松果菊属3种药用植物的DNA分子鉴别研究

目的：对松果菊属3种药用植物进行DNA指纹图谱鉴别，筛选出稳定的鉴别引物。方法：RAPD。结果：共筛选随机引物160个，3种松果菊中，狭叶松果菊与淡紫松果菊的RAPD图谱极其相似，难以区分。最终仅筛选得到一个可用于鉴别的随机引物H07。结论：引物H07可用于3种松果菊的原植物与药材鉴别，狭叶松果菊与淡紫松果菊具有明显较近的亲缘关系。     

紫花松果菊性状及组织显微鉴别

对紫花松果菊进行了生药性状及组织显微特征鉴别。     

松果菊挥发油的化学成分研究

目的：分析松果菊挥发油的化学成分。方法：用GC-MS进行定性和定量分析。结果：从松果菊根挥发油中共分离出了24个成分，鉴定出了16个化合物。主要成分为烯类（3.21%)、烷类（30.1%)、酸类（3.27%)，其中甲基十六烷含量最高为28.15%。9,12-十八碳二烯酸单甘油酯、9，12，15-十八碳三烯酸单甘油酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为首次在该属植物中鉴定出。结论：为松果菊挥发油成分的系统分析提供了资料，特别是为我国松果菊质量研究及开发应用提供了参考资料。     

Cytotoxic effects of Echinacea root hexanic extracts on human cancer cell lines

Echinacea is one of the most widely used alternative medicine in the world. Intake of Echinacea preparations is common among patients with advanced malignancies enrolled onto phase I chemotherapy trials; however, to our knowledge, no data are available regarding the possible direct effect of Echinacea species on human cancer cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate potential in vitro cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic properties of hexanic root extract of the three medicinal Echinacea (Asteraceae) species (Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.) on the human pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 and colon cancer COLO320 cell lines. We demonstrated, for the first time, that all the three species reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; Echinacea pallida was the most active species with IC(50)s of 46.41+/-0.87 and 10.55+/-0.70 microg/ml in MIA PaCa-2 and COLO320 cells, respectively. Echinacea pallida extract was able to induce apoptosis by increasing significantly caspase 3/7 activity and promoting nuclear DNA fragmentation. These results represent the starting point to establish viable scientific evidence on the possible role of Echinacea species in medical oncology.     

Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activity of Echinacea pallida Nutt. root extract.

Among the different species belonging to the Echinacea family, largely used in traditional medicine, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia were investigated. These different species, due to their difficult identification, were commonly confused in the past and probably used indifferently for the same therapeutic purposes. In fact, the three species have in common, some pharmacological activities, based on the presence of active compounds that act additively and synergistically. Nevertheless, the composition of each species has slight variation in the amount of each active component. In particular, echinacoside, a caffeoyl derivative, is present in E. pallida and only in traces in E. angustifolia. It seems to have protective effects on skin connective tissue and to enhance wound healing. The anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of echinacoside, compared with the ones of the total root extract of E. pallida and E. angustifolia, were examined in rats, after topical application. The tissues of the treated animals were evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 h treatment and excised for histological observation at the end of the experiment. Results confirm the good anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of E. pallida and of its constituent echinacoside, with respect to E. purpurea and control. This activity probably resides in the antihyaluronidase activity of echinacoside.     

引种紫锥菊干燥方法的研究

目的:研究引种紫锥菊药材的最佳干燥方法。方法:分别采用晒干、阴干、烘干的方法对紫锥菊药材进行干燥,比较不同干燥方法处理的紫锥菊植株内菊苣酸和总多酚含量。结果:不同干燥方法对菊苣酸含量影响最大的为叶;地上部位中菊苣酸和总多酚含量从高到低均为:晒干>阴干>烘干;根部以阴干法菊苣酸含量最高。结论:为有效成分最大提取量与成本最低化,建议药材分为地上与地下两部分别干燥处理,并且地上部分采用晒干法,地下部分采用阴干法。     

快速制备液相色谱分离紫锥菊中咖啡酰基酒石酸、菊苣酸和松果菊苷

目的建立快速制备液相色谱高效、快速分离制备紫锥菊中的主要成分咖啡酰基酒石酸、菊苣酸和松果菊苷的工艺。方法通过调节紫锥菊浸膏水溶液的pH,分别以乙酸乙酯萃取,得中性乙酸乙酯层1(F1)和酸性乙酸乙酯层2(F2),然后,采用快速制备液相色谱分别对两个乙酸乙酯层进行分离,得到3个化合物。结果 %经UV、IR、MS和NMR鉴定,HPLC测定纯度,3个化合物分别为咖啡酰基酒石酸(99.51%)、菊苣酸(98.02%)和松果菊苷(96.30%)。结论通过调节pH预处理和采用快速制备液相色谱从紫锥菊中分离纯化咖啡酰基酒石酸、菊苣酸和松果菊苷的方法简便、快速,所得产物纯度较高,可用于对照品的制备。     

我国引种药用植物紫锥菊研究进展

紫锥菊全草药用价值广泛,在欧美颇负盛名。上世纪90年代始引种我国。从栽培学、化学成分、质量评价和药理活性方面综述了紫锥菊引种至我国10余年来的研究成果,为紫锥菊在我国进一步的开发应用提供理论依据。     

Echinacea extracts modulate the pattern of chemokine and cytokine secretion in rhinovirus-infected and uninfected epithelial cells

Extracts of Echinacea purpurea are among the most widely used herbal medicines throughout Europe and North America for the prevention or treatment of common cold, coughs, bronchitis and other upper respiratory infections. Popular preparations include expressed juice from the aerial parts of the plant (which contain polysaccharides) and alcoholic tinctures from roots (containing caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides). Since immune modulation has been reported for similar extracts, cytokine antibody arrays were used to investigate the changes in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines released from a cultured line of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to Rhinovirus 14 and two different chemically characterized Echinacea extracts. Virus infection stimulated the release of at least 31 cytokine-related molecules, including several important chemokines known to attract inflammatory cells. Most of these effects were reversed by simultaneous exposure to either of the two Echinacea extracts, although the patterns of response were different for the two extracts. These results could explain the antiinflammatory properties of Echinacea extracts. Furthermore, a number of these cytokines were stimulated by the same Echinacea preparations in uninfected cells. These observations therefore provide support for the alleged beneficial uses of Echinacea extracts.     

Echinacea purpurea and P-glycoprotein drug transport in Caco-2 cells

Echinacea is widely used as a medical herbal product, but its interaction potential with the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has not yet been evaluated. The interaction potential of Echinacea purpurea towards P-gp mediated drug transport was studied in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Digoxin (30 nm) was used as a substrate and verapamil as a control inhibitor. Ethanol, 0.8%, needed for herbal extraction and compatibility with the commercial products, inhibited the net digoxin flux by 18%. E. purpurea influenced to a higher degree the B-A transport of digoxin than the A-B transport. A minor increase in net digoxin flux was observed at low concentrations of E. purpurea, an effect anticipated to be allosteric in nature. At higher concentrations, from 0.4 to 6.36 mg dry weight/mL, a statistically significant linear dose-related decrease was observed in the net digoxin flux, indicating a dose dependent E. purpurea inhibition of P-gp. Both Vmax and Km of the net digoxin flux, calculated to 23.7 nmol/cm2/h and 385 microm, respectively, decreased in the presence of E. purpurea in an uncompetitive fashion. Although the effects of Echinacea purpurea on systemic P-gp mediated drug transport are probably limited, an influence on drug bioavailability can not be excluded.     

Macrophage activating effects of new alkamides from the roots of Echinacea species

Chemical investigation of the roots of Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida yielded two new alkamides, identified by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with reported alkamides. The new compounds were dodeca-2Z,4E,10Z-trien-8-ynoic acid isobutylamide (1) from E. angustifolia and dodeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide (2) from E. purpurea and E. pallida. These two components, as well as previously identified alkamides, exerted inhibition on LPS-mediated activation of a murine macrophage line, RAW264.7. These data suggest that these alkamides may have anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity of these alkamides using MTT assays was also investigated.     

引种紫锥菊不同部位有效成分含量的动态测定

目的:研究引种紫锥菊中有效成分的动态积累规律。方法:分别采用HPLC和比色法测定紫锥菊生长过程中不同部位菊苣酸和总多酚含量。结果:一年生紫锥菊中总多酚含量变化不大,不同时期不同部位的菊苣酸含量存在差异,各部位菊苣酸含量在盛花期达最大值。结论:紫锥菊采收期取决于菊苣酸含量。研究结果可为山东引种紫锥菊提供理论依据。     

紫锥菊中菊苣酸的提取工艺和含量测定

目的:优选紫锥菊药材地上部分的提取工艺,建立菊苣酸的含量测定方法。方法:择L9(34)正交表安排试验,以有效成分菊苣酸的含量为指标优选工艺参数。结果:紫锥菊的最佳提取工艺为12倍量60%乙醇提取3次,每次1.5 h。菊苣酸线性范围在0.011～1.100 mg,r=0.999 8,平均回收率99.51%(RSD=1.01%,n=6)。结论:工艺稳定、可行,适合工业化生产;含量测定方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于控制紫锥菊的质量。     

Polysaccharides isolated from Echinacea purpurea herba cell cultures to counteract undesired effects of chemotherapy--a pilot study

In an open prospective study with matched historical controls we aimed to evaluate whether a polysaccharide fraction isolated from the herb Echinacea purpurea could counteract the undesired effects of chemotherapy. Fifteen patients with advanced gastric cancer undergoing palliative chemotherapy with etoposide, leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil (ELF) received for 10 days (beginning 3 days before chemotherapy) daily i.v. injections of 2 mg of a polysaccharide fraction isolated from Echinacea purpurea herb cell cultures (EPS-EPO VIIa). The median number of leukocytes 14-16 days after chemotherapy was 3630/microL (range 1470-5770) in the patients receiving EPS-EPO VIIa compared with 2370/microL (870-3950) in the patients of the historical control group (p = 0.015). EPS-EPO VIIa had no clinically relevant effects on phagocytic activity of granulocytes or on lymphocyte subpopulations. Sixty-eight adverse events including two deaths were observed, most likely due to chemotherapy and the general condition of the patients. However, an association with the test intervention cannot be ruled out completely. The results of this pilot study suggest that EPS-EPO VIIa might be effective in reducing chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. The efficacy and safety should be investigated in further studies.     

外来植物药紫锥菊文献研究及其“中药化”理论探讨

该文通过查阅外来植物药紫锥菊国内外研究文献,从中医药理论的角度探讨紫锥菊的中药性能与功用,使其实现"中药化",为紫锥菊的临床正确应用与合理配伍提供中医药理论依据,并拓宽临床选用中药的范围和种类。选取PubMed及中国知网(CNKI)文献数据库中紫锥菊相关文献,从临床应用、化学成分、药理作用、毒副作用等方面进行分类,筛选出诸多可信度高的文献,其中英文文献313篇、中文文献46篇,最后结合中医基础理论进行分析。笔者认为,紫锥菊,味辛、苦,性凉,归肺、脾、心经;功效:疏散风热,清热解毒,益气扶正,可用于风热感冒,咽喉肿痛,咳嗽;热毒壅滞,疮痈肿毒,红肿热痛,体虚多病,乏力倦怠等。分析紫锥菊的研究文献,使其"中药化",赋予其中药性能与功用,为进一步动物实验和临床研究奠定基础,为紫锥菊更好地应用于临床及恰当配伍、合理应用提供科学的理论指导。这一研究模式,也将为更多的外来植物药的"中药化"研究提供借鉴,洋为中用,丰富我国中药资源宝库,促进中医药事业健康、可持续发展。     

不同采收期紫锥菊产量及菊苣酸动态变化研究

目的研究不同采收期紫锥菊质量和产量的变化。方法通过对不同采收期的紫锥菊进行产量测定和物候期观察,并采用HPLC法对紫锥菊中的菊苣酸进行动态变化研究。结果一年生紫锥菊地上部分的产量以11月2日(果熟期)采收的最高,比盛花期产量高38.3%,地下部分产量以9月15日(盛花期)采收的最高,从9月15日到11月2日地下部分产量有少量的降低,但变化不大;地上部分菊苣酸量从7月10日(蕾前期)到9月27日(盛花期)变化不大,但从9月27日到10月20日(果期)有一个降低的过程,从10月20日到11月2日又有所回升,地下部分菊苣酸量变化趋势与地上相似;两年生紫锥菊产量及菊苣酸量变化与一年生相似,但地下部分产量在果熟期最高,其全株产量是一年生植株的2.7倍。结论广州产紫锥菊以果熟期为最佳采收期,栽种两年比栽种一年更为合理。     

Double‐blind placebo controlled trial of the anxiolytic effects of a standardized Echinacea extract

Earlier studies suggested that specific Echinacea preparations might decrease anxiety. To further study the issue, we performed a double blind, placebo controlled trial with a standardized Echinacea angustifolia root extract. Participants were volunteers scoring above 45 points on the state or on the trait subscale of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). They were treated with 40 mg Echinacea or with placebo tablets twice daily for 7 days followed by a 3 week‐long washout period. Participants were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). In the Echinacea group, state anxiety scores decreased by approximately 11 points by the end of the treatment period, whereas the decrease was around 3‐points in the placebo group (p< 0.01). The effect maintained over the washout period. The difference from placebo was significant from the 7th day of treatment throughout. Changes were less robust with trait anxiety scores, but the preparation performed better than placebo in patients with high baseline anxiety. Neither BDI nor PSS scores were affected by the treatments. Adverse effects were rare and mild, and all were observed in the placebo group. These findings suggest that particular Echinacea preparations have significant beneficial effects on anxiety in humans.     

紫锥菊毛状根诱导及离体培养

 目的 研究紫锥菊毛状根的诱导及活性成分的产生。方法 用发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）A4,R1601,1025感染紫锥菊外植体。结果 紫锥菊外植体被3种发根农杆菌感染后,外植体伤口处均能陆续分化生长出白色的毛状根。A4菌株的诱导效果明显好于其他2种菌株,A4对紫锥菊叶片的毛状根诱导率高达66.7%。紫锥菊毛状根的最佳诱导条件为：发根农杆菌A4,感染时间12 min,菌液A₆₀₀值 0.8,共培养温度24 ℃,共培养时间2 d,预培养时间2 d,培养基pH值6.0,此条件下紫锥菊毛状根的平均诱导率达到54%;对诱导出的毛状根进行PCR检测,证明其确为已转化的毛状根。检测得到紫锥菊毛状根中的多糖含量为15.54%,总酚的含量为2.491%。结论 本实验所建立的紫锥菊毛状根培养系统,为研究紫锥菊毛状根大量培养生产活性成分奠定了基础。     

紫花松果菊亲脂性成分的研究

目的 :分离紫花松果菊的化学成分。方法 :溶剂法和色谱法分离化学成分 ,波谱鉴定其结构。结果 :从地上部分得到 3个化合物 ,1β,6α-二羟基-4(14)桉叶烯(1) ,二十四酸 (4),二十六醇 (5) ;1个混合物 ,(2E ,4E ,8Z ,10E) 异丁基 2 ,4,8,10 十二四烯酰胺 (2 ) ,(2E ,4E ,8Z ,10Z) 异丁基 2 ,4,8,10 十二四烯酰胺 (3)。结论 :化合物1,4和 5为首次从该植物获得。