并行磁共振成像的回顾、现状与发展前景

经过20多年的发展，磁共振成像已经成为临床医学影像学检查最重要的手段之一，但缩短采集时间仍然是磁共振成像研究的重要问题之一。最近10年，成像速度的提高主要依赖于多通道线圈采集技术的出现和并行成像算法的发展。本研究介绍了并行成像的发展历程，并对现有重建算法及其应用进行了阐述、比较与分析。     

rs-fMRI、DTI及1H-MRS在阿尔茨海默病中的应用进展

随着磁共振成像技术的飞速发展,对阿尔茨海默病的神经影像学研究也越来越深入。其主要目的是通过磁共振影像学特征来识别出早期阿尔茨海默病患者,从而达到早期诊断和治疗的目的。本文就磁共振成像技术包括静息态功能磁共振成像、弥散张量成像及磁共振波谱在阿尔茨海默病的应用进展进行综述。     

数字放射成像技术及其临床应用

Ｘ线影像在医学诊断中具有十分重要的作用,而近年来发展起来的数字放射技术是一种新的成像技术,它与传统Ｘ线成像相比的许多优点必将带来医学影像学的一次革命。本文阐述了两种数字放射成像技术;直接成像法和间接成像法,并讨论了数字放射技术临床应用的几个方面。     

医学内镜成像机制及其关键技术的研究进展

本文根据光学分子影像学理论和内镜成像的基本原理,结合本项目组前期研究,综述了医学内镜成像的机制和关键技术。依据成像机制将医学内镜分为白光成像内镜、计算机虚拟色素成像内镜、荧光成像内镜、多光子非线性成像内镜、光声成像内镜和色谱成像内镜6类,其中计算机虚拟色素成像内镜分别采用了NBI技术、FICE技术和i-scan技术,荧光成像内镜采用了自体荧光成像技术、外源性非靶向荧光成像技术和光学分子成像技术。未来内镜应该是多模态内镜,即既有清晰的白光图像模式又具有细胞或分子成像模式,既能快速解剖定位又能实时定性,实现内镜下恶变细胞的精确识别和靶向治疗。     

产前影像学检查：超声与磁共振成像

尤尼斯·肯尼迪·施莱佛国立儿童健康与人类发育研究所的Reddy UM及其同事对当前胎儿成像技术的作用及表现的相关证据进行了总结，撰文介绍了产前影像学检查的现状[Obstet Gynecol，2008，112（1）：145—157]。     

妇科肿瘤影像学进展

妇科肿瘤严重威胁着妇女健康,随着影像学设备软硬件的不断进步,一些影像检查手段已经可以对肿瘤进行早期诊断及鉴别诊断,可以有效改善预后。文章就PET-CT、MRI弥散加权成像及全身弥散成像在妇科肿瘤的早期诊断、分期、复发、疗效评价等临床应用作一综述。另外,介绍妇科肿瘤在分子影像学领域的研究现状,各类分子成像手段、成像方式及目前的研究进展。     

纳米粒子在消化道肿瘤诊断中的应用

纳米粒子具有特异性好和敏感性高的特点,利用纳米粒子的这些特性,结合现代影像学技术,如:核磁共振、光学荧光成像、断层成像和光学相关断层成像,可以敏感地检测到胃肠肿瘤细胞,对淋巴结进行准确筛查,对胃肠肿瘤微环境进行检测,从而实现胃肠道肿瘤的早期诊断和准确分期。目前临床研究和应用较多的纳米粒子有:超顺磁氧化铁、量子点、单碳纳米管、纳米笼等。这篇综述介绍了这些纳米粒子如何应用于现代影像技术,帮助消化道肿瘤的早期特异性诊断。     

靶向性磁共振造影剂在肿瘤分子影像学中的应用

分子影像学即应用影像学的方法直接或间接地监测和记录一些与生物化学、生物学、诊断学和治疗学相关的分子或细胞的分布与变化情况的科学。利用分子影像技术检测细胞表面受体的上调水平，能有效地监测疾病的进展并进行分期。在分子影像学的最初阶段，常用具有放射性的抗体和短肽等分子探针，采用核医学成像技术如单光子发射计算机断层摄影术（SPECT）、正电子发射断层摄影术（PET）等进行成像。而MR分子成像技术具有分辨力高、可获得三维解剖结构和生理信息等优点，     

磁共振成像技术远程实验平台的构建

目的:为提高现有磁共振成像实验仪器的使用率,充分合理地配置已有试验资源,针对目前磁共振成像技术教学中存在的问题,借助于上海纽迈电子科技有限公司研制的台式磁共振成像仪,构建了具有远程实验功能的核磁共振成像技术实验平台.方法:本平台主要采用客户/服务器技术并利用Delphi7.0实现相应的功能.结果:这一现代化的试验教学模式将从根本上改变传统实验教学的思想,在提高医学影像学实验教学质量,培养学生综合素质,缓解实验教师繁重的指导工作等方面将起到重要作用.结论:我们构建的核磁共振成像技术实验平台可缓解实验设备不足的问题.并为医学影像学实验教学改革提供很好的思路.     

磁共振成像研究进展

经过20多年的发展,磁共振成像已经成为临床医学影像学检查的重要手段之一,它对各种严重疾病具有早期诊断和疗效监控能力,因此,磁共振成像技术是现代医学的新领域,代表着影像医学的发展方向。本文阐述了磁共振成像的最新发展和临床应用的各种方法,并展望了磁共振成像的发展前景。     

Xeromammography

Early detection of breast malignancy can insure more effective treatment and a more likely cure. The early detection of cancer of the breast has become the most vital factor in determining successful treatment, arresting the malignancy before it spreads to other organs. Women do not die from breast cancer--it is the cancer's invasion throughout the body and its affect on vital organ systems which ultimately kills the patient. It is, therefore, understandable why the earliest possible detection offers any woman the most favorable prognosis. Evaluation of the female breast using xeromammography techniques provides us with the technical capability of detecting breast cancer at the earliest and, in the majority of women, the most favorable stage. Using today's reduced dose techniques, any proposed risk, hypothetical or real, becomes insignificant.     

Liquid biopsy in breast cancer: A comprehensive review

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Due to its complexity in nature, effective breast cancer treatment can encounter many challenges. Traditional methods of cancer detection such as tissue biopsy are not comprehensive enough to capture the entire genomic landscape of breast tumors. However, with the introduction of novel techniques, the application of liquid biopsy has been enhanced, enabling the improvement of various aspects of breast cancer management including early diagnosis and screening, prediction of prognosis, early detection of relapse, serial sampling and efficient longitudinal monitoring of disease progress and response to treatment. Various components of tumor cells released into the blood circulation can be analyzed in liquid biopsy sampling, some of which include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free RNA, tumor-educated platelets and exosomes. These components can be utilized for different purposes. As an example, ctDNA can be sequenced for genetic profiling of the tumors to enhance individualized treatment and longitudinal screening. CTC plasma count analysis or ctDNA detection after curative tumor resection surgery could facilitate early detection of minimal residual disease, aiding in the initiation of adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence. Furthermore, CTC plasma count can be assessed to determine the stage and prognosis of breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the various components of liquid biopsy used in breast cancer diagnosis and will expand on aspects that require further focus in future research.     

基于医学图像内容检索的计算机辅助乳腺X线影像诊断技术

乳腺癌是女性中高发的恶性肿瘤疾病.近年来,其发病率呈增高趋势.早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗是降低乳腺癌患者死亡率的关键.计算机辅助诊断(CAD)技术能够有效提高早期诊断的准确性,而基于内容医学图像检索(CBMIR)技术的引入,为乳腺癌的诊断提供了有效的决策支持.文中就近年来基于医学图像内容检索的计算机辅助乳腺X线影像诊断关键技术进行了较为详尽的综述,包括微钙化和肿块检测、特征提取、相似性测度和相关反馈技术等,同时对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Molecular pathology of pre-invasive breast disease in the screening setting: application in diagnosis and management

Mammographic screening programs were introduced to improve outcomes for women with breast cancer by detecting small, early stage tumours. Although endocrine therapy has played a significant role in decreasing mortality, there can be little doubt that early detection has also contributed to the reduced mortality rates seen for breast cancer patients in recent years. An important side-effect of mammographic screening is that it has also identified atypical proliferative, borderline and pre-invasive lesions with increasing frequency. The difficult histological diagnosis of these lesions and their uncertain risk of progression to invasive disease presents considerable clinical difficulties. We present a review of the molecular pathology of common pre-invasive lesions of the breast particularly discussing diagnosis on needle core biopsy, their risk of progression, and clinical management following their mammographic detection.     

Improvement of digital mammogram images using histogram equalization, histogram stretching and median filter

Breast cancer is one of the most important diseases in females worldwide. According to the Malaysian Oncological Society, about 4% of women who are 40 years old and above are involved have breast cancer. Masses and microcalcifications are two important signs of breast cancer diagnosis on mammography. Enhancement techniques, i.e. histogram equalization, histogram stretching and median filters, were used to provide better visualization for radiologists in order to help early detection of breast abnormalities. In this research 60 digital mammogram images which includes 20 normal and 40 confirmed diagnosed cancerous cases were selected and manipulated using the mentioned techniques. The original and manipulated images were scored by three expert radiologists. Results showed that the selected methods have a positive significant effect on image quality.     

The need and value of breast self-examination

The incidence of breast cancer is higher for black women aged less than 40 years than for white women aged less than 40; however, both black and white women aged less than 35 years have the lowest breast cancer survival rates of all age groups. The issue of breast self-examination (BSE) efficacy has special implications for these women because the BSE and the clinical breast examination (CBE) are the only early detection techniques recommended to them. Breast self-examination is even more important for black women because CBE might not be accessible to them for economic or other reasons.     

The use of difference of Gaussian image filtering to assess objectively the correlation between breast vascularity and breast cancer

The potential of thermography as a screening technique for the early detection of breast cancer was assessed by using difference of Gaussian filtering to isolate and quantify the vascular contents of breast thermograms. Forty-five patients found to have breast cancer and 49 patients who developed breast cancer within 5 years of being screened were paired with normal variants and the thermograms of each group were assessed. No statistically significant separation was resolved between either of the two paired groups implying that the vascular content of isolated thermograms is unable to provide meaningful indications of breast cancer. The processing algorithm, although developed initially for thermograms, is equally valid for other diagnostic imaging techniques and could be of use where it is required to isolate vascularity or other fine detail from larger body structures.     

Breast image registration techniques: a survey

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women worldwide. Image registration plays an important role in breast cancer detection. This paper gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art in the breast image registration techniques. For the intra-modality registration techniques, X-ray, MRI, and ultrasound are the primary focuses of interest. Inter-modality techniques will cover the combination of different modalities. Validation of breast registration methods is also discussed. S. Laxminarayan died on September 29, 2005     

A survey of breast cancer screening techniques: thermography and electrical impedance tomography

Abstract

Breast cancer is a disease that threat many women’s life, thus, the early and accurate detection play a key role in reducing the mortality rate. Mammography stands as the reference technique for breast cancer screening; nevertheless, many countries still lack access to mammograms due to economic, social and cultural issues. Last advances in computational tools, infra-red cameras and devices for bio-impedance quantification allowed the development of parallel techniques like, thermography, infra-red imaging and electrical impedance tomography, these being faster, reliable and cheaper. In the last decades, these have been considered as complement procedures for breast cancer diagnosis, where many studies concluded that false positive and false negative rates are greatly reduced. This work aims to review the last breakthroughs about the three above-mentioned techniques describing the benefits of mixing several computational skills to obtain a better global performance. In addition, we provide a comparison between several machine learning techniques applied to breast cancer diagnosis going from logistic regression, decision trees and random forest to artificial, deep and convolutional neural networks. Finally, it is mentioned several recommendations for 3D breast simulations, pre-processing techniques, biomedical devices in the research field, prediction of tumour location and size.