丹参酮ⅡA诱导人肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡

目的探讨丹参酮ⅡA(TanshinoneⅡA,TanⅡA)抗人肺腺癌A549作用及其可能作用机制。方法通过细胞形态学和MTT法观察TanⅡA对A549细胞增殖的影响;应用Hoechest33258和PI双染法观察细胞凋亡;采用荧光分光光度计检测细胞内钙及线粒体膜电位;RT-PCR检测Bad和MT-1A mRNA的表达。结果 TanⅡA能抑制A549细胞增殖,且随TanⅡA剂量的增加和作用时间的延长而增强,TanⅡA作用A549细胞24、48和72h的IC50分别为117.85、14.87和6.89μmol·L-1。TanⅡA作用A549细胞24h后,A549细胞出现染色质聚集等典型的凋亡形态学改变,且随TanⅡA剂量的增加,A549细胞凋亡百分率逐渐增大。TanⅡA作用后,A549细胞的细胞内钙升高、线粒体膜电位降低、Bad mRNA表达增加、MT-1A mRNA表达下调。结论 TanⅡA具有抗A549作用,其诱导细胞凋亡可能与钙依赖性通路和MT-1A表达下调有关。     

钙调素拮抗剂O-(4-乙氧基-丁基)-小檗胺对人白血病细胞K562和K562/A02生长的抑制作用

目的研究钙调素拮抗剂O-(4-乙氧基-丁基)-小檗胺(EBB)体外抗白血病作用及机制。方法四唑盐(MTT)比色法评价EBB的细胞毒作用;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;荧光分光光度计检测细胞ROS水平;激光共聚焦显微镜检测[Ca2+]i含量。结果EBB明显抑制敏感K562和耐药K562/A02细胞增殖,IC50分别为(8.22±1.67)mol.L-1和(8.97±1.48)mol.L-1。EBB作用早期诱导凋亡,晚期引起坏死。K562/A02细胞的ROS静息值是K562细胞的2倍,EBB诱导两种细胞ROS生成呈浓度和时间依赖性,加入SOD明显降低坏死率。K562/A02细胞的[Ca2+]i低于K562细胞。EBB能明显增加两种细胞的[Ca2+]i。结论EBB明显抑制K562和K562/A02细胞增殖。信号分子Ca2+、ROS参与了EBB的细胞毒作用。     

α-维尼非林经线粒体凋亡途径诱导K562细胞凋亡

目的旨在研究α-维尼非林(α-viniferin)对人慢性髓系白血病细胞K562的作用与相关机制。方法 MTT法评价α-viniferin对K562细胞的细胞毒活性。采用细胞形态学和生物化学方法检测细胞凋亡。通过化学荧光法对细胞内线粒体膜电位、caspase-9、caspase-3活性分析。通过半定量RT-PCR表达分析来确定Bcl-2家族相关基因在α-viniferin诱导K562细胞凋亡中的作用。结果α-viniferin能抑制K562细胞增殖,呈剂量和时间依赖性,IC50为13.61 mg·L-1。α-viniferin引起K562细胞出现死亡并伴随有染色质聚集、核破碎、凋亡小体等典型的凋亡形态学特征;此外还伴随有线粒体膜电位显著降低,caspase-9、caspase-3活性升高等现象;α-viniferin(2~32 mg·L-1)引起K562细胞caspase-3 mRNA表达持续升高,Bax、Bad、Bim、Bid促凋亡基因mRNA表达增加,而Bcl-2、Bcl-xL抗凋亡基因mRNA表达持续下降。结论α-viniferin通过线粒体途径诱导K562细胞凋亡。     

BAPTA-AM对MDCK细胞的保护作用及其机制

目的观察BAPTA-AM抗D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)诱导MDCK细胞损伤作用,探讨其作用机制。方法采用MTT法,Annexin V-EGFP/PI与Hoechst33342/PI荧光染色,罗丹明123(Rhodamine 123)荧光染色,Caspase-8、Caspase-9活性测定及钙离子载体A23187诱导细胞内高钙等方法,分别测定D-GalN攻击下MDCK细胞活性,细胞凋亡状况,线粒体膜电位(△Ψm)、Caspase-8、Caspase-9活性和细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca2+]i)变化等。结果 BAPTA-AM能明显抑制D-GalN所致的细胞活力下降、减少细胞凋亡、维持△Ψm,抑制Caspase-8、Caspase-9的激活,减轻A23187所致细胞损伤,降低[Ca2+]i。结论 BAPTA-AM通过减轻钙超载,保护线粒体、抑制外源及内源性凋亡通路的激活,发挥抗肾细胞凋亡作用。     

2-苯基-3,4-噻二唑[3,2-α]并嘧啶-7-酮对宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖、凋亡及相关因子表达的影响

目的研究新化学合成药物2-苯基-3,4-噻二唑[3,2-α]并嘧啶-7-酮(TPh)对宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖、凋亡及相关因子表达的作用。方法MTT法检测空白对照组和不同浓度TPh(0.6、0.4、0.2、0.1和0.05μmol·mL^-1)组培养24、48、72 h后对HeLa细胞增殖的作用,流式细胞术检测TPh对HeLa细胞周期的影响,Annexin-V FITC/PI双染检测TPh对HeLa细胞凋亡的影响,JC-1染色观察TPh对HeLa细胞线粒体膜电位的影响,Western blotting法检测凋亡相关因子表达情况。结果与空白对照组相比,TPh组Hela细胞增殖被显著抑制,HeLa细胞G0/G1期比例增加、G2/M期比例减少,HeLa细胞线粒体膜电位降低,HeLa细胞caspase-3、caspase-8、caspase-9表达增加、凋亡细胞比率增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),且呈剂量依赖性趋势。结论TPh可抑制宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖,并促进凋亡,这可能与其激活细胞内源性和外源性凋亡途径有关。     

人参炔醇对大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制作用及机制

目的观察人参炔醇(panaxynol,PNN)对大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞(RASMC)增殖的抑制作用及机制。方法由细胞计数、[3H]TdR参入试验确定细胞增殖率,采用分子探针Fura-3/AM及共聚焦显微镜检测胞内游离Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]i),RT-PCR方法观察线粒体转录因子1(m tTF1)mRNA的表达。结果PNN以浓度依赖方式抑制血清及PDGF-BB诱导的RASMC增殖和DNA合成;9μmol.L-1PNN预处理RASMC能抑制PDGF-BB引起的[Ca2+]i升高;PDGF-BB上调RASMC m tTF1 mRNA表达,该作用可被3、9μmol.L-1的PNN抑制。结论PNN具有抗RASMC增殖作用,该作用与降低[Ca2+]i和抑制m tTF1 mRNA表达有关。     

高浓度17β-雌二醇诱导巨噬细胞凋亡

目的　考察高浓度 17β 雌二醇 (E2 )对巨噬细胞的影响。方法　用Hoechst332 5 8进行染色质荧光染色 ;扫描电子显微镜观察细胞形态 ;激光共聚焦显微镜检测胞质内钙离子浓度 [Ca2 + ]i 及线粒体膜电位。结果　荧光染色及扫描电镜显示E2 (≥ 1μmol·L-1)作用后巨噬细胞出现多种凋亡表现。E2 1μmol·L-1作用后 ,细胞 [Ca2 + ]i 明显升高 ,且有剧烈的波动。E2 1μmol·L-1使线粒体膜电位下降。结论　高浓度的E2 (≥ 1μmol·L-1)能诱导巨噬细胞的凋亡 ,并且与[Ca2 + ]i 的变化及线粒体膜电位的下降有关     

啤酒花中四氢异葎草酮诱导HepG-2细胞凋亡的机制研究

目的:研究啤酒花(Humulus Lupulus L.)中成分四氢异葎草酮(Tetrahydro-isohumulone)对肿瘤细胞HepG-2生长抑制及诱导凋亡的作用.方法:MIT法检测四氢异葎草酮对HepG-2细胞体外增殖抑制的影响;流式细胞仪分析四氢异荐草酮对HepG-2细胞的凋亡率、线粒体膜电位和活性氧生成;激光共聚焦显微镜测定细胞内[Ca2 ]i.结果:四氢异荐草酮对HepG-2的增殖具有较强的生长抑制作用,IC50为6.76μg/mL;0、5、10、20μg/mL剂量的四氢异葎草酮作用HepG-2细胞48h细胞凋亡率分别为0.1%、24.1%、69.9%,84.1%,同时线粒体膜电位降低,细胞内活性氧含量升高,细胞内[Ca2 ]i随给药剂量增加而升高.结论:四氢异葎草酮对HepG-2具有较强的生长抑制作用,并且能够诱导HepG一2细胞凋亡,其机制可能是通过升高细胞内Ca2 浓度使线粒体膜通透性增加,进而导致细胞凋亡.     

铁树提取物对人肺腺癌细胞凋亡的诱导及相关机制的初步研究

目的探讨中药铁树提取物(Cvcas revolute Thunb extracts,CTE)对人肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响及其相关机制.方法应用四氮唑盐(MTT)法观察CTE对A549细胞增殖的影响,采用Gimsa染色和吖啶橙(AO)/澳化乙锭(EB)荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态学变化;流式细胞术和琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法检测A549细胞凋亡、细胞周期变化;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测凋亡基因Bcl-2,Bax和Caspase-3 mRNA水平表达的变化.结果CTE可以抑制A549细胞增殖.经CTE作用后,A549细胞出现明显的细胞凋亡形态学变化;细胞DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈现特征性的DNA降解梯形条带;A549细胞被阻滞在G2-M期,细胞凋亡率可达34.37％.CTE可抑制A549细胞Bcl-2和Caspase-3mRNA的表达,促进Bax mRNA的表达.结论CTE能明显诱导A549细胞凋亡,其机制之一可能是改变与凋亡相关基因的表达.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.