IL-21在滤泡辅助性T细胞分化发育及功能中的作用

抗原刺激B细胞产生抗体需要T细胞辅助,近年来人们逐渐认识到一个命名为滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)的CD4+T细胞亚群在B细胞诱导的免疫应答中具有重要作用.Tfh细胞的主要特征包括表达趋化因子受体与(CXCR5),迁移定位于B细胞滤泡辅助B细胞产生抗体.Tfh细胞产生的细胞因子IL-21能够促进B细胞分化为抗体形成细胞,这种辅助性细胞因子在Tfh细胞的分化发育、效应发挥及Tfh细胞功能失调相关的疾病中具有重要意义.     

滤泡辅助性T细胞与自身免疫病

滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)是近年来被确认的新的CD4~+辅助性T细胞亚群,主要功能是刺激B细胞增殖、分化和辅助B细胞产生相应抗体以及诱导生发中心(GC)形成。Tfh发育或功能异常会诱发异常的体液免疫引起自身免疫病发生。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞的研究进展

滤泡辅助性T细胞（Tfh）是最近发现的CD4^＋辅助性T淋巴细胞亚群,其作用是辅助B细胞的抗体产生.其发生、分化和功能均独立于以往的Th1、Th2和Th17细胞,是体液免疫反应的关键.转录因子Bcl-6和Blimp-1在Tfh细胞的分化中起着关键的、相互拮抗的作用,调节趋化因子受体、表面分子和细胞因子等表达,这些因子对Tfh细胞募集和B细胞辅助功能非常重要.     

IL-21在滤泡辅助性T细胞分化发育及功能中的作用

抗原刺激B细胞产生抗体需要T细胞辅助,近年来人们逐渐认识到一个命名为滤泡辅助性T细胞（Tfh）的CD4^＋T细胞亚群在B细胞诱导的免疫应答中具有重要作用。Tfh细胞的主要特征包括表达趋化因子受体与（CXCR5）,迁移定位于B细胞滤泡辅助B细胞产生抗体。Tfh细胞产生的细胞因子IL-21能够促进B细胞分化为抗体形成细胞,这种辅助性细胞因子在Tfh细胞的分化发育、效应发挥及Tfh细胞功能失调相关的疾病中具有重要意义。     

滤泡辅助T细胞的分化和功能及其在疾病中的作用

CD4~+辅助T(Th)细胞在抗原的刺激下会分化为不同的效应T细胞亚群。体液免疫应答具有很好的持久性,持久性的维持依赖于一群特殊的CD4~+T细胞提供辅助,即滤泡辅助性T(Tfh)细胞。树突状细胞(DC)提呈抗原并促进活化的Tfh前体细胞迁移到B细胞滤泡区域分化为成熟的Tfh细胞,辅助生发中心(GC)形成以及浆细胞和记忆性B细胞的分化,从而形成完整的体液免疫应答。Tfh细胞分化和功能上的失调均会导致多种疾病的发生。本文主要从Tfh细胞分化、功能以及在疾病中的作用三个方面对Tfh细胞的研究进展进行阐述。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞及其与自身免疫性疾病关系的研究进展

滤泡辅助性T(Tfh)细胞是一类新的CD4+T细胞亚群,主要功能是辅助B细胞参与体液免疫。与其他亚群的CD4+T细胞如Th1、Th2和Th17细胞相比,对于Tfh细胞的发育过程及其功能的了解还不是很清楚;此外,对于人体中Tfh细胞的发育以及与自身免疫性疾病的关系也不是很清楚。然而,近几年来通过对系统性红斑狼疮小鼠模型以及患有系统性自身免疫性疾病的患者的研究表明Tfh细胞对致病性自身抗体的产生发挥着重要调控作用。本文主要综述了Tfh细胞的发育、功能以及Tfh细胞异常与自身免疫性疾病的关系。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞分化及其在HIV感染中的变化

T细胞辅助B细胞是适应性免疫和免疫记忆生成的基础.滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)是辅助B细胞的主要T细胞亚群,其主要转录因子为Bcl6.Tfh细胞的明显特征为表达CXCR5、程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)、IL-21和ICOS,同时Blimp-1表达下调.在HIV-1慢性感染过程中Tfh细胞累积增多,从而导致B细胞调节异常,发生功能性改变,这可能是HIV-1逃避体液免疫应答的根源.     

滤泡辅助性T细胞及其可塑性的研究进展

初始T细胞受到抗原刺激后,在不同细胞因子的调控下,分化成不同的CD4+T细胞亚群,主要包括Th1、Th2、Th17、Treg和Tfh细胞。滤泡辅助性T细胞(follicular helper T cell,Tfh)是一类新的CD4+T细胞亚群,参与生发中心(germinal center,GC)形成,促使B细胞分化成浆细胞和记忆B细胞,进而在产生抗体的过程中发挥着重要作用。研究发现,Tfh细胞与其他辅助性T细胞在表达转录因子和产生细胞因子上具有重叠性,并且具有向其他CD4+T细胞亚群分化的潜能。本文主要综述Tfh细胞分化的相关分子以及表现Tfh细胞可塑性的证据。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞在器官移植免疫中的研究进展

滤泡辅助性T(Tfh)细胞是从人类扁桃体中发现的一类辅助性T(Th)细胞,Tfh细胞通过分泌白细胞介素21(IL-21)促进B细胞分化为浆母细胞,产生免疫球蛋白并促进生发中心形成。抗体介导的体液排异反应是移植物功能丧失的重要原因,而抗体的产生有赖于Tfh细胞的辅助,并且IL-21受体的抑制剂抑制Tfh细胞和B细胞在同种异体反应中的功能。本文将对近年来Tfh细胞在分化、亚型及器官移植中在抗体介导的排异反应中的作用进行综述,并推测其在未来移植后发生体液免疫排异患者中的意义。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞与淋巴瘤关系的研究进展

滤泡辅助性T细胞(follicular helper T cells,TFH)是近年来发现的一种新的辅助T细胞亚群,由Schaerli等[1]首先报道了一个定位于淋巴滤泡、具有辅助B细胞功能、表型为CXCR5+ CD40L+ ICOS+的T细胞亚群,称为滤泡B辅助性T细胞.此后经过大量研究,直到最近TFH才被正式确定[2].目前认为TFH是一种具有独特功能的新的辅助T细胞亚群,TFH稳定表达趋化因子受体(CXCR)5,使之迁移至淋巴滤泡,与B淋巴细胞相互作用,并辅助B淋巴细胞产生抗体,同时TFH高表达白细胞介素(IL)-21、ICOS、bcl-6.目前证实血管免疫母细胞T细胞淋巴瘤(AITL)来源于TFH,而且TFH与滤泡性淋巴瘤微环境密切相关,无疑TFH与某些淋巴瘤关系的发现和证实是近年来淋巴瘤研究的一个重要进展.本文对于TFH与淋巴瘤发生之间的研究进展做一综述.     

TFH：抗体免疫应答的真正辅助者

T细胞辅助B细胞产生抗体是胸腺依赖抗原诱导体液免疫应答的一种基本方式。以往的观念认为,在该过程中发挥关键作用的是Th2细胞,但是最近一群新的T细胞亚群：TFH的发现可能改变了这一概念。TFH是一群属于CD4^＋T细胞的新的细胞亚群,在其分化发育过程中,IL-21发挥了关键作用,成熟的TFH细胞定位于生发中心,表面特异性标志为CD4^＋CXCR5^＋,可分泌IL-21等多种细胞因子。其中IL-21在自身免疫病、免疫缺陷病及肿瘤中都起重要的作用。TFH细胞的发现丰富了人们对CD4^＋T细胞亚群的认识,拓展了对各种免疫性疾病的发病机制的认识。     

Understanding the development and function of T follicular helper cells

A fundamental function of T helper (Th) cells is to regulate B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin class switching, especially in the germinal centers. Th1 and Th2 lineages of CD4⁺ T cells have long been considered to play an essential role in helping B cells by promoting the production immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG1/IgE, respectively. Recently, it has become clear that a subset CD4⁺ T cells, named T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, is critical to B-cell response induction. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the regulation of Tfh cell differentiation, the relationship of Tfh cells to other CD4⁺ T-cell lineages, and the role of Tfh cells in health and disease.     

A fundamental role for interleukin-21 in the generation of T follicular helper cells

T cell help to B cells is a fundamental property of adaptive immunity, yet only recently have many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of T cell help emerged. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the CD4(+) T helper cells that provide cognate help to B cells for high-affinity antibody production in germinal centers (GC). Tfh cells produce interleukin-21 (IL-21), and we show that IL-21 was necessary for GC formation. However, the central role of IL-21 in GC formation reflected its effects on Tfh cell generation rather than on B cells. Expression of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) was necessary for optimal production of IL-21, indicative of interplay between these two Tfh cell-expressed molecules. Finally, we demonstrate that IL-21's costimulatory capacity for T helper cell differentiation operated at the level of the T cell receptor signalosome through Vav1, a signaling molecule that controls T cell helper function. This study reveals a previously unappreciated role for Tfh cells in the formation of the GC and isotype switching through a CD4(+) T cell-intrinsic requirement for IL-21.     

Differentiation of follicular helper T cells by salivary gland epithelial cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome

Follicular helper T cells (Tfh), which play a pivotal role in B cell activation and differentiation in lymphoid structures, secrete IL-21 whose augmented secretion is a hallmark of several autoimmune diseases. To decipher the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in salivary glands of patients suffering from primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), we investigated whether salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) were capable to induce Tfh differentiation. Co-cultures of naïve CD4⁺ T cells and SGECs from both patients with pSS and controls were performed. Here, we report that IL-6 and ICOSL expression by SGECs contributes to naïve CD4⁺ T differentiation into Tfh cells, as evidenced by their acquisition of a specific phenotype, characterized by Bcl-6, ICOS and CXCR5 expression and IL-21 secretion, but also but by their main functional feature: the capacity to enhance B lymphocytes survival. We demonstrated an increase of serum IL-21 with systemic activity. Finally, we analyzed the potential occurrence of a genetic association between IL-21 or IL-21R gene polymorphisms and pSS or elevated IL-21 secretion. This study, which demonstrates a direct induction of Tfh differentiation by SGECs, emphasizes a yet unknown pathogenic role of SGECs and suggests that Tfh and IL-21 might be relevant biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in primary Sjögren's syndrome.     

Increased CD4+CXCR5+T follicular helper cells in diabetic nephropathy

Background: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are known to regulate humoral immune response. In this study we examined the correlation of different subsets of peripheral blood Tfh cells in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: A total of 23 DN patients and 15 healthy controls (HC) were investigated for various subsets of Tfh cells by flow cytometry. The molecules ICOS⁺, PD-1⁺, CD28⁺, CD154⁺, IL-21⁺, IFN-γ⁺, IL-4⁺, IL-17⁺ Tfh cells were examined. The subsets of B cells were investigated by flow cytometry. The levels of 24?h urinary protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. A potential correlation between the number of different subsets of Tfh cells, B cells and DN, was assessed. Results: The circulating CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺, PD-1⁺CD154⁺, PD-1⁺CD28⁺, PD-1⁺IL-21⁺, PD-1⁺IL-4⁺, PD-1⁺-IL-17⁺-Tfh cell counts, CD38⁺CD19⁺, CD38⁺CD19⁺CD40⁺ B cells and plasma levels of IL-21 were significantly increased in DN patients (p?+CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cell counts negatively correlated with eGFR; Tfh cell counts positively correlated with 24?h urinary protein concentration in DN patients. Post-treatment, there was a significant reduction in the CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cell counts and its subsets, with a corresponding decrease in plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-17A (p?Conclusion: An increased number of CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cells were observed in DN patients, which may be new targets for intervention in DN.