瓣中瓣技术在经导管二尖瓣置换术中的应用

经导管二尖瓣置换术被公认是治疗高龄高危主动脉瓣疾病的有效方法。我们采用国产J-Valve瓣膜,应用瓣中瓣技术成功救治2例二尖瓣生物瓣衰败的患者。手术效果满意,术后患者二尖瓣反流消失,未见瓣周漏,左心室舒张期末内径缩小,三尖瓣反流量显著减少,心功能明显改善。在二尖瓣生物瓣衰败外科手术高危的患者中,采用国产J-Valve瓣膜行瓣中瓣技术,不失为一种不错的选择,其长期效果尚需要大宗的病例研究。     

胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术32例分析

目的探讨胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换的经验,评价其临床效果。方法回顾性分析2013年3～12月在广东省人民医院心血管外科行胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术32例患者的临床资料。其中男14例、女18例,年龄19～80（55.6±17.3）岁,体重37～78（55.7±9.7）kg,体表面积1.30～1.95（1.67±0.16）m^2;合并心房颤动5例,术前心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅱ级20例,Ⅲ级11例,Ⅳ级1例;二尖瓣风湿性病变16例,二尖瓣退行性病变11例,感染性心内膜炎4例,合并先天性心脏病1例。结果所有患者均行胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术,其中采用Medtronic HancockⅡ人工生物瓣27例,Medtronic Mosaic生物瓣5例。同期行三尖瓣成形术13例,房间隔缺损修补术1例。全组患者住院期间无死亡,均顺利出院,住院期间未并发低心排血量综合征及左心室破裂。术后复查心脏彩色超声心动图提示,所有患者人工二尖瓣功能良好,无瓣周漏发生。术后患者心功能较术前明显改善,心功能恢复至Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级6例。术后早期及术后3个月左心房内径及左心室舒张期末内径与术前相比均明显减小。而术后早期及术后3个月左心室射血分数（LVEF）与术前相比有所降低。结论胸腔镜下二尖瓣生物瓣置换术创伤小,并发症少,安全可行,使用特殊类型生物瓣可明显减小手术切口大小。     

二尖瓣再次手术159例

1998年1月至2005年8月，我们为159例二尖瓣闭式扩张术后、瓣膜成形术后、瓣周漏及生物瓣衰败等病人行二尖瓣再次手术，现总结报道如下。     

生物瓣衰败后二次换瓣的临床研究

我科自1994年～1998年共收治4例二尖辦生物辦衰败病人,重新施行了二尖辦置换术(国产C-L碟瓣)。1例病人因术中出血,术后并发脑水肿死亡,余3例病人全部康复出院 患者年龄在38～42岁之间,二尖辦区生物辦置换时间平均在10年左右,二尖瓣再狭窄2例,二尖瓣狭窄并关闭不全2例。 术中所见:所有病例均可见原生物瓣瓣体僵硬、增厚,有不同程度钙盐沉积,关闭不全患者可见瓣叶穿孔、撕裂。 手术要点:胸骨后粘连是二次手术最棘手问题,顺利进胸,建立体外循环是手术成功关键。胸骨后组织分段游离,分段锯开可减少一次锯开胸骨撕裂心脏的危险。先建立体外循环再游离上、下腔静脉是重要手术步骤,可防止心脏撕裂后大出血休克的危险。切除原生物瓣组织先从大瓣中点开始,再沿顺时针或逆时针切除,注意保留足够的瓣环组织,注意清除组织碎块及线头。上机械瓣一般采用间断带垫片褥式缝合。 术中及术后注意事项:因二次换瓣创伤大,术中渗血量大是最常见问题,我们有2例患者体外循环中应用抑肽酶,可有效减少术后渗血量。术后延长呼吸机支持时间,应用有效强心药及扩血管药物,有利于术后心脏功能恢复。     

生物瓣失功用再次换瓣的临床实践

生物瓣替换术后的衰败使病人面临再次换瓣手术,与第1次手术相比,再次换瓣操作困难,并发症和死亡率明显增多.现报告我们为62例生物瓣失功病人再次换瓣的临床体会.     

股动、静脉插管体外循环在电视胸腔镜心脏手术中的应用

目的探讨股动脉、股静脉插管建立体外循环在电视胸腔镜辅助心脏手术中的应用和体外循环的管理。方法85例患者中被诊断为房间隔缺损38例、室间隔缺损43例、二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全4例,均经股动脉、股静脉插管建立体外循环,借助电视胸腔镜施行房间隔缺损修补术、室间隔缺损修补术和二尖瓣置换术。结果85例患者体外循环时间30~179min(91.7±27.4min),升主动脉阻断时间6~103min(37.2±6.1min);开放升主动脉后心脏均自动复跳。1例患者因残余漏再次手术,2例患者股动脉拔管时出现血管内膜撕裂;其余82例患者手术过程顺利。85例患者术后均恢复良好,顺利出院。结论股动、静脉插管建立体外循环借助电视胸腔镜施行心脏手术安全、可行。     

经导管封堵房间隔缺损的临床应用

目的评价经导管封堵房间隔缺损在临床应用中的可行性、有效性和安全性。方法共有４例患者,术前均确诊为继发孔型房间隔缺损,其大小、位置、边缘适于封堵,无禁忌证。术中经股静脉穿刺,在超声心动图和Ｘ线引导下,测量球囊确定房间隔缺损的伸展径后,分别置入相应型号的Ｃａｒｄｉｏｓｅａｌ（１例）和Ａｍｐｌａｔｚｅｒ（３例）封堵器。结果术后即刻显示完全封堵,无残余分流。随访１～５个月,封堵器位置稳固,右心负荷有不同程度减轻,无并发症发生。结论经导管封堵房间隔缺损成功率高、操作简便、创伤小,可使一部分经过选择的患者避免外科开胸手术     

保留后瓣及瓣下结构的二尖瓣置换术

目的总结保留后瓣及瓣下结构的二尖瓣置换术(MVR)的临床经验,并观察其与常规MVR比较的临床效果。方法风湿性心瓣膜病患者54例,其中行保留后瓣及瓣下结构的MVR24例(保留二尖瓣后瓣组),行常规MVR30例(常规手术组),观察两组患者术前、术后3个月的左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)等指标。结果保留二尖瓣后瓣组无死亡患者,常规手术组死亡1例;保留二尖瓣后瓣组术后血管活性药物的用量、种类和呼吸机使用时间较常规手术组减少;术后3个月保留二尖瓣后瓣组LVEDD较常规手术组减小,LVEF较常规手术组增大(P<0.05)。结论保留后瓣及瓣下结构的MVR手术操作不复杂,不增加心内手术时间,有可能减少左心室破裂的危险,术中操作仔细可以避免卡瓣,术后心功能恢复较好,更适用于心功能较差、左心室较大的以二尖瓣关闭不全为主的患者。     

心脏瓣膜病再次手术221例临床分析

目的总结既往有二尖瓣闭式扩张术、瓣膜成形术、瓣周漏及生物瓣失功能等的患者再次瓣膜手术的经验。方法自1998年1月至2005年8月,实施心脏瓣膜病再次手术221例,其中急症手术8例。其中二尖瓣闭式扩张后再狭窄105例,二尖瓣或主动脉瓣成形术后复发性瓣膜病变37例,瓣周漏29例,生物瓣衰败18例,其他瓣膜再发病变11例,人工瓣膜机械功能障碍9例,Ebstein畸形矫治术后三尖瓣关闭不全7例,人工瓣膜心内膜炎5例。再次手术方式包括二尖瓣置换、二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣置换、主动脉瓣置换、三尖瓣置换。两次手术间隔时间1～21年。结果全组术后死亡19例,占8．6％。早期死亡主要原因为术后低心排综合征、恶性心律失常、多脏器功能衰竭与肾功能衰竭,其中急症手术8例中死亡3例,术前心功能Ⅳ级者手术死亡9例,病死率为14．5％（9／62例）。结论瓣膜病再次手术危险因素包括急症手术、术前心功能差、合并其他重要脏器功能不全、体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间长等。针对这些因素积极防治,可以进一步降低这类患者手术病死率和并发症发生率。     

应用DragonFlyTM行经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术患者的护理

目的 总结经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术的护理经验。方法 对56例中重度二尖瓣反流患者采用经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术,护士做好患者术前访视,完善手术物品和仪器准备,构建瓣膜病介入应急预案;术中安置手术体位,细致观察病情,积极做好并发症预防护理。结果 56例患者手术顺利,术后即刻反流由重度下降至轻度48例,由重度下降至中度8例,器械操作平均时间76 min。患者术后3~7 d均顺利出院。术后1个月随访,55例患者反流在中度及以下,症状得到不同程度的改善。结论 DragonFlyTM系统的应用对护理人员提出很大的挑战。 护士熟悉手术路径和器械操作, 积极做好手术配合、病情观察和并发症监测与应对,可保障患者手术安全。     

Mitral Valve Reconstruction and Mitral Valve Replacement for Ischemic Mitral Insufficiency

Abstract Background: Patients with ischemic mitral incompetence have a high operative risk whether the valve is repaired or replaced. The advantage of repair over replacement is unclear in this group of patients. Methods: Between April 1986 and December 1994, 232 patients underwent surgery for ischemic mitral valve insufficiency; mitral valve replacement was performed in 98 of them. Operative mortality was 13.3%. The actuarial survival rate after 5 years was 73.3%. The surgical risk in patients whose left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 10%-30% (operative mortality 50.0%) was higher than in those whose LVEF was greater than 30%. Valve reconstruction was performed in 102 patients. Operative mortality in this patient group was 14.7%. The surgical risk in patients whose LVEF was 30% was higher (operative mortality 42.9%). Results: The total actuarial survival rate of all patients was 64.4% after 5 years. Mortality during follow-up was higher in patients with residual mitral valve insufficiency greater than grade I after mitral valve reconstruction. Twenty-four patients with severly impaired left ventricular function underwent heart transplantation. Operative mortality in this group was 12.5%. Eight patients received left ventricular aneurysmectomy in addition to valve surgery, three of them died early. Conclusions: We conclude that patients with highly impaired left ventricular function and ischemic mitral insufficiency are at too great a risk for either valve reconstruction or replacement. Cardiac transplantation should be considered for this patient group. However, patients with ischemic mitral insufficiency and moderately impaired left ventricular function can undergo valve reconstruction or replacement with an acceptable prognosis. The goal of mitral valve reconstruction should be reducing mitral valve insufficiency to at least grade I. If this is not achieved, the prognosis after repair is worse than after valve replacement, therefore, the surgeon should replace the valve without delay.     

Minimally Invasive Approach for Redo Mitral Valve Surgery: A True Benefit for the Patient

ABSTRACT Objectives Redo mitral valve surgery via sternotomy is associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated a minimally invasive technique for mitral valve redo procedures. Material and Methods: Out of a series of 394 patients undergoing mitral valve repair or replacement via a right minithoracotomy, 39 patients underwent redo mitral valve surgery (59 ± 13 years, 23 female). Previous cardiac surgeries included 17 patients with mitral valve repair, 6 patients with mitral valve replacement, 3 patients with aortic valve replacement, 2 patients with atrial septal defect closure, and 11 patients with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In all cases, femoro-femoral cannulation was performed. The port access technique was applied in patients undergoing redo valve surgery. In patients with prior CABG, the operation was performed using deep hypothermia and ventricular fibrillation. Results: In all cases, sternotomy was avoided. The mitral valve was replaced in 20 patients and repaired in 19. Time of surgery and cross-clamp time were comparable with the overall series (168 ± 73 [redo] vs 168 ± 58 min and 52 ± 21 [redo] vs 58 ± 25 min). Mortality was 5.1%. One patient had transient hemiplegia due to the migration of the endoclamp. All other patients had uneventful outcomes and normal mitral valve function at 3-month's follow-up. Conclusion: Redo mitral valve surgery can be performed safely using a minimally invasive approach in patients with a previous sternotomy. The right lateral minithoracotomy offers excellent exposure. It minimizes the need for cardiac dissection, and thus, the risk for injury. Avoiding a resternotomy increases patient comfort of redo mitral valve surgery.     

The transseptal approach to the mitral valve during multivalvular surgery

Abstract Aim: We investigated the short and mid‐term outcome of the transseptal approach to the mitral valve during multivalvular surgery. Methods: Within a three‐year period ending in May 2010, we used the transseptal approach in performing mitral valve surgery in 62 patients. Procedures performed were: mitral valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty in 40 patients, both aortic and mitral valve replacement with tricuspid annuloplasty in 13 patients, mitral valve and tricuspid valve replacement in eight patients and mitral valve repair and tricuspid annuloplasty in addition to coronary artery bypass surgery in one patient. Results: There were no complications associated with the transseptal approach. There were no conduction abnormalities, nor were there any procedure‐related deaths. Conclusion: We conclude that use of the transseptal approach for mitral valve operations is simple and safe in patients necessitating right atriotomy for concomitant procedures. (J Card Surg 2011;26:472‐474)     

房顶及房间隔联合切口置换二尖瓣

目的报告１９９７年３～１２月用房顶及房间隔联合切口为１４例患者行二尖瓣置换术及术后心律随访结果。方法常规体外循环及心肌保护。首先做右心房斜切口，继而行房间隔切口，两切口汇于隔顶后向前切开左房顶３～４ｃｍ。带扣线置于左房顶切口下缘及房间隔作牵引，行二尖瓣置换。随访时复查心电图。结果无左房顶切口出血的病例，除１例术后死于急性肾功能衰竭和呼吸衰竭外，１３例患者恢复出院。随访结果：术前为窦性心律的３例患者术后仍为窦性心律，而术前为心房纤颤的１０例患者中除１例术后恢复窦性心律外，余９例仍为心房纤颤。结论在常规左心房直切口或经房间隔切口显露困难时，房顶及房间隔联合切口是一种较好的选择     

Valve repair in mitral regurgitation complicated by severe annulus calcification

BACKGROUND: Valvuloplasty has significant advantages over valve replacement for mitral regurgitation, but the presence of severe calcification of the mitral valve apparatus has been thought to preclude successful valve reconstruction in general. The purpose of this report is to assess the results of valvuloplasty in patients with severe mitral regurgitation having extensive calcification extending from the mitral annulus to underlying myocardium and parts of the papillary muscles. METHODS: Thirty-seven adult patients with severe mitral regurgitation and calcification were operated on between April 1990 and January 1998. Twenty-six patients had degenerative disease, 4 had acute bacterial endocarditis, 6 had postrheumatic fever, and 1 patient had Marfan's disease. The valve repair comprised of en bloc decalcification with extensive leaflet debridement and reconstruction of the annulus. Autologous pericardium was used in patch-extended endocardial annuloplasty or leaflet repair. Valve competence was retained after correction of regurgitation by sliding atrioplasty, rotation paracommissural sliding plasty, cusp remodeling, or chordal repair. All patients required a prosthetic annuloplasty. RESULTS: Follow-up echocardiography at 47 months (range, 3 to 92 months) showed no or only trivial mitral regurgitation in 33 patients; 3 had grade I-II mitral regurgitation and 1 required valve replacement after 3 months. Freedom of reoperation at 1 and 5 years was 94.6%. At last examination, 33 patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I and 3 in class I-II; there has been no mortality and no thromboembolic events. CONCLUSIONS: Valvuloplasty can be safely and successfully carried out in patients suffering from regurgitation associated with severe calcification of the mitral apparatus. With encouraging beneficial midterm results, we suggest patients with calcified valves should not be excluded from mitral repair.     

Valve replacement in children

Between May 1979 and September 1998, 202 children underwent surgical treatment for valvular heart disease. Of these 23, who ranged in age from 25 days to 15 years, underwent valve replacement, including 1 reoperation. The valve replacement consisted of the aortic valve in 5 patients, the mitral valve in 3, the tricuspid valves in 9, including 5 systemic atrioventricular valves for atrioventricular discordance, the pulmonary valve in 6, 5 bioprostheses and 18 mechanical prostheses. There were 4 operative deaths, 1 hospital death and 3 late deaths. At the 10-years follow-up, the actual survival rate was 67.8%, the event free rate was 76.1% and the freedom from reoperation rate was 86.2%. Valve re-replacement was performed in only 1 patient due to a thrombosed tricuspid valve. These results suggest that there is a small risk of major complications and reoperation in children who undergo valve replacement, whether a bioprosthetic valve or a mechanical valve. The long-term results of younger patients should be followed more closely according to their growth.     

Clinical Durability of the Pericardial Xenograft Valve: Ten Years' Experience with Mitral Replacement

Data from 366 patients with mitral valve replacement (250 single and 116 multiple) who received pericardial xenografts between 1971 and 1981 were analyzed. Cumulative duration of follow-up was 1,151 patient-years, with a maximum duration of 10.7 years. Actuarial survival at 11 years is 71.6 ± 14.2%. Pericardial valve failure occurred in 7 patients (0.6 episodes per 100 patient-years). Actuarial freedom from valve failure at 11 years is 90.4 ± 9.1% for the entire series. Although 275 (75.1%) patients were in chronic atrial fibrillation, anticoagulants were not used in any patient beyond the first 6 postoperative weeks. The incidence of emboli was 0.6% per year. Six episodes occurred following single mitral valve replacement and 1 after multiple valve replacement (5 early and 2 late). The actuarial freedom from embolism is 96.4 ± 1.5% at 6 and 11 years postoperatively. Valve thrombosis has not been encountered.This analysis has shown a low incidence of valve dysfunction and a very low risk of embolic complications without long-term anticoagulation. The pericardial xenograft is a safe substitute for the mitral valve, with predictable behavior during the first decade of follow-up.     

Is the Hancock Porcine Valve the Best Cardiac Valve Substitute Today?

Valve replacement with the Hancock stabilized glutaraldehyde porcine aortic valve has been accomplished in 454 patients. Hospital mortality (influenced by a high proportion of patients in New York Heart Association Functional Class IV) was 17.6% (80/454). The first 221 patients discharged from hospital were followed for 36 to 75 months after valve replacement. There have been 26 late deaths among these patients; 88% (195/221) are alive. Of these 221 patients, 185 had single-valve replacement, (125 mitral and 60 aortic), and 36 underwent multiple-valve replacement.There have been 260 valves at risk up to 6 1/4 years, which is equivalent to 12,984.5 valve-months or 1,082 valve-years. Average follow-up is 4.16 years. There have been 13 valve failures in 10 patients. In 4 patients endocarditis was proved to be the cause of failure, and in 5 it was suspected; in 1 patient the failure is unexplained. The pathological similarity between those in whom infection was documented and the other 5 is remarkable and raises the question of whether low-grade infections may be the cause of certain types of valve failure.     

Oblique transseptal left atriotomy for optimal mitral exposure.

Twenty patients underwent mitral valve replacement or other surgical procedures within the left atrium with Dubost's transseptal left atriotomy. The left atrium was grossly enlarged in six patients. Exposure was considered to be excellent in 13 patients and poor in only two. One patient (with a second aortic and mitral valve replacement) required a permanent pacemaker after operation, none had a residual shunt at the atrial level, and none required reoperation for bleeding. The Dubost transseptal left atriotomy affords excellent exposure of left atrial structures, is easy to close, and does not increase the prevalence of postoperative rhythm disturbances.     

Increased morbidity and mortality in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome undergoing valve replacement surgery

OBJECTIVE: Heart valve abnormalities are commonly found in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome but experience with valve replacement in such patients is limited. We analyzed the results of valve replacement in patients with this condition at our institution. METHODS: Between 1989 and 2002, 10 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (8 women, 2 men; aged 38-73 years, mean 49 years) with severe mitral valve disease (n = 7), aortic valve disease (n = 2), or combined mitral-aortic disease (n = 1) underwent valve replacement. We reviewed retrospectively their clinical data, operative and postoperative courses, and the long-term results. Pathological reassessment was performed in all cases. RESULTS: Procedures performed included mitral valve replacement in 7 patients, aortic valve replacement in 2 patients, and combined aortic valve replacement plus mitral valve replacement in 1 patient. In addition, 2 patients underwent tricuspid annuloplasty. The immediate mortality was 20% (2 patients). Major complications occurred in 2 other cases. During a follow-up period of up to 8 years, 2 patients required repeat operation for valve-related complications (1 death). An additional patient died of cardiac causes 13 months after surgery. One patient had major thromboembolic events 3 and 10 months after the operation. The late outcome was uneventful in only 4 patients. CONCLUSION: Valve replacement in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome may carry significant early and late mortality and morbidity, particularly when such patients are referred with advanced valvular heart disease.