垃圾填埋场甲烷气的排放及减排措施

预见了美国和我国在未来10—20a内填埋场甲烷气的排放情况,并针对我国的情况提出减少排放填埋气体的措施,即垃圾填埋由厌氧型改为半好氧型或渗滤液回灌的半好氧型,采用回收利用技术、自然减排和人工减排。     

准好氧填埋场通风系统设计研究

准好氧填埋场的通风系统(包括渗沥液导排系统、垂直导气系统和旁路导气系统)是准好氧填埋场建设的核心内容之一,其设计与施工的好坏对于提高通风量、扩大好氧区域和加速堆体稳定化具有重要意义。介绍了准好氧填埋与传统填埋、好氧卫生填埋的结构设计不同点,以西南地区某准好氧填埋场为例,阐述了渗沥液导排系统、垂直导气系统和旁路导气系统的设计要点,并对比了准好氧填埋场与卫生填埋场的特征,为准好氧填埋场的设计提供参考。     

中毒性脑水肿的氧疗法

脑组织缺氧往往是造成脑水肿的直接原因。而脑水肿与脑缺氧相互影响,互相促进。血氧降低和二氧化碳分压升高能加剧脑水肿,使颅内压更加升高、颅内压升高时颅内血循环障碍导致脑缺血、缺氧更加严重,形成恶性循环。此时若采用氧疗法,增加血氧含量,则能有力的阻止上述循环。在某些毒物中毒所引起的脑水肿,采用氧疗法是有效的病因学治疗措施。如一氧化碳中毒引起的脑水肿,采用氧疗法能促进碳氧血红蛋白解离,加速一氧化碳排出,能有效控制脑水肿病变的继续发展。因此,氧疗法是消除脑水肿的重要措施之一。     

厨余垃圾厌氧沼渣处理案例探析

我国厨余垃圾处理工程大多采用厌氧工艺,末端产生大量沼渣,堆肥资源化是其利用的重要手段,但目前缺乏沼渣特性和处理效果的研究.针对典型城市厨余垃圾厌氧发酵工程产生的沼渣和堆肥进行了取样调研,研究了沼渣和堆肥的物理组成、生物稳定性、植物毒性、溶解性物质特性,分析了厨余垃圾厌氧沼渣好氧堆肥的必要性.结果表明:一级沼渣(即螺旋挤...     

多酶清洗剂泡沫对手术器械清洗效果的影响

目的评价有与无泡沫的多酶清洗剂对手术器械的清洗效果。方法将术后器械400件随机分成2组,试验组采用无泡沫多酶清洗剂,对照组采用有泡沫多酶清洗剂,清洗后的器械采用了5倍放大镜和白纱布擦拭检测清洁率;并采用卡方检验,比较2组清洗效果。结果无泡沫多酶清洗剂的清洁合格率为97.5%,明显高于有泡沫多酶清洗剂的70.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论有泡沫多酶清洗剂清洁效果低于无泡沫多酶消毒剂,且易对清洗机及手工清洗人员造成损伤,因此手术器械清洗应采用无泡沫多酶清洗剂。     

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好氧修复条件下填埋场沉降模型研究

通过武汉市金口生活垃圾填埋场好氧修复工程案例研究,对比分析Sower模型、Park生物降解沉降模型、Ling双曲线模型和Yen对数沉降模型的适用性,采用模型参数拟合的方式分析比较了各沉降模型的参数,并采用适宜的沉降模型对本工程案例沉降进行预测。结果表明:生物降解沉降模型相对于其他模型更适用于好氧修复过程沉降预测;Sower模型中Cae参数在好氧修复区为0.004~0.0013,封场区为0.002~0.003。生物降解沉降模型中k参数在好氧修复区范围为0.6~2.1,封场区为0.15~0.45;填埋各区动态沉降速率达到小于5 cm/a需要的时间分别为1.52、1.54、0.15 a,满足场地利用标准。     

产后尿潴留发生的原因分析及预见性护理措施

目的探讨产后尿潴留发生的原因与护理对策。方法回顾性分析我院58例产后尿潴留发生的情况和临床护理资料,其中28例采用传统护理作为对照组,30例采用预见性护理措施作为观察组。结果产后尿潴留的发生与心理因素、产程延长、会阴损伤、镇静药物使用、导尿等因素密切相关,观察组护理效果明显好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论加强心理护理、物理刺激、药物治疗、导尿等方式是治疗产后尿潴留的有效护理措施。     

脑卒中中枢高热患者的降温效果观察

脑卒中中枢高热可导致患者的基础代谢率升高，对氧及血液供求需求增加，将会加剧缺血缺氧，从而加重生命脏器的损害，特别是脑损害。及时采取有效的降温措施，才能预防或控制中枢性高热对脑组织的损害。而安全有效的物理降温仍是最好的降温方法。笔者对60例中枢性高热患者应用特殊物理降温法（降温仪降温），取得满意的效果，现报告如下。     

准好氧填埋技术在湖南城市生活垃圾处理中的应用

介绍了准好氧填埋技术的原理及当前的应用研究进展,并以湖南省某县生活垃圾准好氧填埋场的施工建设为例,论述了准好氧填埋场的工程设计.     

Characteristics of exercise behavior among college students: application of social cognitive theory to predicting stage of change

BACKGROUND: Young adulthood is characterized by a steep decline in the level of physical activity, but few theory-based studies have examined characteristics associated with regular exercise in this population. This study applied Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Stages of Change Model (SCM) to determine personal, behavioral, and environmental characteristics associated with exercise behavior and intentions among undergraduate university students. METHODS: A random sample of 937 undergraduate students (mean age 22.0 +/- 5.6 years; 84.7% ages 17-24 years) enrolled at a large Midwestern university completed a mailed questionnaire. Valid and reliable instruments were used to measure personal, behavioral, and environmental variables based on the SCT that were hypothesized to influence stage of exercise behavior change. Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to determine associations among these variables with stage of exercise behavior change. RESULTS: Exercise self-efficacy, physical activity history, and nonexercise estimation of aerobic capacity were significant predictors of the stage of exercise behavior change for both males and females. Among females, exercise self-efficacy (P < 0.001) and family social support (P < 0. 001) for physical activity were the best predictors of stage of exercise behavior change. Friend social support (P < 0.001), physical activity history (P < 0.001), and exercise self-efficacy (P < 0.001) were significant predictors of stage of exercise behavior change among males. CONCLUSIONS: The SCT framework predicted stage of exercise behavior change as defined by the SCM. Exercise self-efficacy was associated with exercise stage, but the source of significant social support (family versus friends) was different for males and females.     

Effects of school-based aerobic exercise on blood pressure in adolescent girls at risk for hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise physical education on blood pressure in high-risk, predominantly African-American, adolescent girls. METHODS: Ninth-grade girls (n = 99) with blood pressure above the 67th percentile were randomized to 1 semester of aerobic exercise classes or standard physical education classes. RESULT: The study was completed by 88 girls. At posttest, only members of the aerobic exercise group increased their estimated cardiorespiratory fitness. The aerobic exercise group had a greater decrease in systolic blood pressure than the standard physical education group (P < .03). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise physical education is a feasible and effective health promotion strategy for high-risk adolescent girls.     

Measurement of physical strength and rheumatoid arthritis patients' kinesitherapy

It is difficult to examine the physical strength of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The graded exercise testing by bicycle ergometer was used for RA patients. The following factors were measured: 1) lactic acid in blood, 2) heart rate, 3) blood pressure and 4) expired gas analysis. Generally speaking, the index of physical strength of healthy human beings is attributed to the maximum oxygen consumption, aerobic threshold or anaerobic threshold. Although none of the nine patients' maximum oxygen consumption was able to be measured, three patients' anaerobic threshold and seven patients' aerobic threshold were measured. In this series the results suggested that aerobic threshold was useful as an index for physical strength. Three of the nine patients were treated by kinesitherapy at the aerobic threshold work load using a bicycle ergometer. The effect of kinesitherapy is discussed.     

Physical activity levels of high school students --- United States, 2010

Healthy People 2020 (HP 2020), released in December 2010, outlines numerous public health objectives, including objectives for youth physical activity participation (1). HP 2020 includes three objectives for meeting current federal physical activity guidelines for 1) aerobic physical activity (participation in ≥60 minutes of aerobic activity per day, 7 days per week) (PA 3.1); 2) muscle-strengthening activity (muscle-strengthening activities on ≥3 days per week) (PA 3.2); and 3) aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activity combined (PA 3.3) (1,2). The HP 2020 target for PA 3.1 is 20.2%; targets for PA 3.2 and PA 3.3 are not set because baseline data are not available. To meet the HP 2020 targets for physical activity, promotion of physical activity among female high school students (3), high school students in upper grades (3), and youths with obesity (4) might be warranted, given that these subpopulations are at risk for low levels of physical activity. To determine the proportion of U.S. youths who meet these HP 2020 objectives, CDC analyzed data from the 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study (NYPANS), a school-based study conducted by CDC that included height and weight measurements and a survey that measured physical activity and dietary behaviors among a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9--12. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that among students nationwide in grades 9--12, 15.3% met the aerobic objective, 51.0% met the muscle-strengthening objective, and 12.2% met the objective for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities. To improve youth physical activity participation, efforts are needed among CDC, state and local public health agencies, schools, and other public health partners that promote physical activity.     

Regular aerobic exercise increases dispositional mindfulness in men: A randomized controlled trial

Dispositional mindfulness is a construct described as the propensity to be aware of one's actions in everyday life. Although high dispositional mindfulness has been demonstrated to be beneficial for improved mental and physical health, little is known about ways to improve dispositional mindfulness for individuals not practicing meditation or mindful exercises. The study aimed at investigating (1) whether dispositional mindfulness can also be trained by regular aerobic exercise and (2) whether changes in dispositional mindfulness are associated with changes in mental and physical health. 149 healthy men were randomly allocated to one of two 12-week interventions (aerobic exercise or relaxation training) or a waitlist control condition. Dispositional mindfulness and mental and physical health were assessed before and after the intervention by self-report questionnaires. Over the course of the intervention, increases in dispositional mindfulness occurred in the aerobic exercise group but not in the relaxation or waitlist control conditions (p = .018). Increases in dispositional mindfulness were moderately correlated with improvements in mental health. For the first time, this study shows that dispositional mindfulness can be increased through regular aerobic exercise. Future research is needed to identify how the mindfulness-enhancing potential of aerobic exercise can be used most effectively.     

Water-Based Exercise and Quality of Life in Women: The Role of Depressive Symptoms

Several studieshave evaluated the relation of exercise to quality of life (QoL). To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the relation of water-based exercise to depressive symptoms and QoL, or the association between improvement in QoL and depressive symptoms in healthy women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of water-based exercise with changes in QoL. Forty-seven women performed water-based combined exercise for 12 weeks. All participants improved in the physical and psychological domains of QoL. Decreases in depressive symptoms and improvements in maximal strength and aerobic capacity were found for all participants. A regression model revealed that depressive symptoms were associated with improvements in physical and psychological domains of QoL. The results showed that moderate intensity, water-based exercise improved physical and psychological domains of QoL, depressive symptoms, aerobic capacity, and muscular strength of women. Furthermore, the improvement in physical and psychological domains of QoL appeared to be mediated by the antidepressant effects of exercise, but not by changes in aerobic capacity or muscular strength.     

Positive effects of a qigong and aerobic exercise program on physical health in elderly Japanese women: an exploratory study

Objective To determine the effects of a 12-week qigong and aerobic exercise program on the physical well-being of relatively healthy elderly Japanese women. Methods In the first study, 72 elderly Japanese women who were relatively healthy and naive to qigong completed the 12-week qigong and aerobic exercise program. Physical function, body composition, and abdominal fat were evaluated. In the second study, we examined the effects of qigong alone on physical function. Twenty-nine participants in each of two groups (divided according to their residences) underwent a 12-week program: qigong and aerobic exercise (residents in Yura Town) or qigong exercise alone (residents in Mihama Town). Results In the first study, physical function including lung capacity, trunk bending, normal walking for 30 m, and rising from a supine position significantly improved after the 12-week program. In addition, body fat diminished significantly during the program. In the second study, both exercise programs (“qigong and aerobic” and “qigong alone”) similarly increased walking speed (normal and maximum walking) and rising speed. Conclusions The findings of this exploratory study demonstrated that a 12-week qigong and aerobic exercise program was associated with improvements in physical function and a reduction in body fat. The qigong exercise program alone positively influenced physical function. The qigong program appears to be an appealing means of improving the physical health of elderly persons.     

Dance for health: improving fitness in African American and Hispanic adolescents.

Cardiovascular disease begins early in life but might be prevented or delayed by primary prevention programs designed for children and adolescents. Regular physical activity is an important part of primary prevention programs, and school physical education programs have potential for the promotion of regular physical activity. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death among Hispanics and African Americans in the United States. Low levels of fitness and increased body mass index are common in African American and Hispanic adolescents. Increased physical activity and the adoption of healthy eating habits would increase fitness and reduce body mass index among these adolescents. The purpose of the study was to undertake a small-scale controlled trial to determine if Dance for Health, an intervention program designed to provide an enjoyable aerobic program for African American and Hispanic adolescents, has a significant effect on improving aerobic capacity, helping students maintain or decrease weight, and on improving attitudes toward physical activity and physical fitness. In the first year of the program (1990-91), approximately 110 boys and girls ages 10-13 years participated in an aerobic dance pilot program three times per week for 12 weeks. Dance for Health was revised and continued in the 1992-93 school year with seventh grade students and an added culturally sensitive health curriculum. Forty-three students were randomized to Dance for Health and 38 to usual physical activity. Those in the intervention class received a health education curriculum twice a week and a dance oriented physical education class three times a week. The usual physical activity consisted mostly of playground activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Biological monitoring of TDI-derived amines in polyurethane foam production

BACKGROUND: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is used in industry in the production of flexible polyurethane foam, commonly a mixture of the 2,4- and 2,6- isomers. The production process may lead to exposure to diisocyanates which are associated with respiratory disease. A method has been available for the determination of TDI biomarkers in urine for some years. AIMS: To explore the usefulness of urinary toluenediamine (uTDA) in assessing whether dermal absorption of diisocyanates makes a significant contribution to a worker's total exposure. METHODS: Twenty-six workers took part in the study. Thirteen workers whose duties brought them into physical contact with uncured polyurethane foam during their shift (handlers) were compared to a control group of 13 workers in the same block plant environment had no physical contact with uncured foam on the day that sampling took place (non-handlers). Creatinine-adjusted uTDA levels in the two groups were compared across a work shift. RESULTS: Both groups of workers were exposed to similar levels of airborne TDI. Ten handlers were found to have TDA in post-shift urine samples above detection limits compared with two non-handlers (P < 0.05). No clear relationship was found between the level of airborne TDI exposure and post-shift uTDA. CONCLUSIONS: uTDA provides a useful indication of the contribution which skin absorption makes to total TDI exposure. The results suggest that skin protection when handling uncured polyurethane foam may not receive sufficient consideration.