不同年龄呼吸睡眠暂停患者心律失常的发病情况比较

目的探讨不同年龄呼吸睡眠暂停综合征患者发生心律失常的情况。方法选择50例伴有心律失常的呼吸睡眠暂停综合征患者,按照年龄分为A、B、C三组,比较三组患者心律失常的发生情况和睡眠呼吸紊乱指数与心律失常的关系,并进行统计学分析。结果 A组与B组以窦性心律失常和房性心律失常为主,C组以房室传导阻滞为主(P0.05);C组高危心律失常发生率显著高于B组(χ~2=5.05,P0.05);三组患者睡眠呼吸紊乱指数与心律失常次数呈显著相关(r=0.501,0.667,0.701,P0.01)。结论呼吸睡眠暂停综合征与心律失常的发生密切相关,不同年龄患者心律失常的类型和危险性不同,老年患者病情较为严重,应引起临床高度重视。     

睡眠呼吸障碍与心力衰竭并发心房颤动的相关性研究现状

睡眠呼吸障碍与心律失常是心力衰竭常见的合并症,两者相互影响,相互作用,共同促进心力衰竭患者生活质量恶化,住院率和死亡率增加。研究已证实睡眠呼吸障碍与多种心血管疾病的发生及发展具有相关性,但睡眠呼吸障碍与心力衰竭患者心律失常的因果关系仍未明确。现阐述睡眠呼吸障碍与心力衰竭患者发生心房颤动的相关性研究的现状及持续正压通气治疗在这部分人群中的治疗价值。     

心房纤维颤动与睡眠呼吸障碍

心房纤维颤动(简称房颤)是临床常见的心律失常,可明显降低患者生活质量,显著增加医疗费用.除男性、老龄、卒中、慢性心力衰竭、冠状动脉疾病之外,睡眠呼吸暂停也可增加房颤的发生或易患性.既往研究表明房颤患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病率较高,而近年研究显示,中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停的发生率也较高,尤其是伴中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停的陈-施呼吸.睡眠呼吸障碍与房颤患者的不良预后密切相关,而良好管理睡眠呼吸障碍可改善房颤患者的预后、提高生活质量.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与心血管疾病的关系

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (OSAHS)是临床常见并且具有一定潜在危险的疾病 ,可造成多个系统功能损害。仅在美国大约有 12 0 0万OSAHS患者 ,每年有 380 0 0人死于与睡眠呼吸障碍相关的心血管疾病[1] 。最近的研究还发现约 4 0 %～ 5 0 %的无症状或早期充血性心力衰竭 (心衰 )患者患有阻塞性或中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征[2 ] ,睡眠呼吸障碍促进心衰的进展 ,严重影响其预后。现就睡眠呼吸障碍的心血管后果 ,包括OSAHS与高血压病、冠状动脉硬化性心脏病和心律失常等之间的关系进行探讨。一、OSAHS与高血压病正常人在睡眠时体循环血…     

老年人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心律失常关系的探讨

目的：探讨老年人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）与心律失常发生，发展的关系。方法：选择拟诊老年OSAS患者120例和健康对照组40例进行多导睡眠图或脉搏血氧监测和动态心电图（hoter)监测分析。结果：OSAS组中，睡眠呼吸暂停／低通气指数（AHI），动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2)降低大于0．04的总次数，SaO2低于0．9的时间明显高于健康对照组（均为P＜0．001），睡眠中SaO2最低值，平均值均低于对照组（均为P＜0．001），在轻、中、重度组间两两比较上述指标也有显著性意义（均为P＜0．001），轻，中、重度OSAS患者心律失常的发生率分别为63％，78％，94％，与对照组（34％）相比，轻度组差异无显著性（P＞0．05），中、重度组的心律失常发生率则显著升高（P＜0．05），P＜0．01），在轻、中、重度组间两两比较，心律失常发生的总次数和每小时的发生次数差异也有显著性（均为P＜0．01），结论：OSAS病情越严重，睡眠时SaO2降低的程度越显著，低氧血症也越明显，心律失常的发生与睡眠时相和SaO2降低的程度显著相关，OSAS患者心律失常的发生可能与低氧血症有关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与夜间心律失常

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)是一种常见的临床病症。文章通过2例OSAS同时合并心律失常患者的临床特点就OSAS与心律失常的相关性做进一步探讨。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心血管疾病

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是临床上常见的睡眠呼吸疾病.近几年的研究证实睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是心血管疾病的独立危险因素.阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的患者在睡眠时由于上呼吸道的阻塞或者部分阻塞而导致机体长期反复的慢性间断性缺氧,而慢性间断性缺氧是阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者发生心血管疾病的主要原因.内皮机能障碍、氧化应激、炎症激活、血脂障碍、凝血障碍、代谢障碍等因素相互作用导致动脉粥样硬化形成从而引起各种心血管疾病.     

老年人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心律失常

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(OSAS)是老年男性及绝经期妇女常见的、具有潜在危险的多发病之一。大量资料显示，OSAS患者睡眠中反复呼吸暂停，可引起具有猝死危险的严重心律失常。研究OSAS导致心律失常的临床特点、发生机理，有助于OSAS的预防和治疗。本文就近年来OSAS及其所致的心律失常研究进展作一综述。     

阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心血管疾病

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种常见的睡眠障碍性疾病,其中以阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征最为常见.国内外研究表明,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征在心血管系统的各类疾病中有重要影响.对睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者进行及时有效的治疗,能够显著预防心血管疾病.现主要阐述阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与心血管常见疾病高血压、冠心病、心力衰竭、心律失常之间的关系.     

青年急性冠脉综合征患者心律失常危险因素分析

目的：探讨44岁以下的青年急性冠脉综合征患者发生心律失常的危险因素。方法收集患者临床资料,从身高、体重、血压、空腹血糖、心律失常情况、吸烟饮酒史（以每天吸烟量与吸烟年限乘积作为观察指标）、饮食口味咸淡、心律失常家族史、是否罹患甲状腺疾病以及呼吸睡眠暂停综合征,实验室检查,冠脉造影等分析患者危险因素。结果青年急性冠脉综合征患者心律失常组与非心律失常组相比,体重指数（BMI）、吸烟情况、甲状腺疾病、呼吸睡眠暂停综合征、冠状动脉病变情况差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;青年急性冠脉综合征患者发生心律失常排名前三位的独立危险因素是冠状动脉病变、吸烟和饮酒（P〈0.05）。结论青年急性冠状动脉综合征患者与心律失常相关的主要危险因素是冠状动脉病变、吸烟和饮酒。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.