适形放射治疗联合热疗治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效及临床受益反应观察

为了评价适形放疗联合热疗治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效及临床受益反应,对34例胰腺癌患者给予适形放疗,2Gy/次,5次/周,总剂量50-70 Gy;热疗2次/周,每次60-90 min,共计6次。结果82.4%患者胸背部疼痛明显缓解,临床受益反应有效率91.2%;放疗后2个月复查CT,肿瘤缩小〉25%者76.5%;1、2年生存率分别为38.2%和20.6%。初步研究结果提示,适形放射治疗联合热疗治疗晚期胰腺癌,疗效较好,并发症少,可显著提高患者生活质量,是不能手术患者较好的治疗方式。     

Second cancer incidence in primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma treated with methotrexate with leucovorin rescue,doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide,vincristine, prednisone,and bleomycin regimen with or without rituximab and mediastinal radiotherapy: Results from a monoinstitutional cohort analysis of long‐term survivors

Our aim is to assess the incidence of second cancer in long‐time surviving primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma (PMBCL) patients treated with combined radiochemoimmunotherapy (standard methotrexate with leucovorin rescue, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin with rituximab and mediastinal radiation therapy at a dose of 30 to 36 Gy). For this purpose, 92 points were evaluated. After a median overall survival of 137 months (range 76‐212), we recorded second cancer in 3 of 80 long‐surviving patients (3.75%) with cumulative incidence of 3.47% at 15 years and 11% at 17 years, with a 17‐year second cancer‐free survival of 82%. We observed 2 papillary thyroid cancers with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 7.97 and an absolute excess risk (AER) of 17. 84 and 1 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an SIR of 66.53 and an AER of 10.05. No breast cancer occurred. Although we should take into account the limits of the proposed statistical analysis, combined modality treatment was related to a significant SIR and AER for thyroid cancer and acute myeloid leukemia.     

Pelvic nodal radiotherapy in patients with unfavorable intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer: evidence, rationale, and future directions

Over the past 15 years, there have been three major advances in the use of external beam radiotherapy in the management of men with clinically localized prostate made. They include: (1) image guided (IG) three-dimensional conformal/intensity modulated radiotherapy; (2) radiation dose escalation; and (3) androgen deprivation therapy. To date only the last of these three advances have been shown to improve overall survival. The presence of occult pelvic nodal involvement could explain the failure of increased conformality and dose escalation to prolong survival, because the men who appear to be at the greatest risk of death from clinically localized prostate cancer are those who are likely to have lymph node metastases. This review discusses the evidence for prophylactic pelvic nodal radiotherapy, including the key trials and controversies surrounding this issue.     

Observation of Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy with Different Fractionated Doses Used in 58 Cases with Astrocytoma

OBJECTIVE To analyze the therapeutic effects and side effects of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with different fractionated doses in treating astrocytoma. METHODS During a period from October 2001 to December 2006, 58 patients with astrocytoma were treated using IMRT. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, 32 of the 58 cases were grade-II, 20 grade-III and 6 grade-IV (glioblastoma multiforme, GBM). Thirty-two of the 58 patients (3 with grade IV, 11 with grade III, and the other 18 with grade II who were over 40 years) were treated with hyperfractionated IMRT (Hyper Fr IMRT), and the other 26 patients were treated with standard fractionated IMRT (St Fr IMRT).RESULTS The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were respectively 86%, 52%, and 45%, and the 1-, 3- and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were respectively 77%, 38%, and 25%. Using an analytical hierarchy process it was shown that concerning the patients with grade II astrocytoma classified based on WHO grading, the therapeutic effect was much better in the group of Hyper Fr IMRT than in the St Fr IMRT group. There was no statistical significance of the differences in the OS and PFS rates between the 2 groups (P = 0.049 and P = 0.006). The OS and PFS rates of the patients with grade-III astrocytoma were both higher in the group with Hyper Fr IMRT than in the St Fr IMRT group. However, there was no statistical significance of the differences between the 2 groups. Advanced RTOG grade-III (radiation therapy oncology group, RTOG) neurotoxicity occurred only in 1 of the cases. CONCLUSION Compared with the St Fr IMRT, the Hyper Fr IMRT may help to prolong the survival of patients with astrocytoma.     

Radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy with carmustine,vincristine, and procarbazine (BVP) in primary brain tumors

Summary 26 patients with astrocytoma grade 11–111, and 36 with malignant glioma (astrocytoma grade IV or glioblastoma) were submitted three days after surgery to a cycle of combination chemotherapy, including BCNU, VCR, PCZ (BVP). Eighteen days after surgery, patients received 40 Gy (astrocytoma grade 11–111) or 45 Gy (malignant glioma) of megavoltage whole-brain irradiation, with an additional boost to the tumor bed of 20 Gy, delivered in 6 weeks. Vincristine was injected weekly during radiotherapy. At the end of radiotherapy, patients received BVP every 6 weeks for at least 8 cycles or until a recurrence or progressive disease. Performance status of grade 1 or 2 was achieved in 15 (60%) and in 5 (20%), respectively, of patients with astrocytoma grade 11–111 after 6 months, and in 6 ps. (29%) and in 9 ps. (42%) after 12 months of follow-up. Only 2 (5.5%) and 18 (64%) patients with malignant glioma achieved a performance status of grade 1 or 2 after 6 months, and these proportions are 6% and 35%, respectively, after 12 months. After a 5-year follow-up, 59% of patients with astrocytoma are still alive, with a median survival time of 60+ months, whereas only 4% of patients with malignant glioma are alive, with a median of 11.2 months.     

Pathologic characteristics, type of treatment and follow up of patients with uterine cervical carcinoma referred to the radiation oncology department, cancer institute, imam khomeini hospital, tehran, iran, 1995-2001.

Background: Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the sixth most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide. Early stage diagnosis increases the cure rate of disease. Radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatment modalities. After radiotherapy, accurate and regular follow-up results in early diagnosis and effective treatment of recurrence. Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluated 346 cases of cervical carcinoma who have been treated with radiotherapy in the Radiation Oncology Department of the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini hospital from 1995 to 2001. Results: Age of the study group ranged from 26 to 78 (mean=50.5, SD=11). 30.4 percent of patients were early stage and 69.6 percent had advanced stage of disease. Some 92.2 percent of cases were squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas made up the 6.4 percent . Radical radiotherapy was most frequent radiotherapy setting and adjuvant radiotherapy (post-op) was the second. Most of the patients (43.7 percent) were followed for a short time, and a considerable number did not return for follow-up. Conclusion: According to our results, patients do not pay enough attention to disease follow-up. An acceptable training plan, with emphasis on regular follow-up, is recommended.     

Primary chemotherapy with adriamycin, cisplatin, vincristine and cyclophosphamide in locally advanced thymomas: a single institution experience.

From 1990 to 1997, 16 consecutive patients with stage III and IVa invasive thymoma were treated in a single institution with primary chemotherapy consisting in adriamycin (40 mg m(-2)), cisplatin (50 mg m(-2)) administered intravenously on day 1, vincristine (0.6 mg m(-2)) on day 2 and cyclophosphamide (700 mg m(-2)) on day 4 (ADOC). The courses were repeated every 3 weeks. The aim was to evaluate the impact of this cytotoxic regimen with respect to response rate, per cent of patients radically resected, time to progression and overall survival. Two complete responses (one clinical and one pathological) and 11 partial responses were observed (overall response rate 81.2%); two patients had stable disease and one progressed. Toxicity was mild as only two patients developed grade III/IV neutropenia and one patient grade III nausea/vomiting. Nine patients were radically resected (five out of ten with stage III, and four out of six with stage IVa). Median time to progression and overall survival was 33.2 and 47.5 months respectively. Three patients were alive and disease free after more than 5 years. The ADOC scheme is highly active and manageable in the treatment of locally advanced thymoma. As a preoperative approach it should be offered to patients not amenable to surgery or to those surgically resectable but with a great deal of morbidity.     

放疗、化疗及放化疗治疗非小细胞肺癌对 EGFR 基因突变状态的影响

目的：研究放疗、化疗和放化疗三种临床非小细胞肺癌（non - small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）治疗方式对 EGFR 基因突变状态的影响。方法：采用 ARMS 血浆 EGFR 基因突变分析方法,分别对393例晚期NSCLC 患者放疗、化疗和放化疗治疗前、治疗后获得的外周血标本进行 EGFR 基因突变检测。结果：放疗、化疗和放化疗三种治疗手段均影响 EGFR 基因突变状态。单纯放疗组放疗前的 EGFR 基因突变率为31.78%,放疗后的 EGFR 基因突变率为20.16%,放疗显著影响 EGFR 基因突变状态（P <0.016）。单纯化疗组化疗前的 EGFR 基因突变率为34.56%,化疗后的 EGFR 基因突变率为22.06%,化疗显著影响 EGFR 基因突变状态（P <0.013）。放化疗组放化疗前的 EGFR 基因突变率为33.59%,放化疗后 EGFR 基因突变率为17.19%,放化疗显著影响 EGFR 基因突变状态（P <0.001）。结论：放疗、化疗和放化疗均可降低 NSCLC 患者外周血中EGFR 基因突变率,提示放疗、化疗和放化疗治疗会对外周血中 EGFR 基因突变状态发生影响,采用外周血检测 NSCLC 的 EGFR 基因状态能够在治疗过程中动态观察患者的变化,进一步指导临床治疗。     

Localized low-dose radiotherapy for follicular lymphoma: history, clinical results, mechanisms of action, and future outlooks

The extreme radiosensitivity of indolent lymphomas was reported in the early years of radiotherapy (RT). The efficacy of low-dose total body irradiation (1.5-2 Gy) was particularly demonstrative. Higher doses were considered appropriate for localized disease. The optimal (or conventional) dose of curative RT derived from the early studies was determined to be 30-35 Gy. Nevertheless, in older series addressing the tumoricidal radiation dose in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, investigators noted that a significant number of "nodular" lymphomas were controlled with a dose of <22 Gy for >3 years. The idea of reintroducing localized low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas came from a clinical observation. The first study showing the high efficacy of LDRT (4 Gy in two fractions of 2 Gy within 3 days) in selected patients with chemoresistant, indolent, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was published in 1994. Since this first report, at least eight series of patients treated with localized LDRT have been published, showing a 55% complete response rate in irradiated sites, with a median duration of 15-42 months. How LDRT induces lymphoma cell death remains partly unknown. However, some important advances have recently been reported. Localized LDRT induces an apoptosis of follicular lymphoma cells. This apoptotic cell death elicits an immune response mediated by macrophages and dendritic cells. Follicular lymphoma is probably an ideal model to explore these mechanisms. This review also discusses the future of LDRT for follicular lymphoma.     

原发性肝癌三维适形放疗114例疗效评价

观察三维适形放射治疗（three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3DCRT）原发性肝癌的临床疗效.对114 例原发性肝癌患者在CT 定位下以3～5 mm层厚连续扫描,静脉双期碘造影剂增强扫描,精确定位治疗靶区并制定3DCRT计划,使90%等剂量曲线包绕计划靶体积（planning target volume,PTV）.以Varian 2100C 直线加速器实施放疗计划照射剂量1.8～2 Gy/次,5次/周,总剂量50～66 Gy,总疗程5～7周.治疗后1个月33例部分缓解,3个月42例部分缓解,6个月53例部分缓解.1、2和3年生存率分别为52.6%、35.1%和 28.9%.初步研究结果提示,3DCRT是原发性肝癌的有效无创治疗手段.     

Combining External Beam Radiation and Radionuclide Therapies: Rationale,Radiobiology, Results and Roadblocks

The emergence of effective radionuclide therapeutics, such as radium-223 dichloride, [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE and [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA ligands, over the last 10 years is driving a rapid expansion in molecular radiotherapy (MRT) research. Clinical trials that are underway will help to define optimal dosing protocols and identify groups of patients who are likely to benefit from this form of treatment. Clinical investigations are also being conducted to combine new MRT agents with other anticancer drugs, with particular emphasis on DNA repair inhibitors and immunotherapeutics. In this review, the case is presented for combining MRT with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The technical and dosimetric challenges of combining two radiotherapeutic modalities have impeded progress in the past. However, the need for research into the specific radiobiological effects of radionuclide therapy, which has lagged behind that for EBRT, has been recognised. This, together with innovations in imaging technology, MRT dosimetry tools and EBRT hardware, will facilitate the future use of this important combination of treatments.     

自动和逆向3DCRT与逆向IMRT计划剂量学比较

目的 比较自动3DCRT、逆向3DCRT、逆向IMRT计划的剂量学差异。方法 选取2014—2015年间单一靶区肺癌10例和颅内肿瘤10例,经网络传输至RayStation4.5TPS。采用自动3DCRT、逆向3DCRT和逆向IMRT方法分别对20例病例进行治疗计划设计,3种PTV和OAR剂量体积限制条件一致、射野数相同,比较3种计划的等剂量分布、靶区和OAR剂量参数。采用多相关变量和双相关变量分布分析。结果 肺癌病例中IMRT计划D_98%、D_50%、D_2%、CI和HI均优于逆向3DCRT和自动3DCRT计划(P=0.007、0.001、0.002、0.000、0.000);自动3DCRT计划的CI优于逆向3DCRT计划(P=0.000),3种计划中心脏D₃₃、脊髓D_max和D_{1 cm³}、双肺的各参数受量均相近(P=0.702、0.237、0.163、0.739、0.908、0.832、0.886、0.722、0.429、0.840、0.702);颅内肿瘤病例中逆向IMRT和自动3DCRT计划的CI优于逆向3DCRT计划(P=0.002、0.034),其他靶区参数相近(P=0.648、0.783、0.256、0.931),3种计划全脑受量各参数相近(P=0.446、0.755、0.772、0.0266、0.440、0.290、0.939)。结论 单一靶区肺癌和颅内肿瘤病例中,与逆向3DCRT技术相比,自动3DCRT技术可提高靶区CI;与逆向IMRT技术相比,对OAR保护相近,考虑到3DCRT的简便性和低成本,自动3DCRT技术可以作为一种新放疗技术进行推广。     

36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤的治疗

目的比较松果体区生殖细胞瘤的不同治疗方法间疗效的差异。方法回顾分析36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤，病理诊断13例，临床诊断23例。治疗采用局部放疗15例，全脑放疗9例，全脑全脊髓放疗10例。应用SPSS10．0软件包分析各组的差别。结果总体3年无瘤生存率62．41％，5年无瘤生存率54．61％。结果显示全脑全脊髓放疗组有最低的转移率及最高的长期生存率，但无统计学差异。结论推荐全脑全脊髓放疗为松果体区生殖细胞瘤的首选治疗方法。     

36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤的治疗

目的比较松果体区生殖细胞瘤的不同治疗方法间疗效的差异。方法回顾分析36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤,病理诊断13例,临床诊断23例。治疗采用局部放疗15例,全脑放疗9例,全脑全脊髓放疗10例。应用SPSS10.0软件包分析各组的差别。结果总体3年无瘤生存率62.41%,5年无瘤生存率54.61%。结果显示全脑全脊髓放疗组有最低的转移率及最高的长期生存率,但无统计学差异。结论推荐全脑全脊髓放疗为松果体区生殖细胞瘤的首选治疗方法。     

化放疗、放疗和化疗治疗肺癌脑转移的疗效评价

目的评价化放疗、放疗和化疗治疗肺癌脑转移的疗效。方法化疗加放疗32例,放疗19例,化疗11例。结果化放疗组、放疗组和化疗组的中位生存期分别为6．9月、5．8月、3．6月;1年生存率分别为28．1％、21．1％、0％。化放疗组的疗效虽稍优于放疗组,但在统计学上差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。而化放疗组及放疗组明显好于化疗组（P＜0．05）。结论化放疗及放疗特别是化放疗是治疗肺癌脑转移的有效治疗方案。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗中肿瘤和正常组织体积-剂量变化的研究

目的:研究鼻咽癌在调强放射治疗过程中,肿瘤和正常组织的体积、形态变化对各自剂量受量的影响。方法:2009年1月-2010年6月间初诊经病理明确诊断的鼻咽癌患者42例,所有患者经头颈肩膜固定行模拟CT,在CT图像上逐层勾画治疗靶区和正常组织,采用6MV X线9野共面调强放射治疗计划（IMRT）。鼻咽原发灶及颈部转移淋巴结照射剂量66Gy/30f/6w,鼻咽部和颈部淋巴引流区亚临床病灶照射剂量60Gy/30f/6w。治疗设备为西门子ONCOR直线加速器。治疗期间每日采集患者治疗体位0度和90度正交二维摄片图像,同原始计划DRR图像对比,在三维方向对患者进行摆位误差校正,然后实施放射治疗。每周采集一次患者治疗体位头颈部CT图像,把治疗计划按照标记点移植到每周CT上,重新进行计量计算,分析患者在治疗期间靶区及正常组织剂量分布变化。同步化疗采用多西他赛加顺铂方案,每三周一次,在放疗开始前1周内开始同步治疗。结果:所有患者放疗前GTV1平均体积39.19cc,GTV2平均体积16.59cc,放疗第4周及第6周GTV1平均退缩分别为26.41%、62.68%,GTV2平均退缩分别为28.43%、53.93%。治疗前双侧腮腺体积平均为24.16cc,放射治疗第4周,平均腮腺体积为19.04cc,第6周平均腮腺体积为17.54cc。正常组织计量受量方面,脊髓（D1%）、脑干（D1%）、颞叶（D1%）、内耳（Dmean）、腮腺（V30）,原计划计量分别为:（41.2±0.98）Gy、（51.26±1.57）Gy、（59.95±2.11）Gy、（45.02±1.98）Gy、（47.87±18.05）%。照射第4周分别为:（44.09±1.88）Gy、（52.81±2.47）Gy、（62.04±2.43）Gy、（47.24±3.68）Gy、（49.03±15.68）%。第六周（44.44±2.7）Gy、（54.14±2.51）Gy、（62.34±2.86）Gy、（48.37±5.37）Gy、（52.19±15.51）%。结论:随着鼻咽癌调强放射治疗的进行,照射肿瘤靶区同原始计划剂量分布会有一定差异,除1例淋巴结退缩及病人消瘦等原因而造成外轮廓内收较大的患者以外,其余CTV实际照射剂量为处方剂量95%以上。正常组织在整个治疗过程所受照射剂量同原始计划比较有所增加。     

眼眶原发恶性淋巴瘤的临床分析

目的　分析眼眶原发恶性淋巴瘤的治疗方法。方法　１５ 例眼眶原发恶性淋巴瘤均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤。 Ａｎｎ Ａｒｂｏｒ 分期：Ⅰ Ａ 期１１ 例,Ⅱ Ａ 期４ 例。放射治疗剂量３０ ～５８ Ｇｙ ,３ ～６ 周。结果　１ ,３ ,５ 年局部控制率分别为９４ ．１ ％ ,９２ ．３ ％ 和９２ ．３ ％ 。３ ,５ ,１０ 年生存率分别为１００ ％ ,９０ ％ 和７５ ％ 。有５ 例疾病进展。结论　放射治疗为主要治疗手段。推荐放射治疗剂量为３５ ～４５ Ｇｙ ,３ ．５ ～４ ．５ 周。不需行淋巴引流区预防照射。对恶性程度高及有眶外侵犯者应加化疗。     

Presentation,patterns of care,and survival in patients with brain metastases

BACKGROUND:

It is largely unknown to what extent new oncologic treatment options have improved survival of patients with brain metastasis in recent decades. Therefore, a multi‐institutional time‐staggered analysis was performed.

METHODS:

Two cohorts of 103 patients each were analyzed, one treated between 2005 and 2009 and the other between 1983 and 1989, ie, approximately 20 years earlier. Stratified analyses by prognostic groups were also performed (graded prognostic assessment [GPA] and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis [RTOG‐RPA]).

RESULTS:

Patterns of care have changed significantly. Contemporary patients received focal treatments such as stereotactic radiosurgery and surgical resection far more frequently. Furthermore, systemic treatment was used more often in contemporary patients, both before and after diagnosis of brain metastasis. Improved survival was observed in the contemporary cohort (P = .03). The 1‐year survival rate increased from 15% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7%‐25%) to 34% (95% CI, 25%‐44%). However, this improvement was largely driven by patients with favorable prognostic features. More than 40% of the patients still belong to unfavorable prognostic groups with limited median survival and little improvement.

CONCLUSIONS:

Contemporary patients were managed on a much more individualized basis, requiring multidisciplinary case discussion and thorough assessment of prognostic features. Progress has been made, but the overall outcome needs to be improved further. Avoiding overtreatment in patients with poor prognosis is as important as aggressive treatment in patients who might survive for several years. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.