全髋关节置换术后早期脱位的病因及防治

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术后早期脱位发生的相关因素、预防及治疗。方法：65例112髋行全髋关节置换术病例。年龄36～87，术前诊断42例为股骨头坏死，54例股骨颈骨折，1例为髋关节结核强直20年，5例为强直性脊柱炎，全髋关节返修9例。结果：术后早期脱位4例，脱位率为3．57％。均手法复位后中立位牵引3周治愈，随访无再脱位。结论：术后早期脱位与术者技术水平、术前设计、假体选择与安装以及髋部软组织有关，应该引起人工关节外科医师的高度重视，注意预防与治疗。     

髋关节置换术后翻修原因分析

１９７４年～１９９１年对２６４例老年股骨颈骨折、股骨头缺血坏死、髋关节骨性关节炎患者行髋人工关节置换，其中人工股骨头置换１５０例，全髋关节置换１１４例。术后因假体松动、下沉、脱位，髋臼磨损等原因，引起患者疼痛，功能障碍而行翻修术１５例，翻修率为５．７％，翻修时间为术后５年～１６年，平均７．４年。翻修手术为人工股骨头再置换术３例，全髋关节置换术１２例。翻修术后随访２年～６年，平均４．７年。按Ｊａｃｏｂｓ法评价，优１１例，占７３％；良３例，占２０％；可１例，占７％。翻修原因主要与假体松动、下沉，髋臼磨损，髋臼软骨切取不彻底，臼窝太浅，植入假体时存有血迹等有关。     

陶对陶假体全髋关节置换术后早期脱位原因分析及预防

目的分析陶对陶假体全髋关节置换术后早期脱位原因,并探讨预防假体脱位的有效方法。方法笔者自2008-06—2011-06采用陶对陶假体行全髋关节置换术治疗216例髋关节疾患,观察术后早期假体脱位情况。结果所有患者获得随访平均16.4(1~38)个月。1例术后半年假体脱出,复位后1年假体再次脱出,脱位率0.46%,经闭合复位固定,末次随访未再脱出。结论术前评估患者有无神经、精神疾病及髋部肌力,术中充分考虑髋臼假体对股骨头假体覆盖情况,注意修复关节囊及髋周动力装置。脱位发生后,采用闭合复位固定可获得有效治疗。     

人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位的治疗

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位的治疗方法。方法1997年7月～2004年10月，共收治人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位23例，男9例，女14例；年龄53～79岁。行CT及X线片检查，了解假体松动情况及假体位置，并分析脱位原因。无假体松动者，麻醉下手法复位、行稳定性试验。手法复位成功且稳定者，胫骨结节牵引4～6周。手法复位失败或不稳定者，原入路切开，根据术前及术中情况，调整offset值及部分假体组件。稳定者，关节囊修补，胫骨结节牵引4～6周。仍不稳定或松动者采用翻修手术。结果23例患者，1例松动者采用全髋关节翻修；10例手法复位治疗成功；12例手法复位后不稳定或失败患者中，5例行切开复位关节囊修补，2例采用加长股骨头增加offset值，2例改用防脱位髋臼内衬，1例采用加长股骨头并调整异常髋臼内衬位置，2例仍不稳定者采用全髋关节翻修。患者均获随访1～5年，平均1．9年。均未出现再脱位。术后1年Harris评分72～94分，平均87分。结论人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位，应根据脱位原因和术中稳定情况选择不同的治疗方法。     

陶对陶界面全髋关节置换术后早期脱位

目的探讨现代陶对陶界面人工髋关节术后早期脱位的发生率和影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院骨科2009年6月至2012年12月间行陶对陶的人工髋关节置换术患者192例（212髋）的资料,其中初次行人工髋关节置换术175例（195髋）,人工髋关节翻修17例（17髋）,从股骨头假体的大小和所采用的手术入路以及髋臼的方位三方面,分析对人工髋关节置换术后发生脱位的影响。结果本组患者平均随访28个月（3~42个月）,术后脱位率为0.47%（1/212）,其中初次全髋关节置换术（totalhiparthroplasty,THA）术后脱位率为0,翻修THA术后脱位率为5.89%（1/17）;无骨溶解,无假体松动,无陶瓷破裂等其他并发症。结论现代陶对陶界面THA采用大直径的股骨头、改良Hardinge入路且髋臼位置恰当,可降低人工髋关节置换术后的脱位率。     

人工髋关节置换术后早期脱位原因探讨及防治

目的探讨人工髋关节置换术后髋关节早期脱位的原因和防治措施。方法对本院1996年3月至2005年12月人工髋关节置换术后髋关节早期脱位作回顾性研究，X线评价术后髋关节脱位情况。结果本组63例。术后3～10d内有3例发生人工全髋关节脱位，发生率为4．8％。术后髋关节活动幅度过大，大粗隆骨折致假体柄松动、髋臼假体位置不良各1例。第1例在麻醉下手法复位，第2例需手术复位固定骨折和假体，第3例需重置髋臼假体位置。结论术后髋关节活动幅度过大，大粗隆骨折致假体柄松动、髋臼假体位置不良是人工髋关节置换术后发生髋关节早期脱位的常见原因，正确处理有利于预防髋关节脱位的并发症。     

如何防止髋部神经肌肉病变的髋关节置换术后脱位

[目的]探讨防止髋部神经肌肉病变的髋关节置换术后脱位的方法。[方法]4例偏瘫侧、1例儿麻后遗症股骨颈GardenⅣ型骨折,1例儿麻股骨粗隆间骨折全髋置换术后脱位,1例股骨近端骨囊肿骨折股骨头置换术后感染脱位,分别行关节置换或翻修,通过大直径股骨头、长股骨柄恢复下肢长度和软组织张力,1例阔筋膜张肌代替臀中肌,复位后drop-kick试验判定软组织张力。[结果]1例1年后摔倒右股骨Vancouver A型骨折、保守治疗;1例术后半个月脱位,闭合复位、右髋人字石膏固定;随访时间24~60个月,所有病例未出现脱位、感染、松动征象。[结论]髋部神经肌肉病变、髋外展无力患者可以行髋关节置换,选择合适假体,强调外展肌功能恢复或重建可以防止脱位发生。     

人工股骨头置换术与全髋关节置换术治疗老年移位股骨颈骨折的远期疗效观察

目的探讨人工股骨头置换术与全髋关节置换术治疗年龄70岁老年移位股骨颈骨折的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析自1995-02—2002-02诊治的252例老年(年龄70岁)移位股骨颈骨折,137例行骨水泥型人工股骨头置换术治疗(半髋组),115例行全髋关节置换术治疗(全髋组)。以术后12年为随访截点,观察并比较2组的远期疗效,疗效评定标准:①假体生存率;②假体脱位发生率;③髋关节翻修率;④改良髋关节功能Harris评分。结果术后12年随访时,半髋组32例(23.3%)存活,全髋组18例(15.4%)存活,2组假体生存率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。半髋组与全髋组在随访期间均未出现假体脱位及髋关节翻修情况,假体脱位发生率与髋关节翻修率均为0。术后12年随访时半髋组改良髋关节功能Harris评分为(70.3±16.3)分,全髋组为(69.3±20.0)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论人工股骨头置换术与全髋关节置换术治疗老年移位股骨颈骨折的远期疗效无明显差异,建议对年龄70岁、不合并髋关节骨性关节炎及类风湿性关节炎的患者行骨水泥型人工股骨头置换术治疗。     

人工髋关节置换术后5年内翻修的原因分析及处理方法

目的 探讨初次髋关节置换术后早期翻修的原因和防治方法.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2007年6月55例行人工髋关节翻修术患者的资料,其中术后5年内(含5年)翻修11例,翻修原因及翻修方式为:髋臼假体位置不良导致复发性脱位2例,手术调整髋臼假体位置;髋臼假体松动5例,翻修髋臼和(或)股骨假体;术后早期股骨假体周围骨折2例,行骨折复位固定;股骨头磨损髋臼1例,行全髋翻修;感染1例,行二期手术翻修.术前和术后随访采用Harris评分评估髋关节功能.术前Harris评分平均46分(28～62分).结果 本组随访时间16～76个月,平均36个月.术后Harris评分提高至平均86分(75～96分).术后出现并发症2例:1例术后局部血肿形成,4周后需再次手术清理血肿;1例术后关节不稳,经适当牵引制动后关节不稳定现象消失.无感染、深静脉血栓、主要血管和神经损伤等并发症发生.结论 初次髋关节置换早期翻修主要原因与髋臼假体处理、假体选择和安放技术不当有关,因此提高髋臼假体安放的手术技术有助于改善人工髋关节的疗效.     

人工全髋关节置换术后脱位的原因分析和防治对策

[目的]探讨人工全髋关节置换术后脱位的原因分析和防治对策.[方法]本科自2001年1月～2006年12月行全髋置换术311例,对术后脱位15例患者进行回顾性分析,评价术后脱位的危险因素及防治对策.[结果]所有病例中术后6个月发生脱位15例(脱位率4.82%),首次全髋置换术后脱位11例,脱位率4.00%,而全髋翻修术后脱位4例,翻修手术脱位率11.11%,两者有显著差异(P＜0.01).首次全髋置换手术患者中,骨折组、侧卧外展试验阳性组、后外侧入路组、髋臼假体置于安全区外组,患者术后脱位率分别为6.04%、10.29%、4.52%、9.93%,均明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),而不同性别、年龄以及使用不同直径股骨头的患者中术后脱位率无明显差异(P＞0.05).15例脱位中14例经保守治疗后未再发生脱位.1例患者发生习惯性脱位,行全髋翻修后未再发生脱位.[结论]全髋关节置换术后脱位与是否翻修,术前疾病状态,组织的肌力平衡,手术入路,假体位置的安放等因素有关,与患者性别、年龄以及假体设计无关.大多数脱位患者通过保守治疗未再发生脱位.通过改进手术方式,正确安放假体位置,及在医师指导下康复训练等会降低人工全髋关节置换术后脱位率.     

Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head following renal transplantation: assessment of a 25-year experience]

From June 1963 to December 1988 aseptic necrosis of the femoral head has been treated surgically in 84 renal transplant recipients (150 surgical procedures). The long-term results of drilling of the neck and head of the femur (16), cup arthroplasty (32), cemented cup (1) and hemiarthroplasty (8) were unsatisfactory, as 23 of these 57 hips underwent a secondary procedure. Total hip arthroplasty progressively became the standard procedure for treatment of hip disease in transplanted patients. Since 1971, 63 renal transplant recipients underwent 92 cemented total hip replacement (THR) as a primary (73), secondary (16) or third (3) surgical procedure for severely symptomatic femoral head necrosis. Hospital stay averaged 22 days, and follow-up averaged 53 months. Two deaths related to the surgical procedure occurred in the first 4 years of our experience (one major local sepsis, one pulmonary infection). Other postoperative complications were urinary tract infection (12), pulmonary infection 1, transient sciatic nerve irritation (3), wound hematoma (6), reversible deterioration of renal function (3) and rejection of the graft (2). Thromboembolic complications did not occur. All operated hips showed a marked symptomatic improvement. Loosening of one or both components was definite in one, probable in two and possible in three of the 33 hips followed up more than 5 years. Other late complications included dislocation (6), painful class III heterotopic ossification (4), recurrence of previous sepsis (1) and late hematogenous sepsis. Late hip revision was required in 5 cases (recurrent dislocation, 1, ossification, 2, sepsis, 2). Two renal complications (one graft infarction and one reversible acute tubular necrosis) occurred after these revisions. The functional results of THR compare favourably with the results of other surgical procedures used in our early experience. We conclude that THR has become the treatment of choice for symptomatic established osteonecrosis of the femoral head in renal transplant patients. A relatively high rate of early and late complications is nevertheless to be expected.     

人工髋关节翻修的临床回顾与分析

目的评价人工髋关节翻修术的临床价值,分析导致翻修的原因、术中常见的困难及处理办法. 方法对1998年6月～2002年1月行全髋翻修术的15例15个髋临床资料进行统计、分析,找出其特点.翻修的原因主要为:初次手术技术失误,假体松动下沉,假体位移,髋臼磨损下陷、上移,股骨假体柄断裂等.翻修术的主要难点为:患者年龄偏高,全身情况差;初次置换假体取出以及骨水泥取出较为困难;常有骨缺失,处理有一定难度.提出髓腔内断裂假体取出的办法. 结果 15例翻修术获8个月～4年10个月随访,平均2.4年.2例术后3年因心、脑血管病死亡.其余效果良好,未出现感染、脱位及松动等并发症,功能满意.翻修术后效果好的原因主要与其病情较轻,无严重的骨缺失,初次手术多为股骨头置换等有关. 结论随着人口老龄化,临床上对翻修术的要求日趋增多.因手术难度较大,需一定的技术、经验、特殊器械及设备,术者应有充分的准备,方能取得较为满意的效果.     

金对金解剖直径头微创全髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的近期疗效对照研究

目的探讨金对金解剖直径头和常规小直径头(28mm)全髋关节置换(total hip arthroplasty,THA)微创技术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折患者的临床疗效。方法 2006年1月至2007年12月间因股骨颈骨折在我中心行微创全髋关节置换手术并获得完整资料的高龄(70岁)患者61例61髋,其中采用常规直径头股骨头全髋关节假体(对照组)30例30髋,采用金对金大直径股骨头全髋关节假体(观察组)31例31髋。分析两组术后2周、6周髋关节活动范围,术后2年假体脱位率以及Harris评分结果的差异。结果术后对照组脱位2例6次,观察组0例。观察组的Harris评分优秀率高于对照组;术后2周(除后伸动作外)和6周的髋关节活动度均大于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用金对金解剖直径头THA微创技术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折患者,具有术后早期髋关节稳定性提高、主动活动范围增加、术后脱位率降低等优点,近期疗效满意。     

脑血管意外患者髋关节置换术临床体会(附12例分析)

目的：探讨脑血管意外患者行人工髋关节置换术的适应证围手术期、术后的综合治疗。方法：分析了从１９９２～１９９８年６月共收治脑血管意外患者行人工髋关节置换术１２例，其中男８例，女４例，过往有脑出血５例，脑梗塞７例，脑血管意外病程最短１年，最长５年，伴肢体偏瘫９例，全部病者伤前可独步或扶拐行走。手术原因是摔倒致股骨颈骨折１０例，股骨头缺血性坏死１例，骨关节炎１例。施行全髋关节置换术８例，人工股骨头置换术４例。结果：复查随访平均时间２年３个月，总满意率为７８４％，术后发生并发症５例，关节脱位４例，髋痛２例，异位骨化和假体松动各１例。结论：（１）脑血管意外患者只要机体情况好，肢体肌力４级或以上，因髋部疾病致功能障碍者应尽早手术治疗。（２）术前术后要注意治疗并存病，改善全身状况。术后关节脱位在脑血管意外患者中发生率较高，值得注意。（３）应选用骨水泥型假体，采用后外侧入路切口，术中避免广泛组织剥离，术后不宜过早负重下地活动，加强康复训练是手术成功的重要因素之一。     

股骨头缺血性坏死合并转子部骨折的人工全髋关节置换术

目的探讨股骨头缺血性坏死伴转子部骨折行一次性人工全髋关节置换术的手术方法并总结其疗效。方法1997年7月-2005年9月，对18例股骨头缺血性坏死伴外伤性股骨转子部骨折患者行一次性人工全髋关节置换术。男13例，女5例；年龄32～60岁。原发性股骨头缺血性坏死11例，强直性脊柱炎2例，类风湿性关节炎2例，先天性双髋臼发育不良2例，股骨颈骨折行空心钉内固定术后l例。病程4～23年，平均8年。患者均为跌伤入院。左侧11例，右侧7例。X线片检查示均为股骨头缺血性坏死合并转子部骨折。骨折类型按Evan’S分类，Ⅱ型4例，Ⅲ型6例，Ⅳ型5例，Ⅴ型3例。骨折侧股骨头缺血性坏死按照Ficat分类：Ⅲ型5例，Ⅳ型13例。受伤后2～12h入院。所有患者术前Harris评分平均35．2分。患者均采用全生物型人工关节。结果术后患者切口均I期愈合。术后3d发生深静脉栓塞l例，对症治疗后痊愈。均无泌尿系统、肺部感染及褥疮发生。患者于术后6个月、1年及2年定期随访，术后4个月X线片检查示骨折端均愈合，假体形态及位置良好，无髋臼磨损及假体脱位。术后6个月患者均能生活自理。术后2年参照Harris人工全髋关节置换疗效标准评分平均94．7分，与术前Harris评分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；优15例，良2例，中1例，优良率94．4％。结论人工全髋关节置换术治疗股骨头缺血性坏死伴股骨转子部骨折，是恢复髋关节功能的一种理想方法。     

髋臼重建手术在儿童髋关节病理性脱位的应用

目的总结髋臼重建手术在儿童髋关节病理性脱位中的应用及临床疗效。方法 2006年1月-2011年1月,共收治59例(59髋)儿童髋关节病理性脱位,采用髋关节切开复位联合髋臼重建手术治疗。男22例,女37例;年龄1～15岁,平均4.9岁。化脓性髋关节炎后遗病理性脱位33例,髋关节结核26例;病程1个月～10年。髋关节半脱位9例,髋关节全脱位50例。术前Harris髋关节功能评分为43～78分,平均61分。14例髋臼指数基本正常,32例轻度增大,13例明显增大。合并髋臼破坏28例;股骨头缺血性坏死25例,股骨头部分缺失12例,股骨头完全缺失6例,股骨头颈同时缺失3例;前倾角增大25例;髋内翻畸形9例。结果术后即刻摄X线片示所有髋关节均达中心性复位。55例切口Ⅰ期愈合,4例切口延期愈合。53例获随访,随访时间2～5年,平均3年。随访期间无髋关节再脱位。38例髋臼指数基本正常,15例轻度增大。前倾角15～25°,平均20°;颈干角110～140°,平均125°,头颈解剖关系基本恢复正常。术后2年髋关节活动度完全恢复正常18例,屈曲及旋转轻度受限30例,纤维强直5例;Harris髋关节功能评分为62～95分,平均87分。结论儿童髋关节病理性脱位常合并严重的髋臼及股骨头颈部骨质破坏及后遗畸形,治疗上应严格遵循个体化原则,根据患髋主要病理改变选择适当的髋臼重建术式,并结合股骨头颈重建处理,可获得满意疗效。     

金属对金属髋关节表面置换术治疗重度股骨头无菌性坏死的短期临床效果

目的探讨新一代的金属对金属髋关节表面置换术治疗重度股骨头无菌性坏死（FicatⅢ、Ⅳ）的短期临床效果。方法对28例（33髋）诊断为股骨头无菌性坏死的患者行金属对金属髋关节表面置换手术。股骨头无菌性坏死程度按照Ficat分期：Ⅲ期24例（27髋），Ⅳ期4例（6髋），手术时的平均年龄是48岁（21-77岁），其中男患者17例（60.7%），女患者11例（39.3%）。术后随访内容包括所有患者的临床及影像学资料。结果平均随访时间为24个月（11-35个月），在随访期内未发生髋关节脱位、深静脉栓塞、感染、股骨颈骨折等并发症。临床结果显示，Harris髋关节评分较术前显著提高，术后平均Harris评分为92.6分，术前平均Harris评分为48.5分。影像学资料显示所有假体在位，未观察到放射性透亮带。所有患者疼痛解除，髋关节活动度也明显改善，术后早期活动无任何受限。结论金属对金属髋关节表面置换术治疗重度股骨头坏死的早期临床效果满意，其远期效果仍有待于观察。     

Large diameter metal on metal total hip replacement for femoral neck fractures with neurological conditions: A retrospective assessment

Background:

Patients with Parkinson''s disease and poliomyelitis can have a femoral neck fracture; yet, the optimal methods of treatment for these hips remains controversial. Many constrained or semi-constrained prostheses, using constrained liners (CLs) with a locking mechanism to capture the femoral head, were used to treat femoral neck fractures in patients with neurological disorders. We retrospectively studied a group of patients with Parkinson''s disease and poliomyelitis who sustained femoral neck fractures and were treated by total hip arthroplasty using an L-MoM prosthesis.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 12 hips in 12 patients who underwent large-diameter metal-on-metal (L-MoM) total hip replacement between May 2007 and October 2009. Eight of the 12 patients (8 hips; 66.7%) had Parkinson''s disease and 4 patients (4 hips; 33.3%) were affected with poliomyelitis.

Results:

The followup time was 5.2 years (range 3.6-6.0 years). At the latest followup, all the patients showed satisfactory clinical and radiographic results, with pain relief. No complications, such as dislocation or aseptic loosening occurred.

Conclusion:

We believe the use of L-MoM can diminish the rate of instability or dislocation, after operation. The L-MoM is an option for patients with Parkinson''s disease and poliomyelitis with femoral neck fracture.     

Femoral neck fracture complicating orthopedic reposition of a dislocated hip: four cases

Posterior dislocation of the femoral head with fracture is an exceptional hip injury. Emergency reduction is required. Reposition into the acetabular cavity of the dislocated femoral head may not be feasible. Irreducibility, instability, and more rarely accidental fracture of the femoral neck may also occur. We encountered this latter complication in four patients and report here its frequency and mechanism and propose preventive therapeutic measures. Seventy dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the hip were treated in our unit from March 1997 to February 2003. Among these cases, fourteen hip dislocations were complicated by femoral head fractures. Fracture of the femoral neck occurred during reduction in four. All four cases occurred in men, mean age 49.7 years, who were traffic accident victims (drivers or passengers). There were two Pipkin IV fracture-dislocations and two Pipkin II. The first reduction, achieved under general anesthesia in an emergency setting, was performed by an orthopedic surgeon in one patient and a general surgeon in three patients. Arthroplasty was used to treat the femoral neck fracture in three patients and pinning in one. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical and imaging data before and after reduction. Sub-capital fracture situated 4.0 cm (mean, range 3.5-4.5 cm) from the lesser trochanter occurred in all four cases. The head remained attached above and posteriorly to the acetabulum and was rotated less than 90 degrees . The fragment remaining in the acetabulum was displaced in two cases. In one patient, the fracture-dislocation of the head was associated with a fracture of the posterior rim of the acetabulum. This complication appears to result from an abrupt inappropriate reduction movement. The neck fracture would occur when capsulomuscular retention of the femoral head is associated with a head defect which catches on the rim of the acetabulum during the reduction movement. Neck fracture during reduction of traumatic hip dislocation is a serious complication. Prevention of this iatrogenic event requires a slow, progressive reduction limiting the trauma to a minimum; first intention open surgery may be required in selected cases.     

Surgical treatment and prognosis of acetabular fractures associated with ipsilateral femoral neck fractures

Combined ipsilateral acetabular and femoral neck fractures are the result of high-energy trauma. Satisfactory treatment for this injury pattern remains a challenge, since traditional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is always accompanied by a high prevalence of posttraumatic arthritis and avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Eight of 502 acetabular fractures from 1990 to 2008 were diagnosed with combined ipsilateral femoral neck fracture, in which 5 patients' fractures were associated with hip dislocation. These patients were injured from falls, traffic accidents, or crushing accidents. Radiographs and computed tomography scans were taken to check acetabular and femoral neck fractures. All of the patients underwent surgery using appropriate approaches and techniques. Postoperative radiographs demonstrated anatomic or satisfactory reduction for acetabular fractures as well as excellent or good reduction for femoral neck fractures in all of the patients. Follow-up radiographs showed femoral head necrosis in the 5 patients with femoral head dislocations, but not in the other 3 patients. We have seen few patients with this injury pattern, which makes us unable to detect significant differences between the patients associated with femoral head dislocation and those without femoral head dislocation. But by considering the results of our study and those reported in the literature, we believe that for patients with ipsilateral acetabular and femoral neck fractures without hip dislocation, satisfactory results could be expected after ORIF. But for those cases associated with hip dislocation, alternative methods such as acute THR as primary treatment are worthy of consideration.