早期胃癌患者ESD术后迟发性出血危险因素的Logistic回归方程构建及预测价值

目的 探究早期胃癌(EGC)患者内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)后迟发性出血的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析260例EGC患者的临床资料,患者均行ESD术治疗。术后随访依据有无迟发性出血发生将患者分为发生迟发性出血组(18例)与未发生迟发性出血组(242例),统计2组临床资料,将差异具有统计学意义的项目纳入Logistic回归方程,分析患者ESD术后的危险因素,受试者工作特征(ROC)评价回归模型对EGC患者ESD术后迟发性出血的预测价值,并探讨预防策略。结果 2组性别、术中使用肾上腺素比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、抗血小板药物停用时间、术前活检次数、术中出血情况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将上述有差异项纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,年龄≥60岁、肿瘤直径≥5 cm、抗血小板药物停用时间<3 d、术前活检次数>2次、术中明显出血是EGC患者ESD术后迟发性出血的危险因素(P<0.05);构建EGC患者ESD术后迟发性出血发生的回归方程,Logit(P)=-6.273+5.376×年龄+8.811×肿瘤直径+12.0...     

内镜黏膜下剥离术及全层切除术治疗胃黏膜下肿瘤的临床效果分析

  目的  探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）及内镜全层切除术（endoscopic full-thickness resection,EFR）治疗胃黏膜下肿瘤的安全性和有效性。  方法  回顾性分析109例胃黏膜下肿瘤患者资料,62例行内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD组）,47例行内镜全层切除术（EFR组）。比较两组基线资料、手术情况、术后并发症、术后住院时间、术后病理结果等。  结果  ESD组61例完成内镜手术,1例中转外科腹腔镜手术,平均手术时间（65.08±30.36）min,术中出血量（18.66±30.70）mL,术中有7例发生穿孔,创面或穿孔采用荷包缝合24例,单用金属夹缝合32例,5例创面未缝合;EFR组46例完成内镜手术,1例中转外科腹腔镜手术,平均手术时间（52.13±20.95）min,术中出血量（17.06±23.25）mL,创面穿孔采用荷包缝合25例,单用金属夹缝合21例。ESD组术后迟发性出血2例,迟发性穿孔2例;EFR组术后迟发性出血1例。ESD组术后病理及免疫组织化学诊断间质瘤36例、平滑肌瘤14例、脂肪瘤5例、异位胰腺3例、其他4例,EFR组间质瘤40例,平滑肌瘤3例,其他4例。所有病例术后随访复查无复发。  结论  ESD及EFR治疗胃黏膜下肿瘤创伤小、并发症少,安全、有效,值得推广。      

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗下咽早期癌及癌前病变围手术期管理

目的 回顾性分析内镜黏膜下剥离术（Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection, ESD)治疗下咽早期癌及癌前病变围手术期系统管理方法，以提高手术成功率及降低并发症的发生。方法 将我院内镜中心2015年12月至2019年5月收治的23例下咽早期癌及癌前病变患者采用ESD术治疗和围手术期一体式系统化管理。结果 经围手术期系统化管理，23例患者均成功完成下咽早期癌及癌前病变的ESD治疗，平均住院时间11天，术中及术后无严重并发症发生。结论 ESD手术可作为治疗下咽早期癌及癌前病变的有效方法，围手术期系统化管理是保证手术顺利进行和良好疗效的重要环节。     

伊立替康治疗晚期结直肠癌所致迟发性腹泻发生规律及其临床处理

目的探讨伊立替康治疗晚期结直肠癌所致迟发性腹泻的发生率及影响因素和临床处理。方法回顾分析53例应用伊立替康联合化疗的晚期结直肠癌患者的临床资料,所有患者均进行健康教育,发生腹泻后立即给予相应治疗。结果53例患者迟发性腹泻总发生率为58．49％（31／53）,Ⅲ度为5．66％（3／53）,无Ⅳ度腹泻发生。结论迟发性腹泻的发生与年龄、性别、肿瘤原发部位无关,与饮食管理、是否规范治疗相关,饮食管理、规范治疗可预防和控制伊立替康所致的迟发性腹泻。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃癌的可行性研究

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗早期胃癌的可行性。方法选取142例早期胃癌患者作为研究对象,观察ESD与EMR(内镜黏膜切除术)治疗早期胃癌的临床疗效。结果 ESD组一次性完全切除率、治愈性切除率均显著高于EMR组(P<0.05);ESD组可能治愈性切除率、非治愈性切除率显著低于EMR组(P<0.05);ESD组肿瘤复发率显著低于EMR组(P<0.05);ESD组术中出血率和穿孔率分别为3.53%和2.35%,均显著低于EMR组的19.30%和8.77%(P<0.05);ESD组3年生存率显著高于EMR组(P<0.05)。结论 ESD治疗早期胃癌具有病灶切除彻底、复发率低、并发症少等优点,具有较好的应用前景。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤22例临床分析

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效和安全性.方法 选取据其临床表现及经内镜超声检查结果确诊为SMT的患者22例,肿瘤直径0.5 ～3.0 cm,均行ESD治疗,术后进行3个月、6个月、12个月及24个月的随访及内镜复查.结果 22例SMT患者行ESD均一次性完整切除,基底和切缘均未见病变累及.病理学诊断:食管平滑肌瘤6例,早期食管癌2例,胃平滑肌瘤3例,胃高级别上皮内瘤变4例,胃黏膜内癌2例,直肠腺瘤癌变4例,结肠脂肪瘤1例.手术时间(自进镜开始至完整剥离病变)35 ～ 116 min,平均53 min.22例患者均未出现皮下气肿、纵隔气肿、隔下游离气体等穿孔体征,无大出血及迟发性出血等严重并发症.所有患者术后住院时间为4～7d,平均5.5d.术后均随访3个月、6个月、12个月及24个月,复查胃肠镜,均未见复发.结论 ESD是治疗SMT的一项简单有效、并发症少、费用低、术后恢复快、安全可靠的治疗手段,在提供完整的病理学诊断资料的同时还可以完整切除病变,值得临床推广.     

食管早癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后狭窄预防研究进展

内镜黏膜下剥离术(Endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)已被广泛接受为食管早癌及癌前病变的一线治疗方法。然而,大面积食管病变ESD术后往往会造成严重的食管狭窄,从而极大地降低患者的生活质量。目前有多种预防ESD术后食管狭窄的方法,包括药物预防、机械性扩张、组织屏蔽法和再生医学等,临床上取得了一定的疗效,但存在狭窄容易复发、操作复杂等问题,更加有效且易于临床应用的预防狭窄的治疗方案有待进一步研究。本文就目前食管早癌ESD术后狭窄的预防研究进行综述。     

食管癌术后并发胸胃穿孔3例分析

目的探讨食管癌术后并发胸腔胃穿孔（胸胃穿孔）的病因、诊断、治疗和预防。方法回顾性分析食管癌手术279例术后并发胸胃穿孔3例。结果手术治疗均获成功,术后未再发生瘘。结论食管癌术后并发胸胃穿孔的原因常与手术操作技术相关,术后早期发生,宜尽早二次开胸手术修补,效果满意。     

112例内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃粘膜下肿瘤的回顾性研究

目的回顾性分析内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃粘膜下肿瘤的临床诊疗情况。方法收集接受内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗的112例早期胃粘膜下肿瘤患者的临床资料,分析内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗效果、术后病理及并发症等情况。结果 112例患者平均手术时间为(68. 9±19. 4) min,治愈性切除率为91. 07%,病灶平均直径为(1. 4±0. 9) cm。术后发生迟发性出血9例。术中穿孔6例,内镜下治疗成功。治愈性切除标本102例,术后病理确诊为分化型腺癌。非治愈性切除标本10例。术后病理提示浸润黏膜下中层者3例,其中2例为中分化腺癌、1例为低分化腺癌,均追加外科手术治疗,术后外科治愈,腹腔未见淋巴结转移。Logistic回归分析结果表明胃窦发病、合并溃疡是术中穿孔发生的独立危险因素,病灶大小是迟发性出血发生的独立危险因素。结论内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃粘膜下肿瘤安全可行,创伤小、恢复快。     

食管癌、贲门癌术后胸胃穿孔6例临床分析

目的：探讨食管癌、贲门癌术后胸胃穿孔的发生原因，治疗方法及预防措施。方法：865例食管癌、贲门癌术后发生胸胃穿孔6例，其中5例手术治疗，1例保守治疗。结果：5例手术治疗患者，其中1例手术死亡，1例术后一周死于全身衰竭；1例保守治疗后逐渐恢复。结论：食管癌、贲门癌术后胸胃穿孔是一种严重的术后并发症，早期发现，早期诊断，早期手术是主要的治疗措施，术中积极预防是防治的重点。     

Initial experience in Brazil with endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer using insulation-tipped knife: a safety and feasibility study

Background  Endoscopic resection is an adequate treatment for subgroups of patients with early gastric cancer. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) represents a recent advance and leads to good results when adequately indicated. There is great experience with this technique in Japan and it is gaining acceptance among Western endoscopists. We present the first gastric ESD series performed in Brazil. Methods  Patients with well-differentiated adenocarcinomas macroscopically classified as early cancer, less than 30 mm with no ulcer or scar, were included. ESD was performed with an insulated-tip knife and electrosurgical unit with endocut mode. Clinicopathological aspects and morbidity were evaluated. The study was approved by the local ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from all participant subjects. Results  From October 2005 to July 2007, 160 patients received surgical treatment for gastric cancer; 44 patients (27.5%) had early gastric cancer. In this latter group, 15 procedures (ESD) were performed in 12 patients. The mean size of the lesions was 16.8 mm. Almost half of the lesions were located in the proximal third of the stomach and the mean elapsed time for the procedure was 140 min. In 80% of the cases resection was en bloc and 80% of the resections were considered curative. We had three perforations, which were managed clinically, and no bleeding. Conclusion  When adequately indicated, ESD is a safe and feasible technique.     

A multicenter retrospective study of endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer

Background The reported outcomes of endoscopic resection (ER) for early gastric cancer (EGC) remain limited to several single-institution studies. Methods A multicenter retrospective study was conducted at 11 Japanese institutions concerning their results for ER, including conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Results A total of 714 EGCs (EMR, 411; ESD, 303) in 655 consecutive patients were treated from January to December 2001. Technically, 511 of the 714 (71.6%) lesions were resected in one piece. The rate of one-piece resection with ESD (92.7%; 281/303) was significantly higher compared with that for EMR (56.0%; 230/411). Histologically, curative resection was found in 474 (66.3%) lesions. The rate of curative resection with ESD (73.6%; 223/303) was significantly higher compared with that for EMR (61.1%; 251/411). Blood transfusion because of bleeding was required in only 1 patient (0.1%) with EMR of 714 lesions. Perforation was found in 16 (2.2%). The incidence of perforation with ESD (3.6%; 11/303) was significantly higher than that with EMR (1.2%; 5/411). All complications were managed endoscopically, and there was no procedure-related mortality. The median follow-up period was 3.2 years (range, 0.5–5.0 years). In total, the 3-year cumulative residual-free/recurrence-free rate and the 3-year overall survival rate were 94.4% and 99.2%, respectively. The 3-year cumulative residual-free/recurrence-free rate in the ESD group (97.6%) was significantly higher than that in the EMR group (92.5%). Conclusion ER leads to an excellent 3-year survival in clinical practice and could be a possible standard treatment for EGC. ESD has the advantage of achieving one-piece resection and reducing local residual or recurrent tumor.     

Longterm outcomes after endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer

Background Despite the widespread use of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC), its longterm outcomes have not been fully evaluated. Our aim was to evaluate longterm survival after complete EMR for EGC. Methods From patients who underwent EMR between 1978 and 1996 at our center, we enrolled 131 patients with differentiated mucosal EGCs less than 2 cm (without ulcerative change) that had been completely removed by EMR. The vital status of the patients at the end of December 1998 was confirmed by the hospital cancer registry, which is linked to the Osaka Cancer Registry. Results A total of 124 patients (95%) were completely followed-up. Two patients (1.5%) died of gastric cancer and 26 died of other causes during the mean observation period of 58 months. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 84% and 64%, respectively. The disease-specific 5- and 10-year survival rates were 99% and 99%. Conclusion En bloc EMR ensured an excellent prognosis, and should be the first choice of treatment in patients with small differentiated mucosal EGC. Careful histological examination and longterm endoscopic surveillance are important.     

Metachronous gastric cancers after endoscopic resection: how effective is annual endoscopic surveillance?

Background Endoscopic resection (ER) has been widely accepted in Japan as a less invasive treatment for early gastric cancer, but the incidence of subsequent metachronous gastric cancer (MGC) and the appropriate endoscopic follow-up interval after ER have not been determined as yet. In this study, we investigated the incidence of MGC after ER and assessed our annual endoscopic surveillance program after ER. Methods We studied the clinicopathological features of 633 consecutive ER patients (575 with a single lesion and 58 with synchronous multiple lesions) treated at our institution from 1987 through 2002, after excluding 158 patients who underwent additional surgery due to noncurative ERs, 180 patients whose surveillance periods were less than 1 year, 1 patient with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, and 1 patient with gastric tube cancer. We defined a second cancer found within 1 year after ER as “synchronous” and a second cancer found after 1 year as “metachronous.” Results First MGCs had an overall incidence of 8.2% (52 out of 633 patients); the annual incidence was constant, and the cumulative 3-year incidence was 5.9%. The average time to the discovery of a first MGC after the initial ER was 3.1 ± 1.7 years (range, 1–8.6 years). Almost all first MGCs (96.2%, 50 out of 52 lesions) were treated curatively with repeat ER. Conclusion In order to detect MGC at a stage early enough for a curative repeat ER, an annual endoscopic surveillance program is both practical and effective for post-ER patients.     

胃镜诊断残胃癌与复发癌

本文报道我院自1978～1987年,胃镜检查1075人次,发现残胃癌35例.占残胃检查数的3.25％,其中原发性残胃癌15例,复发癌16例,“残留癌”4例。作者强调,为减少残胃癌应严格掌握对年轻人十二指肠溃疡的手术指征和术后残胃定期检查的必要性。     

Adequate endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer obtained from the dissecting microscopic features of the resected specimens

Background. We have employed endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), using a cap-fitted panendoscope (EMRC), for early gastric cancer since 1992. The presence of an adequate surgical margin is a requirement because of the radicality of EMR, and dissecting microscopic examination is useful in regard to the diagnosis of spread of the disease. Methods. To devise an adequate method of EMR that allows no lateral residue, we examined gastric mucosal specimens obtained by EMRC. One hundred and sixty-seven specimens from 97 lesions in 85 patients treated by EMRC were examined in regard to characteristic features, the recovery of marks made around the lesion, and the frequency of residue, and comparisons were made between the dissecting microscopic and histopathological findings. Results. The first specimen obtained with a large cap under full suction was a circular shape measuring 21 × 19 mm. The second specimen from fractionated resection was a half-moon or crescent shape, and the third specimen had a ginkgo leaf-like or irregular shape. In the elevated lesions, coincidence regarding the spread, as determined by dissecting microscopy and histopathology, was present in 62 (93%) of the 67 lesions. In 16 (53%) of 30 flat or depressed lesions, there was a difference of 2 to 5 mm between the spread determined by these two examinations. Conclusion. It is important to place an adequate number of marks around the lesion and recover all marks by resection. When an elevated lesion measures 15 mm or more, and a flat or depressed lesion is not clearly demarcated, aggressive use of planned fractionated resection seems to be the best way to prevent a lateral residue in EMR. Received: February 1, 2001 / Accepted: July 3, 2001     

Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer

The purpose of this review is to examine recent advances in the techniques and technologies of endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer (EGC). Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of EGC, with negligible risk of lymph node metastasis, is a standard technique in Japan and is increasingly becoming accepted and regularly used in Western countries. EMR is a minimally invasive technique which is safe, convenient, and efficacious; however, it is insufficient when treating larger lesions. The evidence suggests that difficulties with the correct assessment of depth of tumor invasion lead to an increase in local recurrence with standard EMR when lesions are larger than 15 mm. A major factor contributing to this increase in local recurrence relates to lesions being excised piecemeal due to the technical limitations of standard EMR. A new development in endoscopic techniques is to dissect directly along the submucosal layer — a procedure called endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). This allows the en-bloc resection of larger lesions. ESD is not necessarily limited by lesion size and it is predicted to replace conventional surgery in dealing with certain stages of ECG. However, it still has a higher complication rate when compared to standard EMR, and it requires high levels of endoscopic skill and experience. Endoscopic techniques, indications, pathological assessment, and methods of endoscopic resection of EGC need to be established for carrying out appropriate treatment and for the collation of long-term outcome data.     

Correction to “Efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection in treatment of small gastric stromal tumors: A state-of-the-art review”

We corrected the name of our institution in this study. The correct name should be “"Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China".