乳腺浸润性导管癌中p57kip2、cyclin D1和cyclin E的表达及意义

目的探讨p57kip2、cyclin D1及cyclin E蛋白在乳腺癌发生、发展中作用.方法用免疫组化S-P法检测64例乳腺浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma,IDC)、15例乳腺导管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)和15例癌旁正常乳腺组织中p57kip2、cyclin D1和cyclin E蛋白的表达情况.结果p57kip2、cyclin D1和cyclin E蛋白在IDC的阳性率与在乳腺不同组织之间相比,cyclin D1、cyclin E蛋白在DCIS的阳性率与癌旁正常乳腺组织之间相比差异均有显著性(P≤0.05,P＜0.01).在IDC中,三者表达均与腋窝淋巴结转移有关(P≤0.05,P＜0.01),cyclin D1蛋白的表达与组织学分级有关(P＜0.01),cyclinE蛋白的表达与肿块大小有关(P＜0.01);p57kip2与cyclin D1之间、p57kip2与cyclin E之间的表达均呈负相关(P＜0.01)、cyclinD1与cyclin E之间的表达呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论p57kip2蛋白低表达、cyclin D1和cyclin E蛋白高表达可能是乳腺组织恶性转变以及乳腺癌发生淋巴结转移的重要生物学标志,cyclin D1和cyclin E蛋白异常表达是乳腺癌发生的早期事件.联合检测p57kip2、cyclin D1及cyclin E蛋白对预测乳腺癌淋巴结转移有重要意义.     

人子宫内膜癌中p57 kip2、Cyclin D1的表达及意义

目的：探讨p57 kip2、Cyclin D1在人子宫内膜癌发生、发展中的作用。方法选取子宫内膜样腺癌( endometrioid adenocar-cinoma, EA)100例、子宫内膜上皮内瘤变(endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, EIN)20例、子宫内膜增生性病变20例、增生期子宫内膜组织20例;选取不同子宫内膜细胞[高分化子宫内膜癌细胞( Ishikawa)、中分化子宫内膜癌细胞( JEC)、低分化子宫内膜癌细胞(KLE)及正常子宫内膜细胞(ESC)]进行细胞培养。应用免疫组化EliVision法检测不同子宫内膜组织中p57kip2、Cyclin D1蛋白的表达;Western blot法检测不同子宫内膜细胞中p57 kip2、Cyclin D1蛋白的表达。结果 p57 kip2蛋白在EIN组织中表达最高,在增生期子宫内膜、EA、子宫内膜增生性病变组织中表达逐渐降低,子宫内膜增生性病变与EIN组织中p57 kip2蛋白表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 Cyclin D1蛋白在EA组织中表达最高,在增生期子宫内膜组织中表达最低,在子宫内膜增生性病变组织、EIN组织中表达依次增高,差异均有显著性( P<0.01)。 p57 kip2、Cyclin D1蛋白在EA组织中的表达随着组织学分级的增高呈依次递减趋势,但仅p57 kip2蛋白表达和组织学分级有关( P<0.05)。 p57 kip2蛋白在KLE中表达最高,在ESC中表达最低,两组相比差异有显著性( P<0.05);Cyclin D1在JEC、Ishikawa中的表达高于ESC,差异均有显著性( P<0.05)。结论 p57kip2、Cyclin D1均参与子宫内膜癌的发生、发展。 Cyclin D1表达是子宫内膜癌发生的早期事件,可能还存在异常合成的p57 kip2蛋白,其协同Cyclin D1促进子宫内膜的恶性转化。联合检测p57 kip2、Cyclin D1在子宫内膜癌中的表达,对预测子宫内膜癌患者预后有一定的临床意义。     

胃腺癌中p57kip2和LIMK-1的表达及意义

目的探讨p57kip2mRNA、LIMK-1mRNA及其蛋白在胃腺癌组织中的表达,了解其与肿瘤组织分化程度及临床病理特征的关系。方法采用显色原位杂交(chromogenic in situ hybridizations,CISH)技术和免疫组化EnVision法检测40例胃腺癌及癌旁正常胃黏膜组织中p57kip2mRNA、LIMK-1mRNA及其蛋白的表达。结果 (1)正常胃黏膜组织中p57kip2高表达,在胃腺癌组织中低表达,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)p57kip2的表达与胃腺癌组织分化程度呈负相关(P<0.05);(3)p57kip2、LIMK-1蛋白表达与胃腺癌组织中微脉管计数微淋巴管密度(lymphaticmicrovessel density,LVD)、微血管密度(microvesseldensi-ty,MVD)呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论胃腺癌存在p57kip2基因组印记缺失,致p57kip2mRNA及其蛋白表达减少或缺失,并与胃腺癌组织分化程度有关,LIMK-1蛋白高表达与肿瘤的浸润转移及微脉管的生成有关,检测胃癌活检标本中LIMK-1蛋白的表达,对预测胃腺癌预后及浸润转移有辅助诊断意义。     

口腔鳞癌中survivin、cyclinD1和p53基因的表达及其相关性

目的:探讨survivin、cyclinD1和p53基因蛋白在口腔鳞癌中的表达及其相互关系.方法:应用免疫组化SP法检测95例口腔鳞癌组织和50例正常口腔黏膜组织中survivin、cyclinD1和p53蛋白的表达.结果:survivin、cyclinD1和p53在口腔鳞癌与正常口腔黏膜组织之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在口腔鳞癌中,Survivin和CyclinD1蛋白的过表达均与临床分期及淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05或P<0.01),p53过表达与组织分化程度及临床分期有关(P<0.05或P<0.01);survivin的过表达与cyelin D1及p53蛋白表达均呈正相关(r=0.628,0.829),cyclin D1蛋白的过表达与p53蛋白表达也呈正相关.结论:survivin、cyclinD1和p53基因在口腔鳞癌的发生、发展中起着不同程度的作?三者之间可能具有协同作用.     

细胞周期素D1、视网膜母细胞瘤样蛋白2及微小染色体维持蛋白7在肝细胞癌中的表达及对预后的意义

目的: 研究细胞周期素D1(cyclin D1)、视网膜母细胞瘤样蛋白2(RBL2/p130)及微小染色体维持蛋白7(MCM7)在肝细胞癌(以下简称肝癌)中的表达及对预后诊断的意义。方法: 用免疫组织化学法检测44例肝癌组织、26例癌旁硬化肝组织及18例正常肝组织中cyclin D1、RBL2/p130及MCM7的表达情况,并分析其与肝癌患者临床参数间的关系。结果: 肝癌组织中cyclin D1和MCM7的阳性表达率分别是68.2%和72.7%,显著高于正常肝组织及癌旁硬化肝组织(P＜0.01);RBL2/p130的阳性表达率为34.1%,显著低于正常肝组织及癌旁硬化肝组织(P＜0.01),MCM7与cyclin D1的表达呈正相关(r=0.349,P＜0.05),与RBL2/p130的表达呈负相关(r=-0.421, P＜0.01);cyclin D1与RBL2/p130的表达呈负相关(r=-0.435, P＜0.01)。Cyclin D1及MCM7的表达与肿瘤包膜的完整性、肿瘤分化程度及肝癌临床分期有关,RBL2/p130的表达与有无门脉癌栓、肿瘤分化程度及肝癌临床分期有关(P<0.05)。MCM7还与肿瘤大小及甲胎蛋白(AFP)值的大小有关。多因素分析显示肿瘤大小、MCM7及cyclin D1与肝癌预后相关(P<0.05)。MCM7及cyclin D1阳性表达的患者、RBL2/p130阴性表达的患者预后差(P<0.05)。结论: Cyclin D1、RBL2/p130和MCM7的异常表达在肝癌形成过程中发挥了重要作用。监测其在肝癌中的表达情况将有助于判断肝癌患者的预后。     

男性乳腺癌组织中p57~(kip2)、ER、PR的表达及其意义

目的 探讨p57~(kip2)、ER、PR在男性乳腺癌(male breast cancer,MBC)中的表达及意义。方法 采用免疫组化Eli Vision法检测50例MBC、20例男性乳腺导管内原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)和20例男性乳腺发育(gynecomastia,GYM)组织中p57~(kip2)、ER、PR蛋白的表达。结果 p57~(kip2)蛋白在GYM中的表达最高,在MBC中的表达最低;MBC与DCIS、GYM中的表达相比,差异有显著性(P0.05);p57~(kip2)蛋白表达在DCIS与GYM中相比,差异有显著性(P0.05)。ER、PR蛋白在GYM中的表达最高,在MBC中的表达最低;ER、PR蛋白表达在MBC与GYM中相比,差异有显著性(P0.05)。在MBC中,三者表达均与临床分期、组织学分级有关(P0.05),p57~(kip2)蛋白表达与淋巴结转移有关(P0.05);p57~(kip2)与ER呈负相关(P0.05),p57~(kip2)与PR、ER与PR均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 男性乳腺组织从良性增生到恶性转化中p57~(kip2)、ER、PR蛋白表达逐渐降低,甚至完全丧失;联合检测p57~(kip2)、ER、PR有助于MBC的诊断及预后判断。     

鼻咽癌中p27kip1表达及其与临床病理特征相关研究

目的 检测p27kip1蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达,分析其与临床病理特征的关系.方法 收集60例手术活检切取的鼻咽癌组织蜡块,与30例非肿瘤鼻咽组织石蜡标本作比较.应用免疫组织化学技术检测鼻咽癌组织中p27kip1蛋白的表达,回顾性研究鼻咽癌患者的临床病理特征.结果 p27ksp1蛋白在鼻咽癌细胞核和细胞质中均有表达.鼻咽癌组织中细胞核表达阳性率为46.7%(28/60),低于非肿瘤鼻咽组织细胞核表达的90%(27/30),P＜0.01;而在细胞质中阳性率为68.3%(41/60),显著高于非肿瘤鼻咽组织的细胞质表达的20%(6/30),P＜0.01.未发现p27kip1蛋白在细胞核和细胞质表达与鼻咽癌原发灶的范围和局部侵犯程度有关,但p27kip1蛋白胞核表达与淋巴结转移、远处转移和TNM临床分期有关;细胞质表达仅与淋巴结转移和TNM临床分期有关,可见p27kip1蛋白胞核表达与临床病理的关系更为密切.结论 与非肿瘤鼻咽组织相比,p27kip1蛋白为细胞核低表达、细胞质高表达.鼻咽癌中p27kip1蛋白存在不同于非肿瘤鼻咽组织的错误的核质定位,其在细胞核中表达的减少或丢失可能与鼻咽癌的恶性发展有关,提示p27kip1蛋白的异常表达和定位可能涉及鼻咽癌的分期和转移.     

细胞周期蛋白G1在喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其临床病理学意义

目的 探讨喉鳞状细胞癌组织中细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)G1表达与临床病理参数及p53、癌组织微血管密度(MVD)的关系,并分析其作为预测喉鳞状细胞癌预后指标的可能性.方法 采用免疫组织化学(EnVision法)检测81例喉鳞状细胞癌组织中cyclin G1、p53的表达情况,用CD34标记新生血管内皮细胞,在显微镜下观察MVD.同时测它们在20例癌旁正常喉黏膜中的表达.结果 与正常喉黏膜组织相比,肿瘤组织中cyclin G1、p53表达及MVD均明显增加.喉鳞状细胞癌组织中cyclin G1、p53的阳性表达率分别为61.7%(50/81)和65.4%(53/81),在p53蛋白表达阳性和阴性的喉鳞状细胞癌组织标本中,cyclin G1蛋白阳性率分别为71.7%(38/53)和42.9%(12/28),cyclin G1表达与p53有相关性(Kappa值为0.281,P=0.011).cyclin G1蛋白阳性组平均MVD为(51.23±16.46),阴性者(30.74±12.29),其差异有统计学意义(P=0.005).cyclin G1高表达与肿瘤组织分化程度、颈淋巴结转移以及5年生存率均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.002、0.013和0.032).结论 cyclin G1蛋白在喉鳞状细胞癌中存在高表达,并与p53、MVD关系密切,cyclin G1异常表达可能在喉鳞状细胞癌发生、发展及转移过程中发挥重要作用,并可能作为判断患者预后的指标之一.     

皮肤瘢痕及瘢痕癌组织中cyclin A、p21WAF1的表达及意义

目的 探讨cyclin A、p21WAF1在皮肤病理性瘢痕和瘢痕癌组织中的表达及意义.方法 以病理性皮肤瘢痕、皮肤瘢痕癌组织为研究对象,以正常皮肤组织为对照.采用免疫组化SP法分别检测cyclin A、p21WAF1蛋白的表达,采用核酸分子原位杂交法检测cyclin A mRNA、p21WAF1 mRNA的表达,结合图像分析,分别观测3组被检组织中所检各项指标的表达(平均光密度和阳性面积);所有数据输入计算机后运用SPSS 16.0软件包进行统计学分析.结果 (1)cyclin A、cyclin A mRNA在正常皮肤表皮和病理性皮肤瘢痕上皮中的表达呈阴性或弱阳性,在瘢痕癌组织中呈强阳性.瘢痕癌组的表达(平均光密度和阳性面积)与正常皮肤组及皮肤瘢痕组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),但正常皮肤组与瘢痕组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)p21WAF1蛋白、p21WAF1 mRNA在正常皮肤表皮和病理性皮肤瘢痕上皮中的表达呈阴性或弱阳性,在瘢痕癌组织中呈强阳性.瘢痕癌组的表达(平均光密度和阳性面积)与正常皮肤组及皮肤瘢痕组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),但正常皮肤组与瘢痕组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)相关分析显示,在皮肤瘢痕癌中,cyclin A 与cyclin A mRNA(r=0.766,P<0.01)、p21WAF1与p21WAF1 mRNA(r=0.791,P<0.01)的表达呈正相关;cyclin A与p21WAF1蛋白(r=0.656,P<0.01)的表达呈正相关;cyclin A mRNA与p21WAF1 mRNA的表达呈正相关(r=0.475,P<0.05).结论 (1)cyclin A及其mRNA的高表达,可能与皮肤瘢痕癌的发生有关;(2)在瘢痕癌中,cyclin A、p21WAF1同时存在蛋白水平和基因水平的异常表达;(3)p21WAF1及其mRNA在瘢痕癌中的高表达可能与细胞周期调控的反馈机制有关.     

stathmin和P27kip1在大肠癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨stathmin蛋白与p27kip1蛋白在大肠癌组织中的表达及意义.方法:应用免疫组织化学SABC法检测25例正常大肠黏膜组织、25例大肠腺瘤组织、47例大肠癌组织中stathmin蛋白及p27kip1蛋白的表达情况.结果:①stathmin蛋白在正常大肠黏膜组织、大肠腺瘤组织及大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为20％、48％、74.47％;正常大肠黏膜组分别与大肠腺瘤组及大肠癌组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);大肠腺瘤组与大肠癌组比较,差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05):stathmin蛋白的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、有无淋巴结转移及TNM分期显著相关(P＜0.05).②p27kap1蛋白在正常大肠黏膜组织、大肠腺瘤组织及大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为92％、80％、31.91％.正常大肠黏膜组与大肠癌组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);大肠腺瘤组与大肠癌组比较,差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05);正常大肠黏膜组与大肠腺瘤组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05);p27kip1蛋白的表达与肿瘤的分化程度及淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05).③stathmin蛋白的表达与p27kip1蛋白的表达呈负相关(r=--0.695 3,P＜0.01).结论:stathmin蛋白在大肠癌组织中高表达,其表达程度与肿瘤的分化程度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期显著相关,p27kip1蛋白在大肠癌组织中低表达,其表达程度与肿瘤的分化程度及淋巴结转移显著相关,提示stathmin及p27kip1蛋白共同参与了大肠癌的发生、发展;stathmin蛋白可作为一种判断大肠癌恶性程度及侵袭转移的生物学指标.     

肾癌中cyclinD1和p27kip1的表达及其意义

目的探讨cyc lin D1、p27k ip1在普通型肾细胞癌(renal cell carc inom a,RCC)发生、发展中的作用。方法用半定量RT-PCR方法检测25例普通型RCC和10例肿瘤远端的正常肾组织中cyc lin D1的mRNA含量,用免疫组化方法检测76例普通型RCC中cyc lin D1和p27k ip1蛋白的表达,并对cyc lin D1、p27k ip1蛋白表达与临床病理参数的关系进行分析。结果普通型RCC中cyc lin D1的mRNA含量0.488±0.399,高于正常对照组0.089±0.066(P<0.01)。cyc lin D1的表达与肿瘤体积大小有关,体积大者cyc lin D1高表达(P<0.05)。普通型RCC中p27k ip1表达低于正常对照组,随着p27k ip1表达的降低,肿瘤的细胞核Fu-hrm an分级、TNM分期增高。结论cyc lin D1高表达和p27k ip1的低表达与普通型RCC的发生有关;p27k ip1的低表达可能促进肿瘤的演进,p27k ip1的表达可作为评价普通型RCC预后的参考指标。     

p57kip2 is useful in the classification and differential diagnosis of complete and partial hydatidiform moles

AIMS: To determine the utility of p57kip2 in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. p57kip2 protein is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) and is strongly paternally imprinted, being expressed from the maternal allele. It has been hypothesized that complete mole (CHM) with only the paternal genome would display reduced or nearly absent expression of p57kip2 compared to partial mole (PHM) having both paternal and maternal genomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The immunohistochemical expression of p57kip2 protein was investigated using paraffin-embedded tissue sections in histologically unequivocal cases of CHM (n = 51), PHM (n = 7), invasive mole (n = 1), and hydropic miscarriage (n = 2), as well as in histologically undetermined cases (n = 9). In the histologically unequivocal complete and invasive moles, expression of p57kip2 was absent except for one case in which villous cytotrophoblast covering the villous stroma was positive (51/52) as well as villous stromal cells (51/52). In contrast, it was strongly and continuously expressed in both villous cytotrophoblast and stromal cells in all cases of PHM and hydropic miscarriage. Among the nine histologically undetermined cases, five cases showing p57kip2 immunopositivity and hyperploid DNA were classified as PHMs, two cases showing p57kip2 immunonegativity and hyperploidy as CHMs, and two cases with p57kip2 immunopositivity and diploid DNA as hydropic miscarriage and diploid PHM, respectively, upon review of the histopathological findings. Intermediate trophoblast forming trophoblastic columns or anchoring villi and extravillous trophoblast at the implantation site showed variable expression of p57kip2 in all gestational conditions. Maternal decidua showed diffuse and strong p57kip2 expression, whereas syncytiotrophoblast was completely negative in all cases regardless of the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, p57kip2 immunostaining results correlated well with morphological features of molar pregnancies and were helpful in determining histologically equivocal cases.     

Mycophenolate mofetil and roscovitine decrease cyclin expression and increase p27(kip1) expression in anti Thy1 mesangial proliferative nephritis

The response of mesangial cells to a phlogistic challenge includes cell proliferation and mesangial matrix expansion. Cell proliferation is a highly regulated process which includes enhancing factors such as cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases, and inhibitory proteins, such as p27(kip1). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and roscovitine (R), on the cell cycle regulatory system when administered in the florid phase of the experimental model of mesangial proliferative nephritis induced by the anti Thy-1 antigen monoclonal antibody. Three days after nephritis induction, different groups were given MMF and R. Rats treated with MMF or R showed a slight decrease in mesangial proliferation and matrix expansion. Samples of cortical tissue were tested by 'real time' RT-PCR in order to study gene expression of cyclins B, D1, D2, D3, E, and the cyclin inhibitor p27(kip1). Localization of mRNA was evaluated by in situ hybridization. Real time RT-PCR analysis showed a significant decrease in cyclins B, D1, D2, and D3 in rats treated with either MMF or R as compared to controls. Both MMF and R treatment induced a significant increase in p27(kip1) mRNA expression. In situ hybridization showed a mesangial-endothelial expression pattern in glomeruli. The number of labelled cells per glomerulus, the number of positive glomeruli in each examined slide as well as cyclin D2 and D3 signal intensity was significantly lower in rats treated with MMF or R as compared to controls, whereas MMF or R treatment up-regulated p27(kip1) mRNA expression. Immunohistochemical evaluation of p27(kip1) aimed to examine the influence of MMF or R on protein expression confirmed up-regulation.     

Role of differential and cell type-specific expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in mediating progressive glomerular injury in human IgA nephropathy

The activities of cell cycle regulatory proteins have been reported to be associated with the development of pathological lesions in glomerulonephritis. To assess the cellular mechanisms underlying the mesangial cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis in progressive human IgA nephropathy (IgAN), we examined the expression of E2F1, Rb, c-Myc, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclins (D1, E and A), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK inhibitors (p21(waf1), p27(kip1), 57(kip2) and p16(ink4a)) by immunohistochemistry in renal biopsy specimens. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was also performed to detect the presence of apoptosis. In total, 51 cases of IgAN were categorized into four subgroups according to histological severity. A dramatic upregulation of E2F1 expression in mesangial cells was identified in proliferating glomeruli, which correlated well with the proliferation index. High endogenous expression of p27(kip1) and p57(kip2) by podocytes in normal glomeruli and glomeruli with minor lesions was observed to decrease in proliferating and sclerosing glomeruli; this pattern displayed a strong inverse correlation with the mean glomerulosclerosis score and the index of glomerular lesion. Increased apoptotic activity was identified in progressive glomerular lesions of advanced IgAN, which correlated with the proliferative activity in these lesions as assessed by total expression levels of PCNA and CDK2 in glomeruli, E2F1 expression levels in the mesangium, cyclin D1 expression levels in endothelium and the c-Myc glomerular staining score. Our results suggest that the onset and magnitude of mesangial cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis is associated with the upregulation of E2F1 by mesangial cells and the downregulation of p27(kip1) and p57(kip2) by glomerular epithelial cells. The cell type-specific and coordinated regulation of proliferative and proapoptotic activities of cell cycle regulatory proteins may play an important role in mediating progressive glomerular injury in human IgAN.     

Accumulation of p27(kip1) is associated with cyclin D3 overexpression in the oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The down regulation of protein p27(kip1) (p27) in most cases of thyroid cancer has relevant diagnostic and prognostic implications. However, the oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma expresses more p27 than benign oxyphilic lesions do. AIM: To evaluate the mechanism underlying this difference in expression of p27. METHODS: Because high levels of cyclin D3 lead to p27 accumulation in cell lines and clinical samples of thyroid cancer, the immunocytochemical pattern of cyclin D3 in oxyphilic (n = 47) and non-oxyphilic (n = 70) thyroid neoplasms was investigated. RESULTS: In the whole study sample, there was a significant correlation between p27 and cyclin D3 expression (Spearman's r: 0.64; p<0.001). The expression of cyclin D3 and p27 was significantly higher in the oxyphilic variant of follicular carcinomas than in non-oxyphilic carcinomas (p<0.001). In the former, cyclin D3 overexpression and p27 accumulation were observed in a median of 75% and 55% of cells, respectively. In co-immunoprecipitation experiments, the level of p27-bound cyclin D3 was much higher in oxyphilic neoplasias than in normal thyroids and other thyroid tumours. CONCLUSION: These results show that increased p27 expression in the oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma results from cyclin D3 overexpression.     

Cyclin A correlates with carcinogenesis and metastasis,and p27(kip1) correlates with lymphatic invasion,in colorectal neoplasms

Cyclin A binds to CDK2 and plays critical roles when cells proliferate; staining for Ki67 can monitor the proliferation. The cyclin A expression pattern remains unclear in colorectal carcinogenesis and remote metastasis, however, and no one has reported on the association of its expression with key clinicopathologic factors in primary cancer. p27(kip1) protein-an extremely important inhibitor of CDK2-seems unchanged as colorectal cancers metastasize to the lymph nodes, a result contrary to that seen in gastric and prostatic cancers. To clarify the role of cyclin A in multistage colorectal neoplasms, cyclin A, CDK2, and Ki67 were immunohistochemically stained in 22 normal mucosa, 9 hyperplastic polyps, 61 adenomas, 197 primary carcinomas, 21 lymph node metastases, and 10 hepatic metastases. To clarify the alteration of p27(kip1) during lymphatic invasion, p27(kip1) was also stained in 21 primary cancers and paired lymph node foci. Situated in nuclei, cyclin A expression gradually increased from mild through moderate to severe dysplasia in adenomas and from normal tissue through hyperplasia to adenoma to early carcinoma. Expression was significantly decreased in the hepatic metastases and in the primary cancers showing venous invasion, deep infiltration, lymph node metastasis, mucinous type, advanced stage, or short postoperative survival time. Elevated cyclin A not only was linked with elevated CDK2 in primary cancers, but also was associated with increased Ki67 in both adenomas and primary carcinomas. Lymph node metastases lost more p27(kip1) than primary foci and hepatic lesions. Thus, dysregulation of cyclin A and its control mechanisms may contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis; abatement of overexpression of cyclin A is associated with hepatic metastasis and cancerous invasion. Loss of p27(kip1) may promote lymph node metastasis.     

Loss of p27kip1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with taxane-treated breast cancer

Purpose

Decreased expression of p27^kip1 and p57^kip2 is considered as a prognostic indicator in patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Previous in vitro studies have reported that reduced expression of p27^kip1 and p57^kip2 is associated with resistance to taxane, which is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we investigated the association of low p27^kip1 and p57^kip2 expression with outcomes in patients with breast cancer.