胃癌不同部位血管内皮生长因子C及其受体的表达和淋巴管计数

目的 观察胃癌原发灶、淋巴结转移灶及癌旁组织中血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)及其受体(VEGFR-3)表达水平和淋巴管(LV)计数,探讨3者的相互关系及其临床病理意义.方法 49例胃癌手术切除原发灶、36例淋巴结转移灶标本和20例癌旁组织常规制作石蜡包埋切片,VEGF-C、VEGFR-3和LV染色方法均为SP免疫组化法.结果 胃癌原发灶组织VEGF-C、VEGFR-3阳性表达率及LV计数明显高于癌旁组织[(61.2%比25.0%,P＜0.01;57.1%比25.0%,P＜0.05;(13.8±5.2)个/HP比(6.8±3.2)个/HP,P＜0.01].胃癌淋巴结转移灶组织VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达阳性率及LV计数亦明显高于癌旁组织[61.1%比25.0%,P＜0.01;58.3%比25.0%,P＜0.05;(11.2±4.9)个/HP比(6.8±3.2)个/HP,P＜0.01].组织学分级Ⅱ级、侵袭深度T1～T2、无区域淋巴结转移、N1站淋巴结转移及无远处转移胃癌VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达阳性率及LV计数均明显低于组织学分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、侵袭深度T3～T4、区域淋巴结转移、N2～N3站淋巴结转移及远处转移病例(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达呈高度一致性(P＜0.01).胃癌原发灶及淋巴结转移灶中VEGF-C、VEGFR-3阳性病例LV计数明显高于阴性病例(P＜0.01).结论 VEGF-C、VEGFR-3和LV可能是反映胃癌发生发展、侵袭潜力、转移发生及预后的重要生物学标记物.VEGF-C通过与VEGFR-3结合具有促胃癌淋巴管生成作用.     

胃良恶性病变组织中CD24和CD44v6的表达及其意义

目的： 研究胃良恶性病变组织中癌干细胞标记物CD24、CD44v6的表达并探讨其临床病理意义。方法: 49例胃癌、20例癌旁组织、36例淋巴结转移灶及80例不同类型胃良性病例（浅表性胃炎10例，萎缩性胃炎15例，胃溃疡20例，胃息肉20例，胃腺瘤15例）标本常规制作石蜡包埋切片，CD24和CD44v6染色方法为EnVision免疫组化法。结果: 胃癌病例CD24和CD44v6表达阳性率明显高于癌旁组织和不同类型胃良性病变（P＜0.05或P＜0.01），且阳性表达的良性病例胃黏膜上皮均呈中至重度不典型增生；转移灶CD24和CD44v6表达与相应原发灶呈现高度一致性（P>0.05）；组织学分级Ⅱ级、无淋巴结转移及无远处器官转移胃癌病例CD24和CD44v6表达阳性率明显低于组织学分级Ⅲ或Ⅳ级、淋巴结转移及远处器官转移病例（P＜0.05）。此外，浸润深度T₁-T₂及淋巴结N1站转移病例CD24表达阳性率明显低于浸润深度T₃-T₄和淋巴结N₂、N₃站转移病例（P＜0.05）。结论: CD24和CD44v6表达可能是反映胃癌发生、进展、生物学行为和预后的重要癌干细胞标记物，检测胃良性病例CD24和CD44v6表达水平对预防和早期发现胃癌可能有一定的临床价值。     

胰腺导管癌干细胞抗原PSCA和Oct-4表达及意义

目的研究胰腺导管癌、癌旁上皮及慢性胰腺炎组织中前列腺干细胞抗原（PSCA）和Oct-4表达及探讨其临床病理意义。方法51例胰腺导管癌、20例癌旁上皮及10例慢性胰腺炎手术切除标本常规石蜡包埋切片，PSCA和Oct-4染色方法为EnVision两步法。结果胰腺导管癌PSCA和Oct-4阳性表达率（52．9％，47.1％）明显高于癌旁上皮（25.0％，20，0％）和慢性胰腺炎（10．0％，10.0％），差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。高分化腺癌和无转移胰腺导管癌PSCA和Oct-4表达阳性率明显低于低分化腺癌和转移病例（P〈0.05）。结论PSCA和Oct-4表达可能是反映胰腺导管癌发生、进展及预后的重要癌干细胞抗原。     

胃癌不同部位血管内皮生长因子C及其受体的表达和淋巴管计数

目的观察胃癌原发灶、淋巴结转移灶及癌旁组织中血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)及其受体(VEGFR-3)表达水平和淋巴管(LV)计数,探讨3者的相互关系及其临床病理意义。方法49例胃癌手术切除原发灶、36例淋巴结转移灶标本和20例癌旁组织常规制作石蜡包埋切片,VEGF-C、VEGFR-3和LV染色方法均为SP免疫组化法。结果胃癌原发灶组织VEGF-C、VEGFR-3阳性表达率及LV计数明显高于癌旁组织[(61.2%比25.0%,P<0.01;57.1%比25.0%,P<0.05;(13.8±5.2)个/HP比(6.8±3.2)个/HP,P<0.01]。胃癌淋巴结转移灶组织VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达阳性率及LV计数亦明显高于癌旁组织[61.1%比25.0%,P<0.01;58.3%比25.0%,P<0.05;(11.2±4.9)个/HP比(6.8±3.2)个/HP,P<0.01]。组织学分级Ⅱ级、侵袭深度T1～T2、无区域淋巴结转移、N1站淋巴结转移及无远处转移胃癌VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达阳性率及LV计数均明显低于组织学分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、侵袭深度T3～T4、区域淋巴结转移、N2～N3站淋巴结转移及远处转移病例(P<0.05或P<0.01)。VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达呈高度一致性(P<0.01)。胃癌原发灶及淋巴结转移灶中VEGF-C、VEGFR-3阳性病例LV计数明显高于阴性病例(P<0.01)。结论VEGF-C、VEGFR-3和LV可能是反映胃癌发生发展、侵袭潜力、转移发生及预后的重要生物学标记物。VEGF-C通过与VEGFR-3结合具有促胃癌淋巴管生成作用。     

胃癌组织中G-CSF和G-CSFR的表达及意义

目的分析胃癌组织中粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)及其受体(G-CSF receptor,G-CSFR)的表达水平,探讨二者表达与胃癌浸润和淋巴结转移的关系。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测167例胃癌组织中G-CSF和G-CSFR蛋白的表达,分析G-CSF和G-CSFR表达与胃癌临床病理特征的相关性。结果胃癌组织中G-CSF和G-CSFR的阳性率分别为58.7%、83.2%。G-CSF和G-CSFR的表达与肿瘤浸润深度及淋巴结转移数量有关,差异有显著性(P0.05)。其中局部浸润深度为T4的胃癌组中G-CSF(P=0.010)和G-CSFR(P=0.023)表达水平显著高于浸润深度为T2的胃癌组。在淋巴结转移数量为N3的胃癌组中G-CSF表达水平显著高于淋巴结转移数量为N1胃癌组(P=0.010),同时G-CSFR的表达水平显著高于N0(P=0.029)和N1(P=0.044)胃癌组。不同TNM分期胃癌组织中G-CSF表达水平差异无显著性(P=0.051),Ⅲ期胃癌组中G-CSFR的表达水平显著高于Ⅱ期胃癌组(P=0.001)。结论 G-CSF和G-CSFR广泛表达于胃癌组织,在肿瘤浸润深或淋巴结转移数量多的胃癌组织中其表达水平更高,提示G-CSF和G-CSFR表达可能促进肿瘤的生长和转移。     

Expressions of chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in gastric cancer and their significance

目的 观察趋化因子CXCL12及其特异性受体CXCR4在人胃癌组织中的表达,探讨其与临床病理参数、预后的关系.方法 选择120例胃癌标本,应用免疫组化SP法检测CXCL12和CXCR4在人胃癌组织中的表达,分析CXCL12和CXCR4的表达与患者临床病理参数、术后生存率之间的关系.结果 胃癌组织及正常胃黏膜组织中均可检测到CXCL12、CXCR4的表达,但胃癌组织中的表达水平均明显高于正常胃黏膜组织,表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05).CXCL12阳性与CXCR4阳性呈正相关(r=0.276,P＜0.05).胃癌CXCL12和CXCR4的表达水平与肿瘤细胞淋巴结转移及分化程度密切相关(P＜0.05),与患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤的大小、浸润深度及远处转移等无关(P＞0.05).CXCL12和CXCR4阳性表达的患者其五年生存率明显低于其阴性表达的患者.结论 胃癌中CXCL12和CXCR4的高表达与胃癌的生物学行为及预后密切相关,检测其表达对预测胃癌的转移及判断预后有一定价值.     

白细胞相关免疫球蛋白样受体-1在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血T细胞的表达及意义

目的 研究白细胞相关免疫球蛋白样受体(LAIR-1)在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血T细胞的表达情况,并与子宫肌瘤、子宫癌前病变患者相比较,探讨LAIR-1表达与肿瘤免疫的相关性.方法 密度梯度离心法分离外周血单个核细胞,流式细胞术检测LAIR-1在196例肿瘤患者外周血T细胞的表达水平.结果 流式细胞术检测结果显示,宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血CD3+CD4+T细胞LAIR-1阳性率均高于子宫肌瘤(P＜0.001;P＜0.05)和癌前病变患者(P ＜0.001;P ＜0.01).平均荧光强度分析结果显示,宫颈癌患者外周血CD3+CD4+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平显著高于癌前病变患者(P＜0.01),CD3+CD8+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平显著高于子宫肌瘤患者(P＜0.05)和癌前病变患者(P＜0.001).子宫内膜癌患者外周血CD3+CD4+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平明显高于子宫肌瘤患者(P＜0.05)和癌前病变患者(P＜0.01),CD3+CD8+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平高于癌前病变患者(P＜0.05).结论 LAIR-1在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血T细胞表达上调,提示LAIR-1可能与肿瘤免疫逃逸存在相关性.     

转录因子Snail及黏附分子E-cadherin在胃癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨转录因子Snail及黏附分子E—cadherin在胃癌中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组化sP法检测96例胃癌组织和80例癌旁组织中Snail、E—cadherin的表达，分析两者在不同组织类型与分化程度胃癌中的表达，以及与临床病理因素之间的关系。结果胃癌组织E—cadherin的阳性率（37．5％）显著低于癌旁组织（100％）（P〈0．05），E—cadherin的表达与胃癌不同分化程度、组织学类型、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、临床分期及远处转移有关（P〈0．05）。胃癌组织Snail阳性率（83．3％）显著高于癌旁组织（41．25％）（P〈0．05），Snail的表达与胃癌不同分化程度、组织学类型、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及远处转移有关（P〈0．05）。胃癌组织中E—cadherin与Snail的表达呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论E—cadherin蛋白低表达与Snail蛋白高表达可能是胃黏膜恶性转变以及胃癌发生浸润转移的重要生物学标志。联合检测E—cadherin及Snail对预测胃癌浸润转移有重要意义。     

血管生成拟态及相关蛋白Mig-7、MMP-2在胃癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 研究胃癌组织务管生成拟态(VM)及相关蛋白Mig-7、MMP-2的表达及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化技术观察110例胃癌中的CD34、Mig-7和MMP-2的表达,VM用CD34、PAS双染色法确定,并结合胃癌患者的临床病理资料进行相关分析.结果 110例胃癌组织中存在35例VM,阳性率为31.82％;VM与病理分级及淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05),中低分化组的阳性率(34％)高于高分化组(10％),有淋巴结转移组的VM阳性率高于无淋巴结转移组.110例胃癌组织Mig-7表达104例,阳性率为94.54％;Mig-7的高表达与淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05).VM阳性组Mig-7及MMP-2高表达率均高于VM阴性组(P＜0.05).VM阳性组平均生存时间及中位生存时间均低于VM阴性组(P＜0.05).结论 胃癌组织中存在VM,Mig-7及MMP-2高表达可能协同促进VM形成;VM与胃癌的侵袭、转移以及预后差密切相关.     

甲状腺髓样癌中CD133和CD44的表达及意义

目的 探讨肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSC)标志物CD133及CD44在甲状腺髓样癌(medullary thyroid cancer,MTC)组织中的表达及临床病理意义.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测51例MTC组织中CD133和CD44的表达.结果 (1)CD133蛋白在MTC伴有包膜浸润组的阳性率(76.2％,16/21)明显高于无包膜浸润组(43.3％,13/30);CD133蛋白在MTC病灶直径≥1 cm组的阳性率(64.4％,29/45)显著高于病灶直径＜1 cm组(0,0/6),差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).(2)CD44蛋白在MTC伴有包膜浸润组的阳性率(66.7％,14/21)明显高于无包膜浸润组(20％,6/30),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3) MTC中CD133和CD44蛋白的表达与患者年龄、性别、是否散发、甲状腺受累范围、淋巴结转移、远处脏器转移、TNM分期均无关(P＞0.05).(4)CD133与CD44共表达与MTC包膜浸润密切相关(P＜0.01).结论 MTC中存在CSC,其与肿瘤的浸润生长及恶性增殖相关,可考虑将CD133及CD44作为MTC临床评价肿瘤生物学行为的指标.二者可能存在互相调节的机制,共表达在MTC的恶性进展中发挥作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.