老年病房患者医院感染的调查分析

目的研究老年病人与院内感染的关系。方法对我院1996年老年病房出院病人进行回顾性调查与分析研究，全院出院病例892例，院内感染76例。结果老年病房院内感染率为852％，感染部位以下呼吸道为主，占7526％，其次为上呼吸道，胃肠道．泌尿道。结论老年病人院内感染率高，可能与年老体弱、基础疾病多、免疫力低下及药物使用等因素有一定关系。     

老年病房内80岁以上高龄患者的院内感染调查

目的调查老年病房内80岁以上老年患的院内感染。方法本对1989年1月～1994年12月期间老年病房共收治80岁以上高龄患266例进行回顾性调查。结果发现院内感染45例，院内感染率为16．9％。原发病严重程度与发生院内感染有密切关系，如晚期转移性肿瘤、慢性支气管炎、糖尿病、脑梗塞等患的院内感染发生率高。院内感染部位以呼吸道最常见，其次为胃肠道、秘尿道。院内感染致病菌以革兰氏阴性扦菌为主占42.3％，革兰氏阳性球菌占30．8％，真菌26.9％。院内感染病死率为17.8％，结论老年患医院内感染发病率高与住院天数，机体免疫状态等因素有关。     

老年病房与普通病房老年患者医院感染对比分析

目的 通过回顾性调查老年病房与普通病房老年患者医院感染不同特点，探讨其防治措施。方法 对本院1996年1月—12月老年病房与普通病房60～99岁出院病人进行了回顾性调查与对照分析。结果 老年病房医院感染率为8．52％，普通病房医院感染率为2．45％。感染部位以呼吸道、胃肠道、泌尿道为主，但老年病房反复感染机率较普通病房高。病原菌老年病房以肺炎克雷伯氏菌、绿脓假单胞菌为主，其次为真菌。普通病房以肺炎克雷伯氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主。结论 两者医院感染发生不同，差异可能与高龄、体质、环境、基础疾病、免疫功能紊乱或低下及药物使用等因素有一定关系。     

老年病房医院感染分析与对策

目的 了解老年病房患者医院感染发病率、危险因素及病原菌的分布,探讨其控制措施.方法 用前瞻性和回顾性调查相结合的综合性监测方法,对该院老年病房2007年至2010年的住院患者医院感染情况进行分析.结果 2512例患者中发生医院感染169例,总感染率为6.75％;医院感染患者中下呼吸道最为常见(53.25％),其次为上呼吸道(22.49％);年龄、基础疾病、侵入性操作、住院时间、多种抗生素的联合使用、激素应用等均构成老年患者院内获得性感染的危险因素.结论 老年患者易发生医院感染,积极治疗基础疾病,缩短住院时间、尽量避免侵入性操作等危险因素,增强机体免疫力,合理使用抗生素,才能降低医院感染发生率.     

内科危重监护病房院内感染调查与相关危险因素分析

目的分析内科危重监护病房院内感染发生的相关危险因素。方法对入住内科危重监护病房的122例患者进行分析。结果院内感染发生37例,因感染性疾病入住的患者院内感染的发生率较高,其中以老年患者居多,感染部位以下呼吸道、泌尿道、血液常见,致病菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主;院内感染的发生与住院时间、深静脉置管、人工气道机械通气、鼻饲、低蛋白血症等因素有关。结论内科危重监护病房患者院内感染的发生是多因素共同作用的结果,必须给予高度的重视,做好预防性措施,控制和降低感染的发生。     

老年患者医院内感染调查分析

目的 调查分析住院老年患院内感染情况。方法 对我院2002年1月至2003年1月收治住院的4156例65岁以上的老年患进行了回顾性调查。结果 住院老年患发生院内感染414例，院内感染发病率为9．96％，明显高于同期总感染率6．28％(P＜0．01)；发生院内感染的老年患病死率19．08％，大于未发生感染的老年患病死率5．39％(P＜0．01)；不同年龄院内感染的发病率差异有显性，随着年龄的增长，院内感染发生率也增高；院内感染部位主要为下呼吸道(31．09％)，泌尿道(25．20％)和胃肠道(18．49％)；茵群组成以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主占48．13％，革兰氏阳性球菌次之占28．63％，真菌占23．23％，有上升趋势。结论 院内感染与年龄，侵袭性操作等密切相关，应加强感染的防治。     

2001～2010年我院医院感染的调查和长期趋势分析

目的分析广西壮族自治区人民医院2001～2010年医院感染的发病率、感染部位分布、病原体的长期趋势,为深入开展医院感染监测工作提供依据。方法采用前瞻性与目标性监测相结合的调查方法监测该院2001～2010年的所有住院患者,对医院感染确认病例进行统计分析。结果 2001～2010年医院感染的总发生率为3.39%(2007～2008年呈上升趋势,P0.01)。常见感染部位为下呼吸道、泌尿道、胃肠道、上呼吸道及皮肤软组织;呼吸系统的感染率呈下降趋势(P0.01),但是下呼吸道构成比从2001年的27.9%上升到2010年的43.18%;泌尿系统、血液系统、腹部和消化系统、手术部位的医院感染发生率均呈上升趋势(P0.01)。重症监护病房、神经外科、老年病房、血液内科、肿瘤科的医院感染发生率长期处于前列。常见病原体有不动杆菌属、白色念珠菌、其它真菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷白菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌。结论通过长期趋势分析表明,该院医院感染的重点科室为重症监护病房、神经外科等、重点感染部位为呼吸道、泌尿道及胃肠道等,重点病原体为不动杆菌、白色含珠菌等。应有针对性地重点加强这些科室、部位和病原体的目标性监测。     

重症监护室院内感染调查分析及护理对策

目的 探讨我院重症监护室(ICU)患者发生院内感染的原因及降低感染率的对策和措施.方法 回顾性分析我院ICU病房2009年11月-2010年11月患者的临床资料.结果 在ICU病房接受治疗的1205例患者中有240例出现院内感染,感染率为19.92 %.在发生院内感染者中有174/240(72.50%)为使用呼吸机导致,是ICU病房发生院内感染的最危险因素;有58/240(24.17%)为留置导尿管导致;8/240(3.33%)为留置深静脉插管导致.从感染发生部位来看,在全部240例院内感染者中下呼吸道感染占首位,发生下呼吸道感染156例,占65.00%.医疗器械使用时间长短与院内感染发生率呈正相关关系.结论 强化病房管理、保证环境卫生、杜绝交叉感染、确保抗生素使用合理、减少侵袭性诊治手段及采取有效护理措施能够严格预防并有效控制ICU院内感染的发生.     

ICU院内感染的原因分析及预防对策

目的探讨ICU住院患者院内感染发生的原因及预防对策。方法对2006年至2008年入住ICU的480例患者的出院病历及转科病历进行回顾性分析。结果在入住的480例患者中共发生院内感染120例,院内感染发生率为25%。院内感染的高发部位为呼吸道感染,其次为泌尿道感染。结论对ICU危重患者严格执行消毒隔离制度和无菌操作技术,合理使用抗生素,可减少医院感染的发生。     

老年肝硬化患者的医院内感染

报道264例老年肝硬化患者的医院内感染情况。结果示院内感染发生率为46.6％,以传染科发生率最高。常见的感染部位依次为下呼吸道、腹腔及肠道。致病菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主(63.2％),其次为革兰氏阳性菌及真菌。药敏试验示院内感染菌株耐药率较高。有肝昏迷或上消化道大出血发生者及血浆白蛋白在30g/L以下者院内感染发生率较高。胆汁性及肝炎后性肝硬化院内感染率也较高。作者还分析了发生院内感染的致危因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.