影响,高浓度(高于50μmol/L)的松香酸会降低H9c2细胞活力。AGEs组Mb、CK-MB和c Tn I蛋白表达及LDH的水平明显高于对照组(P0.05);与AGEs组相比,AGEs+AA(10、25和50μmol/L)组Mb、CK-MB和c Tn I的蛋白表达及LDH的表达水平明显降低(P0.05)。松香酸(10、25和50μmol/L)可抑制AGEs诱导的心肌细胞凋亡、CHOP和cleaved caspase-12蛋白水平的升高及GADD34和Bi P表达的降低(P0.05)。而且,松香酸(10、25和50μmol/L)可抑制AGEs诱导的心肌细胞LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值和beclin 1表达的降低及P62表达的升高(P0.05)。自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤可逆转松香酸对心肌细胞LC3、Mb、cleaved caspase-12和Bi P蛋白水平的影响(P0.05)。结论:松香酸通过诱导自噬减轻AGEs诱导的心肌H9c2细胞凋亡和内质网应激反应。     

ADAM33基因在过氧化氢诱导的支气管上皮细胞凋亡及氧化损伤中的作用研究

目的:探讨ADAM33基因对过氧化氢诱导的支气管上皮细胞活力、凋亡率、免疫因子表达及氧化损伤的影响及机制。方法:25、50、100、200、400μmol/L的H2O2处理人支气管上皮16HBE细胞2 h,CCK8法检测各浓度H_2O_2对16HBE细胞活力的影响。16HBE细胞分为对照组、NC组和H_2O_2+si-ADAM33组,CCK8检测各组细胞活力;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率及ROS水平; Western blot检测ADAM33、VEGF、COX-2、NF-κB p65和IKKα的蛋白表达。结果:25μmol/L和50μmol/L的H_2O_2不影响16HBE细胞活力(P0. 05),而100～400μmol/L的H_2O_2可明显抑制16HBE细胞活力,与对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0. 05)。与NC组比较,H_2O_2组细胞活力显著降低,细胞凋亡率、ROS水平及VEGF、COX-2、NF-κB p65和IKKα的蛋白表达均显著升高(P0. 05),与H_2O_2组比较,H_2O_2+si-ADAM33组细胞活力显著升高,细胞凋亡率、ROS水平及VEGF、COX-2、NF-κB p65和IKKα的蛋白表达均显著降低(P0. 05)。结论:ADAM33基因表达抑制可降低由H_2O_2诱导的支气管上皮细胞凋亡、氧化损伤及免疫抑制,机制可能与下调NF-κB信号有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.