尘螨阳性婴幼儿首次喘息后反复喘息发作的危险因素

目的 探讨尘螨阳性婴幼儿首次喘息后反复喘息发作的危险因素。方法 选取2014年8月至2015年2月间住院的首次喘息发作婴幼儿共1 236例,其中尘螨阳性387例,出院后随访1年,随访1年内再发喘息3次及3次以上的患儿设定为反复喘息组（n=67）,随访期间未再发生喘息的患儿设定为对照组（n=84）。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic逐步回归分析,探讨尘螨阳性的婴幼儿反复喘息发作的危险因素。结果 单因素分析显示,入院时年龄、入院前喘息时间、肺炎支原体感染率、流感病毒感染率与反复喘息发作相关联。多因素logistic逐步回归分析显示,入院时年龄较大（OR=2.21,P=0.04）、合并肺炎支原体感染（OR=3.54,P=0.001）为反复喘息发作的独立危险因素。结论 尘螨阳性的婴幼儿,特别是幼儿,若首次喘息时合并有肺炎支原体感染,则反复喘息发作的风险明显升高。     

儿童反复肺炎危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：探讨无明确基础疾病儿童反复患肺炎的相关危险因素。方法：选择无明确基础疾病的106例反复肺炎患儿及106例单次肺炎患儿进行成组病例对照研究,采用单因素χ2检验及多因素logistic回归模型调查反复肺炎的危险因素。结果：单因素χ2检验分析结果显示,病例组患儿有喘息病史、食物或药物过敏史、湿疹病史及一过性粒细胞减少症的比例高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,喘息病史（OR=13.387,95% CI: 5.541～32.343）、食物或药物过敏史（OR=4.267,95% CI: 2.081～8.751）及一过性粒细胞减少症（OR=3.606,95% CI: 1.806～7.202）是儿童反复肺炎的独立危险因素。结论：喘息病史、食物或药物过敏史及一过性粒细胞减少症病史增加了无明确基础疾病儿童反复患肺炎的风险。     

儿童产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株感染危险因素分析

目的：研究儿童产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株感染的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2009年2月至2011年1月242例下呼吸道感染住院患儿的临床资料,应用单因素分析和非条件logistic回归分析进行产ESBLs菌株感染的危险因素调查。结果：单因素分析显示6个因素与产ESBLs菌株感染有关：反复口鼻腔吸痰（OR=2.279,P<0.01）、气管插管（OR=3.101,P<0.01）、应用第三代头孢菌素大于3 d（OR=3.628,P<0.01）、入住儿科重症监护病房（PICU）（OR=2.378,P<0.01）、留置鼻饲管（OR=2.460,P<0.01）、预防应用抗生素（OR=1.747,P<0.05）。非条件logistic多元回归分析显示,应用第三代头孢菌素大于3 d（OR=5.672,P<0.01）、反复口鼻腔吸痰（OR=3.917,P<0.01）、气管插管（OR=3.717,P<0.01）、留置鼻饲管（OR=2.961,P<0.01）、入住PICU（OR=3.237,P<0.01）为产ESBLs感染菌的独立危险因素。结论：产ESBLs菌株感染为多因素所致,其中主要与第三代头孢菌素的使用、侵袭性操作、入住PICU密切相关。     

儿童重症社区获得性肺炎病毒学检测和危险因素分析

目的：了解儿童重症社区获得性肺炎病毒病原谱,探讨儿童重症社区获得性肺炎的危险因素。方法：收集2007年9月至2008年8月1096例社区获得性肺炎患儿的气道抽吸物标本,其中重症社区获得性肺炎100例。采用RT-PCR、PCR或巢式PCR方法对呼吸道病毒进行核酸检测。应用logistic回归法对患儿的临床相关资料进行单因素和多因素分析,以调查重症社区获得性肺炎的危险因素。结果：100例儿童重症社区获得性肺炎标本中,病毒总检出例数为82例(82％),其中RSV检出率最高（37％）,其次为HBoV(25％)和HRV (18％)。2种及2种以上病毒协同感染32例（32%）。Logistic回归分析显示,合并基础疾病及RSV感染为儿童重症社区获得性肺炎发病的危险因素（分别OR=6.623,P<0.01;OR=1.672,P<0.05）,月龄为保护因素（OR=0.475,P<0.01）。结论：RSV是儿童重症社区获得性肺炎最常见病毒病原;合并基础疾病及RSV感染是儿童重症社区获得性肺炎发病的危险因素,月龄为保护因素。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗相关严重不良反应的临床分析

目的 分析CCCG-ALL-2015方案治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）合并严重不良反应（SAE）的临床特点，探讨患儿发生SAE后死亡的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年6月确诊并接受CCCG-ALL-2015方案化疗的734例ALL患儿化疗过程中发生SAE的临床特点，将发生SAE的ALL患儿分为死亡组（n=25）和存活组（n=31），采用多因素logistic回归分析ALL患儿发生SAE后死亡的危险因素。结果 734例ALL患儿中，56例（7.6%）化疗后发生SAE（66例次），高发于诱导缓解治疗阶段（41例次）。感染相关SAE发生46例次（70%），包括脓毒性休克25例次（38%），重症肺炎20例次（30%），重症水痘1例次（2%）；感染相关SAE患儿中多数存在中性粒细胞缺乏（87%）。最常见的感染部位为血液系统和呼吸系统，最常见的病原微生物依次是革兰阴性菌、病毒、真菌和革兰阳性菌。出血相关SAE发生16例次（24%），包括消化道出血11例次（17%），肺出血4例次（6%），颅内出血1例次（2%）。734例ALL患儿中死亡66例（9.0%），25例患儿因SAE死亡，治疗相关病死率为3.4%，感染（72%）和出血（24%）是主要原因，合并重症肺炎是ALL患儿发生治疗相关死亡的独立危险因素（OR=4.087，95% CI：1.161~14.384，P=0.028）。结论 CCCG-ALL-2015方案治疗儿童ALL相关SAE主要发生于诱导缓解化疗阶段，感染相关SAE较多见。重症肺炎是ALL患儿发生治疗相关死亡的独立危险因素，需重视合并重症肺炎的治疗。     

新生儿毛细血管渗漏综合征的高危因素分析

目的：探讨毛细血管渗漏综合征（CLS）发生的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析52例发生CLS患儿（病例组）的临床资料,另选取50例未发生CLS的住院新生儿作为对照组。对CLS发生的因素进行单因素分析,应用多元logistic 回归分析确定与 CLS 相关的独立危险因素。结果：单因素分析显示病例组高血糖、败血症、呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）、寒冷损伤综合征的发生比率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。经多元logistic回归分析显示,败血症(OR=5.004,P=0.001)、RDS(OR=3.880,P=0.013)、寒冷损伤综合征(OR=3.207,P=0.023)是发生CLS的独立危险因素。结论：败血症、RDS、寒冷损伤综合征是CLS发生的独立危险因素;高血糖可能与CLS的发生有关。     

经皮下特异性免疫治疗的支气管哮喘和/或过敏性鼻炎患儿全身不良反应观察及危险因素分析

目的 分析皮下特异性免疫治疗（SCIT）治疗儿童支气管哮喘和/或变应性鼻炎的全身不良反应（SR）的发生情况及危险因素。方法 回顾性分析该院儿科收治的支气管哮喘和/或变应性鼻炎患儿198例为研究对象。根据所有患儿SCIT过程中SR和局部不良反应（LR）的发生情况,分为SR组（n=31）及对照组（未发生SR及LR的患儿,n=142）,采用logistic多因素回归分析对发生SR的危险因素进行分析。结果 在对198例患儿的8 157次SCIT注射中,共有25（12.6%）例患儿发生31例次（0.38%）SR,其中Ⅰ级SR 18例次（58%）,Ⅱ级SR 10例次（32%）,Ⅲ级SR 3例次（10%）,无Ⅳ级SR。多因素logistic回归分析显示同时合并食物及吸入过敏原的多重过敏、尘螨sIgE 6级、总IgE 6级、既往LR发生史是SR的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。结论 SCIT治疗哮喘和/或过敏性鼻炎的SR发生率低,安全性良好。对同时合并食物及吸入过敏原的多重过敏、高敏状态（尘螨sIgE 6级、总IgE 6级）、既往局部不良反应发生史者需警惕SR发生。     

机械通气早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血临床高危因素分析

目的：探讨机械通气早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血（PVH-IVH）的临床高危因素,为早产儿PVH-IVH的防治提供依据。方法：2009年1月至2011年12月入住新生儿重症监护室且应用机械通气的205例早产儿,根据生后3～7 d床旁头颅B超检查结果分为PVH-IVH组（n=84）和无PVH-IVH组（n=121）,采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析调查PVH-IVH发生的高危因素。结果：单因素分析显示,胎龄<32周、出生体重<1500 g、宫内窘迫、重度窒息、自然分娩、孕期感染、胎膜早破≥8 h、机械通气≥7 d、并发呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）等9个因素与机械通气早产儿PVH-IVH的发生有关（均P<0.05）;多因素logistic回归显示,出生体重<1500 g（OR=2.665）、宫内窘迫（OR=2.177）、重度窒息（OR=5.653）、孕期感染（OR=4.365）、VAP（OR=2.299）是机械通气早产儿PVH-IVH发生的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论：极低出生体重、宫内窘迫、重度窒息、孕期感染、VAP与机械通气早产儿PVH-IVH发生密切相关,在临床工作中应高度重视这些因素,以预防PVH-IVH的发生。     

经皮下特异性免疫治疗的支气管哮喘和/或过敏性鼻炎患儿全身不良反应观察及危险因素分析

目的 分析皮下特异性免疫治疗（SCIT）治疗儿童支气管哮喘和/或变应性鼻炎的全身不良反应（SR）的发生情况及危险因素。方法 回顾性分析该院儿科收治的支气管哮喘和/或变应性鼻炎患儿198例为研究对象。根据所有患儿SCIT过程中SR和局部不良反应（LR）的发生情况，分为SR组（n=31）及对照组（未发生SR及LR的患儿，n=142），采用logistic多因素回归分析对发生SR的危险因素进行分析。结果 在对198例患儿的8 157次SCIT注射中，共有25（12.6%）例患儿发生31例次（0.38%）SR，其中Ⅰ级SR 18例次（58%），Ⅱ级SR 10例次（32%），Ⅲ级SR 3例次（10%），无Ⅳ级SR。多因素logistic回归分析显示同时合并食物及吸入过敏原的多重过敏、尘螨sIgE 6级、总IgE 6级、既往LR发生史是SR的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。结论 SCIT治疗哮喘和/或过敏性鼻炎的SR发生率低，安全性良好。对同时合并食物及吸入过敏原的多重过敏、高敏状态（尘螨sIgE 6级、总IgE 6级）、既往局部不良反应发生史者需警惕SR发生。     

福州市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖患病率调查及高危因素分析

目的 调查福州市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖患病率及高危因素。方法 分层整群随机抽取福建省福州市14所幼儿园体检数据,统计单纯性肥胖检出率。按1：1病例对照方法选择体重正常儿童为对照组。采用自制问卷表及多因素logistic回归分析对可能与儿童单纯性肥胖发生相关的因素进行调查与分析。结果 共纳入5 767例3~6岁儿童,单纯性肥胖检出率为5.01%（289例）,其中轻度肥胖153例,中重度肥胖136例。随着年龄增加,儿童单纯性肥胖检出率逐步增加。多因素logistic回归分析显示,偏爱油炸食品（OR=4.789）、养育者过度关注饮食（OR=4.620）、睡前进食（OR=4.006）、进食快（OR=3.221）、偏爱甜食（OR=2.282）、出生体重大（OR=2.202）、父亲超重或肥胖（OR=2.074）、母亲超重或肥胖（OR=2.047）、进食量超过同龄20%以上（OR=2.013）、爱看电视（OR=1.665）、运动不足（OR=1.463）等是引起学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖的独立危险因素（均P < 0.05）。结论 福州市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖的患病率为5.01%,其发病受诸多因素影响,提示需要在医生、家长和老师的共同参与下,加强学龄前儿童健康教育、培养儿童良好生活习惯和饮食习惯、增强体育锻炼等多途径综合干预,以降低学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖的发生。     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Psychopathologie du syndrome d’Asperger et « aspérigisation » de la société contemporaine

The author has attempted here to point out, just for a start, the characteristics of Asperger syndrome from the point of view of psychopathology through a rereading of Hans Asperger's original paper (1944). This thesis merits reevaluation, if for no other reason than to fill the gaps in operational diagnostics based on the DSM. It is found by rereading that Asperger's view of the principal disturbances of autistic psychopathy include a “disturbance of natural evidence” or a “crisis of common sense”. This question of natural evidence that he evokes with regard to autistic psychopathy corresponds to W. Blankenburg's natural evidence, which constitutes a key concept for comprehending schizophrenia in the form poor-symptom (“symptomarme Schizophrenie”) that he observes in the speech of his patient Anne Rau. One can deduce from this that in terms of fundamental disturbances, Asperger syndrome and this “symptom-poor” schizophrenia overlap at the level of loss of natural evidence. It is moreover possible to classify Asperger syndrome among the disturbances of spacing in the sense meant by the evolutionary psychiatry of A. Stevens and J. Price. The author then develops our comprehension of Asperger syndrome from the point of view of the perspective proposed by the notion of resilience in people with Asperger syndrome and of the possibility for them, through these mechanisms of adaptation, to find in the organization of the personality of the “as if” type a position of relative equilibrium. They concur or overlap in the creation of crutches, of borrowed personalities secondarily legitimated by the reaction of the socius. This will end up in the production of inventions and œuvres (works). Clearly, one rarely encounters several cases that one could consider pertinently to be “successful” Asperger syndrome. Finally, the author notes that one can find a sort of isomorphism between Asperger syndrome and contemporary society when he proposes the term “asperigisation” to characterize our society, given that the equilibrium between emotion and logic is strongly disturbed in these patients, in whom logic undergoes hypertrophy while emotion is impoverished. From this perspective, the author hopes to suggest reasons for the increase in the number of cases of Asperger syndrome in the clinical setting and in society in general in our contemporary era.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.