白蚁防治药剂的降解动态及其生物有效性研究

目的研究白蚁防治药剂毒死蜱、联苯菊酯和吡虫啉长期在野外和室内土壤的降解动态以及生物有效性。方法通过定期对野外和室内试验土壤中的药剂检测,并观察记录试验木块受白蚁危害情况,建立了白蚁防治药剂毒死蜱、联苯菊酯和吡虫啉降解动态及生物有效性的研究方法结果在野外试验地施药36个月后,毒死蜱、联苯菊酯和吡虫啉分别降解了96.76%、2.05%和97.21%;室内施药24个月后,降解率分别是90.67%、1.54%和45.48%。在野外生物有效性试验中,联苯菊酯能有效阻止白蚁的危害,试验地的木块没有受到白蚁破坏,而毒死蜱和吡虫啉的实验木块均遭受白蚁侵害。结论在土壤化学屏障中,联苯菊酯较稳定,可以有效阻止白蚁危害。     

4种药物对黑胸散白蚁的灭效比较研究

目的研究40%毒死蜱乳油1、0%氯菊酯乳油、5%联苯菊酯悬浮剂和10%吡虫啉悬浮剂4种白蚁预防药剂对黑胸散白蚁防治效果差异,为控制房屋建筑白蚁提供理论依据。方法采用滤纸药膜法、毒土法和毒土柱法测定4种白蚁预防药剂对黑胸散白蚁的毒杀和驱避效果。结果 供试的4种药物中,对黑胸散白蚁触杀和驱避效果以40%毒死蜱乳油、5%联苯菊酯悬浮剂最好,10%氯菊酯乳油、10%吡虫啉悬浮剂次之。在4种药剂高浓度组的药液处理土壤时,处理后1～4 d内,4种药剂均可使与毒土接触的黑胸散白蚁全部死亡;4种药剂的毒土穿透试验中,黑胸散白蚁均未能穿透5 cm厚的毒土层。结论供试的4种药物均可用于白蚁预防。但从综合效果而言,生产上仍以应用5%联苯菊酯悬浮剂为佳。     

台湾乳白蚁和黑胸散白蚁对6种药剂土壤屏障穿透试验研究

目的测试台湾乳白蚁和黑胸散白蚁在6种白蚁防治药剂处理土壤中的穿透能力,确定其穿透阈值。方法参考2011年《农药登记用白蚁防治剂药效试验方法和评价》第3部分:农药土壤处理预防白蚁。结果台湾乳白蚁在药物土壤屏障中的穿透阈值分别是吡虫啉80 mg/kg、毒死蜱5 mg/kg、氰戊菊酯220 mg/kg、联苯菊酯40 mg/kg、氟虫腈1 mg/kg、虫螨腈1 mg/kg;黑胸散白蚁在药物土壤屏障中穿透阈值分别是吡虫啉15 mg/kg、毒死蜱60 mg/kg、氰戊菊酯60 mg/kg、联苯菊酯10 mg/kg、氟虫腈1 mg/kg、虫螨腈1 mg/kg。结论不同种类的白蚁对同一白蚁防治药剂的反应不同,甚至差距较大。药剂对白蚁的驱避性具有相对性,与浓度有关。对白蚁的预防效果,联苯菊酯可以优先考虑。     

6种白蚁防治药物对散白蚁的室内毒力比较

目的研究和比较几种常用白蚁防治药剂对白蚁的毒力。方法采用毒土穿透试验和药膜法。结果毒死蜱对散白蚁的穿透域值在8~10 mg/kg,吡虫啉需要在20 mg/kg以上才能完全阻止白蚁的穿透,氟虫胺是阻止散白蚁穿透的最有效药剂之一,其穿透域值为1 mg/kg;联苯菊酯对散白蚁的穿透域值在0.8~1 mg/kg,氯菊酯的为5~10 mg/kg,氰戊菊酯的为10~20 mg/kg。在药膜法试验中,致使白蚁全部死亡的各药物浓度分别为:吡虫啉100 mg/L、氰戊菊酯30 mg/L、毒死蜱为8 mg/L、氯菊酯均为10 mg/L、联苯菊酯为0.8mg/L、氟虫胺为0.3 mg/L。结论对非驱避性白蚁防治药剂,白蚁在穿透过程中会发生较高的死亡率,甚至达到100%,对拟除虫菊酯类的驱避性白蚁防治药剂,白蚁在穿透过程中发生的死亡率较低,并且穿透的药物浓度与死亡率不呈正相关线性关系。氟虫胺和联苯菊酯对白蚁的毒力最高,其次为毒死蜱、氯菊酯和氰戊菊酯,吡虫啉的毒力最低。     

氰戊菊酯和毒死蜱防治白蚁的持效期研究

目的用有效成分为氰戊菊酯+氟虫胺、毒死蜱的2种白蚁防治药剂在野外条件下土壤处理和木材浸泡处理后加盖水泥盒,研究它们对白蚁的持效期。方法土壤处理和木材浸泡处理。结果 1%、0.5%、0.25%及0.125%浓度的氰戊菊酯和氟虫胺复配剂和1%、0.5%浓度的毒死蜱以4 L/m2稀释液喷洒处理土壤后对白蚁完全有效的时间在24～34个月。1.5%毒死蜱土壤处理对白蚁的持效期在34～45个月。上述浓度的氰戊菊酯和氟虫胺复配剂木材浸泡处理后对白蚁的持效期可达45个月以上。0.5%毒死蜱处理木材后对白蚁的完全有效期可达34个月以上,1%浓度的可达45个月以上,1.5%浓度的可达72个月以上。结论2种药剂在相同浓度下木材处理对白蚁的持效期比土壤处理的长。     

常规白蚁预防药物对黄胸散白蚁的毒杀效果

目的研究20%天鹰杀白蚁乳油、5%联苯菊酯悬浮剂、15%万洁杀白蚁乳油和48%毒死蜱乳油对黄胸散白蚁的毒杀和驱避效果,为控制房屋建筑白蚁提供理论依据。方法采用滤纸药膜法、毒土法和毒土柱法测定4种白蚁预防药剂对黄胸散白蚁的毒性和驱避性。结果供试的4种药物中,对黄胸散白蚁的毒杀效果以48%毒死蜱乳油和5%联苯菊酯悬浮剂最好,与200mg/L药液处理滤纸接触30min,48h后死亡率达100%;其次为20%天鹰杀白蚁乳油,在处理后第11天死亡率也达到100%;万洁杀白蚁乳油对白蚁的毒性较低,处理11d后的死亡率只有46.7%。用≥20mg/L的药液处理土壤时,处理后1～8d内,4种药物均可使与毒土接触的黄胸散白蚁全部死亡;药液浓度≥200mg/L时,黄胸散白蚁不能穿透5cm厚的毒土层。结论供试的4种药物均可用于白蚁预防。但综合而言,生产上仍以应用20%天鹰杀白蚁乳油为佳。     

土壤中吡虫啉的2种样品制备方法对比研究

目的对QuEChERS法加以改进使之适用于土壤中吡虫啉的提取,并对QuEChERS法和震荡提取法进行对比研究。方法分别采用改进后的QuEChERS法和震荡提取法对成都地区4种土壤中的吡虫啉进行提取,经高效液相色谱法检测比较方法的准确度和精密度;同时研究QuEChERS法对成都市主城区不同地点白蚁防治土壤化学屏障质量检测的适用性。结果改进的QuEChERS法比震荡提取法更加简便易操作,且有机溶剂用量少。4种土壤中QuEChERS法的添加回收率为80.8%～106.2%,RSD为0.5%～2.4%,震荡提取法的添加回收率为28.7%～85.7%,RSD为0.5%～6.7%;QuEChERS法对成都主城区19个白蚁防治土壤化学屏障工程中吡虫啉的提取回收率在82.9%～105.6%,RSD在0.1%～6.5%。结论实验结果表明改进后的QuEChERS法可高效地用于白蚁防治土壤化学屏障中吡虫啉检测工作的样品制备。     

土壤中6种白蚁防治药物的超高效液相色谱检测方法研究

目的建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定土壤中6种白蚁防治药物——吡虫啉、氟虫腈、虫螨腈、毒死蜱、氰戊菊酯、联苯菊酯残留量的分析方法。方法样品用乙腈匀浆提取,经离心、NH2固相萃取小柱净化、浓缩、定容后,采用超高效液相色谱法进行测定,外标法定量。结果所有农药在0.01~5.00 mg/L范围内线性关系均良好,相关系数r20.99;所有农药的方法检出限均低于10μg/kg;在0.050 0、0.167和0.500 mg/kg添加水平下,样品平均回收率为83.0%~117.0%,相对标准偏差RSD为2.0%~4.4%。结论本方法简便,重现性良好,可用于土壤中吡虫啉、氟虫腈、虫螨腈、毒死蜱、氰戊菊酯、联苯菊酯6种药剂残留的检测。     

台湾乳白蚁对四种白蚁预防药剂的敏感性差异

目的 研究台湾乳白蚁对20％天鹰杀白蚁乳油、5％联苯菊酯悬浮剂、15％万洁杀白蚁乳油和48％毒死蜱乳油4种白蚁预防药剂的敏感性差异，为控制房屋建筑白蚁提供理论依据。方法 采用滤纸药膜法、毒土法和毒土柱法测定4种白蚁预防药剂对台湾乳白蚁的毒杀和驱避效果。结果 供试的4种药物中，对台湾乳白蚁的触杀和驱避效果以48％毒死蜱乳油最好，20％天鹰杀白蚁乳油次之，15％万洁杀白蚁乳油最差。用≥20mg／L的药液处理土壤时，处理后1～8d内，4种药物均可使与毒土接触的台湾乳白蚁全部死亡；药液浓度≥200mg／L时，台湾乳白蚁不能穿透5cm厚的毒土层。结论 供试的4种药物均可用于白蚁预防。但从综合效果而言，生产上仍以应用20％天鹰杀白蚁乳油为佳。     

10%氯虫苯甲酰胺粉剂对散白蚁野外灭治效果观察

目的验证10%氯虫苯甲酰胺粉剂对白蚁的野外灭治效果。方法诱集—喷粉法。结果对7处野外场地的灭治结果表明,10%氯虫苯甲酰胺粉剂能有效降低白蚁巢群的密度,白蚁平均侵入率从50.3%降低到1.2%,其中5处场地白蚁侵入率降为0。在第3次喷粉后,如将饵料更换为新的未接触过药物的饵料,白蚁的平均二次侵入率由5.1%提高到35.0%。结论 10%氯虫苯甲酰胺粉剂在野外对散白蚁灭治效果良好,在野外试验中,10%氯虫苯甲酰胺粉剂对散白蚁表现出一定的驱避性,毒效传递性也不如室内试验,其机理仍需进一步研究。     

白蚁防治药剂的应用系数模型

为解决白蚁防治单位在白蚁防治制剂选择上难以抉择的困难,设计了土壤化学屏障白蚁预防药剂的应用系数模型、装修白蚁预防药剂的应用系数模型、灭治粉剂的应用系数模型和灭治液剂的应用系数模型,以便对市场上常见的白蚁防治制剂进行综合评估和比较,为白蚁防治单位在进行白蚁防治药剂的选择时提供一个简易的判断方法。     

Persistence and movement of fipronil termiticide with under-slab and trenching treatments

To have an effective barrier against invading termites around building structures and to assess the potential risks to the urban environment and human beings, we need to understand the fate of termiticides applied in urban soil. The movement and degradation of a new termiticide, fipronil, were investigated in Australian soils following standard termiticide treatment methods (surface application under slab and trenching treatments along walls). Surface application studies in three field sites showed slow dissipation and little movement for fipronil in all three soils under the simulated slab during a three-year period. The greatest mass of the chemical residues remained in the quartzite sand layer (thickness, 5 cm), and only small amounts of these were found to have migrated into the soil layers (depth, 0-15 cm) underneath the quartzite sand layer. Of the three metabolites (desulfinyl, sulfide, and sulfone) found in the soils, the sulfone derivative had the highest concentration. Persistence of fipronil was affected by application rate. The time for 50% loss of the total toxic components (fipronil plus its metabolites) in the quartzite sand layer (thickness, 5 cm) ranged from 200 to 326 d for the low rate (0.15 g active ingredient/m2) and from 633 to 674 d for the high application rate (3 g active ingredient/m2). One-year trenching studies at two sites in Adelaide (Roseworthy Farm [RF] and Terretfield [TF]; South Australia, Australia) showed that vertical movement and dissipation of fipronil occurred in the soils. The average concentration of fipronil in the trenches (depth, 0-30 cm) decreased from 33.7 to 14.9 mg/kg in the loam soil at the RF site and from 39.4 to 14.6 mg/kg in the clay soil at the TF site over the year. With time under the natural weather condition, fipronil and its derivatives were found in the deeper soil sections without treatment (depth, 20-30 cm). However, laboratory studies using repacked soil columns showed low mobility in the loam soil from the RF site and a variably charged clay soil from Malanda (Queensland, Australia) under intermittent wetting and drying conditions.     

Investigation of indoor air pollution by chlorpyrifos: Determination of chlorpyrifos in indoor air and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in residents’ urine as an exposure index

Objects We carried out an investigation to clarify the real state of indoor air pollution by chlorpyrifos (termiticide) and exposure to chlorpyrifos of residents by measuring its urinary metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) as an exposure index, such as biological monitoring. Methods The investigation was conducted in 43 individual houses with termiticide application (whether the termiticide was chlorpyrifos is uncertain) and 3 control houses without any termiticide application in Kagawa, Japan. Urine samples were collected from 46 healthy adult residents of the aforementioned houses. Results Chlorpyrifos in indoor air in the control houses was not detected (ND<1 ng/m³, n=3), while 41 of 43 houses with termiticide application showed 1–350 ng/m³. Although the chlorpyrifos concentrations in these 41 houses did not exceeded the indoor air quality guideline of 1000 ng/m³, but 3 houses were higher than the guideline 100 ng/m³ for children in Japan. Urinary TCP concentrations of 0.1–7.8 ng/mg·creatinine were detected in 41 residents from the 41 houses where chlorpyrifos had been detected. The chlorpyrifos concentration and the urinary TCP revealed a positive correlation (r=0.5468, p<0.01, n=41). Conclusions The immediate health hazard from air born chlorpyrifos in the examined houses was negligible, but the findings suggest that it is necessary to monitor chemicals which may contaminate indoor air and to assess the risk of prolonged exposure to such chemicals. The measuring of urinary metabolite TCP of chlorpyrifos via biological monitoring would be useful, allowing comprehensive evaluation of the exposure to chlorpyrifos in indoor air.     

The actual state of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos of termite control workers

Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus insecticide, has been used as a termite control agent since regulatory measures against the use of chlordane were taken in September, 1986. In this study the actual state of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos of termite control workers was investigated. The findings obtained were as follows. The concentration of chlorpyrifos in the air (near the mouth) was about 10 times higher (1.7-2.3 mg/m3) under the floor than the threshold-limit value (0.2 mg/m3) proposed by the ACGIH and rose close to the threshold-limit value even above the floor. Regarding the performance of the absorption can of the mask, generally satisfactory results were obtained. The adhesion of this compound to the work outfit was conspicuous during the spraying work under the floor, and it was often noted on the right forearm (12 micrograms/cm2), on the left knee (10 micrograms/cm2), on the right knee (9 micrograms/cm2) and on the face (5 micrograms/cm2). The rate of this compound penetrating through the work outfit amounted to an average of 40 percent, making it clear that a considerable amount of the compound penetrated the work outfit. Furthermore, direct adhesion of the compound to the neck was considered. These results suggested the dermal-exposure to chlorpyrifos of termite control workers. This compound was detected, though the quantity was very small, in blood after work, which was definitely indicative of exposure at the time of termite control work. The plasma cholinesterase activity in the termite control workers was within the normal range before the busy termite control season but fell off markedly when the full-scale termite control season set in. It is suggested that a decrease in plasma cholinesterase activity occurs due to chlorpyrifos exposure.     

药物灌浆处理防治海塘白蚁的可行性探讨

目的了解药物灌浆处理防治海塘白蚁的可行性。方法利用毒土接触法和毒土柱法测定20％天鹰杀白蚁乳油对台湾乳白蚁的防治效果，并利用气相色谱分析药物灌浆处理土壤中氰戊菊酯的含量。结果20％天鹰杀白蚁乳油对台湾乳白蚁具有良好的毒杀效果，当土壤中的氰戊菊酯含量达到5μg／g时，台湾乳白蚁不能穿透5cm厚的毒土层，且会在5d内全部死亡。由于受海塘土层结构的影响，药物灌浆孔附近土壤中氰戊菊酯的含量随取样部位不同而有差异。距灌浆孔0．50、0．75和1．00m处，离地表1．00m深的土壤含有氰戊菊酯量分别为（26．08±23．40）、（15．33±14．53）和（11．84±12．81）μg／g，白蚁在上述3种土壤修筑的蚁路长度分别为（1．7±2．8）、（2．5±2．5）和（3．5±2．6）cm。结论药物灌浆处理能有效地防治海塘白蚁，但由于海塘土层结构存在差异和土壤中的药物会逐渐降解，建议海塘管理部门采用白蚁监测控制系统对海塘进行长期监控，以达到及时灭杀入侵白蚁和确保海塘安全的目的。