Single-dose ceftriaxone treatment of urinary tract infections

Single-dose antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections in which no underlying structural or neurologic lesions are present holds the promise of greater patient compliance and convenience. We present the results of a study comparing a single intramuscular dose of a long-acting, third-generation cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, with a standard, five-day regimen of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS). Fifty-two patients were entered into the study. After randomization, 26 were assigned to the TMS group and 26 were assigned to the ceftriaxone group. Of the patients who completed the study, 13 of the TMS group had positive cultures at the time of initial presentation, and 20 of the ceftriaxone group had positive cultures. There was no statistical difference between the groups in symptoms of dysuria, hematuria, frequency, flank pain, and nocturia (alpha = .05). The physical parameters of age, blood pressure, pulse, and temperature were similar in the two groups (alpha = .05), as were the types of infecting organisms (alpha = .05). When comparing the two regimens, the ceftriaxone group cure rate (18 of 20, 90%) was not found to be significantly different from that of the TMS-treated control group (13 of 13) (alpha = .05).     

Identification of protective and broadly conserved vaccine antigens from the genome of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are a common cause of disease in both mammals and birds. A vaccine to prevent such infections would be desirable given the increasing antibiotic resistance of these bacteria. We have determined the genome sequence of ExPEC IHE3034 (ST95) isolated from a case of neonatal meningitis and compared this to available genome sequences of other ExPEC strains and a few nonpathogenic E. coli. We found 19 genomic islands present in the genome of IHE3034, which are absent in the nonpathogenic E. coli isolates. By using subtractive reverse vaccinology we identified 230 antigens present in ExPEC but absent (or present with low similarity) in nonpathogenic strains. Nine antigens were protective in a mouse challenge model. Some of them were also present in other pathogenic non-ExPEC strains, suggesting that a broadly protective E. coli vaccine may be possible. The gene encoding the most protective antigen was detected in most of the E. coli isolates, highly conserved in sequence and found to be exported by a type II secretion system which seems to be nonfunctional in nonpathogenic strains.     

Diagnostic accuracy of electronic surveillance tool for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in tertiary care hospitals: A meta-analysis

Background:Automated systems have been developed to reduce labor-intensive manual recordings during nosocomial infection surveillance. The diagnostic accuracies of these systems have differed in various settings.Methods:We designed this meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an electronic surveillance tool for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in tertiary care hospitals. We systematically searched databases such as Medline, Scopus, Cochrane library and Embase (from inception until November 2019) for relevant studies. We assessed the quality of trials using the diagnostic accuracy studies-2 tool, and performed a meta-analysis to obtain a pooled sensitivity and specificity for electronic surveillance. We included 6 studies with 16,492 patients in the analysis.Results:We found a pooled sensitivity of electronic diagnostic surveillance for CAUTIs of 97.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 67.6–99.9%) and a pooled specificity of 92.6% (95% CI, 55.2–99.2%). The diagnostic odds ratio was 494 (95% CI, 89–2747). The positive likelihood ratio was 13.1 (95% CI, 1.63–105.8) and the negative likelihood ratio 0.02 (95% CI, 0.001–0.40). A bivariate box plot indicated the possibility of heterogeneity between the included studies.Conclusion:Our review suggests that electronic surveillance is useful for diagnosing CAUTIs among hospitalized patients in tertiary care hospitals due to its high sensitivity and specificity.     

Stop Orders to Reduce Inappropriate Urinary Catheterization in Hospitalized Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background  Hospitalized patients frequently have urinary catheters inserted for inappropriate reasons. This can lead to urinary tract infections and other complications. Objective  To assess whether stop orders for indwelling urinary catheters reduces the duration of inappropriate urinary catheterization and the incidence of urinary tract infections. Design  A randomized controlled trial was conducted in three tertiary-care hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Patients with indwelling urinary catheters were randomized to prewritten orders for the removal of urinary catheters if specified criteria were not present or to usual care. Participants  Six hundred ninety-two hospitalized patients admitted to hospital with indwelling urinary catheters inserted for ≤48 h. Measurements  The main outcomes included days of inappropriate indwelling catheter use, total days of catheter use, frequency of urinary tract infection, and catheter reinsertions. Results  There were fewer days of inappropriate and total urinary catheter use in the stop-order group than in the usual care group (difference −1.69 [95% CI −1.23 to −2.15], P < 0.001 and −1.34 days, [95% CI, −0.64 to −2.05 days], P < 0.001, respectively). Urinary tract infections occurred in 19.0% of the stop-order group and 20.2% of the usual care group, relative risk 0.94 (95% CI, 0.66 to 1.33), P = 0.71. Catheter reinsertion occurred in 8.6% of the stop-order group and 7.0% in the usual care group, relative risk 1.23 (95% CI, 0.72 to 2.11), P = 0.45. Conclusions  Stop orders for urinary catheterization safely reduced duration of inappropriate urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients but did not reduce urinary tract infections.     

Bacterial infections in lung transplantation

Lung transplantation has lower survival rates compared to other than other solid organ transplants (SOT) due to higher rates of infection and rejection-related complications, and bacterial infections (BI) are the most frequent infectious complications. Excess morbidity and mortality are not only a direct consequence of these BI, but so are subsequent loss of allograft tolerance, rejection, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction due to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). A wide variety of pathogens can cause infections in lung transplant recipients (LTRs), including a number of nosocomial pathogens and other multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Although pneumonia and intrathoracic infections predominate, LTRs are at risk of a number of types of infections. Risk factors include altered anatomy and function of airways, impaired immunity, the microbial flora of the donor and recipient, underlying medical conditions, and genetic factors. Further work on immune monitoring has the potential to improve outcomes. The infecting agents can be derived from the donor lung, pre-existing recipient flora, or acquired from the environment over time. Certain infections may preclude lung transplantation, but this varies from center to center, and more recent studies suggest fewer patients should be disqualified. New molecular methods allow microbiome studies of the lung, gut, and other sites that may further our knowledge of how airway colonization can result in infection and allograft loss. Surveillance, early diagnosis, and aggressive antimicrobial therapy of BI is critical in LTRs. Antibiotic resistance is a major barrier to successful management of these infections. The availability of new agents for MDR Gram-negatives may improve outcomes. Other new therapies, such as bacteriophage therapy, show promise for the future. Finally, it is important to prevent infections through peri-transplant prophylaxis, vaccination, and infection control measures.     

Risk factors of febrile urinary tract infections following retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones

We aimed to evaluate the risk factors of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) following retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for treating renal stones.We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with 10 – 30 mm kidney stones who underwent RIRS from January 2014 to July 2017. Evaluation included age, gender, body mass index, stone size, stone location, and operative time. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon and ureteral stenting was not done prior surgery. The risk factors of febrile UTI after RIRS were assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.A total of 150 patients were included in the present study, and 17 patients (11.3%) had febrile UTI after RIRS. Mean patient age was 56.64 ± 13.91 years, and both genders were evenly distributed. Mean stone size was 14.16 ± 5.89 mm. and mean operation time was 74.50 ± 42.56 minutes. According to univariate analysis, preoperative pyuria was associated with postoperative febrile UTI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative pyuria was the only independent risk factor of infectious complications after RIRS (odds ratios 8.311, 95% confidence intervals 1.759 – 39.275, P = .008). Age, gender, body mass index, comorbidity, preoperative bacteriuria, presence of hydronephrosis, renal stone characteristics, and operative time were not associated with febrile UTI after RIRS.Preoperative pyuria was the only risk factor of infectious complications following RIRS. Therefore, careful management after RIRS is necessary especially when preoperative urinalysis shows pyuria.     

血清降钙素原、C反应蛋白对尿路感染的诊断价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)对尿路感染的诊断价值。方法选择上尿路感染患者42例、下尿路感染患者39例,另选取无尿路感染症状的健康查体者45例作为对照组。分别观察各组血清PCT、CRP水平,同时计数血液及尿液中的白细胞。根据培养鉴定结果将上尿路感染组、下尿路感染组再次分为革兰阳性菌感染组、革兰阴性菌感染组和真菌感染组,并对上述指标进行比较。结果上、下尿路感染组血清PCT、CRP及血、尿液WBC明显高于对照组(P均<0.05)。在上、下尿路感染中PCT为0.05 ng/mL时,对尿路感染检测的敏感性为89.7%,特异性为79.6%;CRP为5 mg/L时,敏感性、特异性分别为79.3%、64.3%。革兰阳性菌感染组、革兰阴性菌感染组和真菌感染组4项指标比较差异均无统计学意义。结论血清PCT、CRP可作为诊断尿路感染的有效指标,但PCT更敏感,并可用于辅助鉴别尿路感染部位。     

老年人复发性尿路感染长疗程治疗疗效观察

目的 设计一种药物轮换、分期、长疗程的治疗方法,以临床治愈为目标,观察该方法对老年复发性尿路感染患者的疗效.方法 将入选患者分为老年组(年龄≥65岁)30例和非老年组48例,选择数种有效抗生素轮换应用.采用分期治疗方法:(1)治疗期:抗生素按常规剂量应用,直至尿常规正常;(2)巩固期:抗生素减量应用;(3)维持期:抗生素减为每晚1次,维持治疗3个月;(4)观察期:停用抗生素,观察半年.上述各分期如尿常规检查有反复,则转为前一期治疗.结果 78例患者中,治愈69例(88.5%),有效7例(8.9%),无效2例(2.6%).老年组分别为28例、1例、1例;非老年组分别为41例、6例、1例,两组治愈率差异无统计学意义(F=0.469,).老年组与非老年组比较,治愈总疗程[(54.8±16.2)周对(44.5±13.7)周,t=2.8467,P＜0.01]、治疗期[(34.3±15.2)周对(26.2±14.8)局,t=2.2081,P＜0.05]、巩固期[(5.7±2.6)周对(4.1±0.2)周,t=3.9369,P＜0.01]均延长;但两组维持期[(14.8±4.6)周对(14.2±3.1)周]比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.6480,P＞0.05).治疗前后两组血常规、肝肾功能均无明显变化.结论 对老年复发性尿路感染患者采用药物轮换、分期、长疗程治疗,治愈率高;但老年组所需治疗时间比非老年组长.未见影响血常规、肝肾功能等不良反应.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of the drugs alternation multiple stages and long term therapy in elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection.Methods The patients were divided into elderly group (age≥65 years,n=30) and non-elderly group (n=48).The multiple effective antibiotics were selected for alternate use.The treatment included four periods as follows:(1)Treatment period:the regular dose of antibiotic was maintained until the urine routine test result became normal;(2)Consolidation period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced;(3)Maintenance period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced to once every night and the treatment should be kept for three months;(4)Observation period:the patients were observed for six months after withdrawal of antibiotics.During the treatment,if the urine routine test became abnormal repeatedly,the patient should return to the previous treatment period.During the treatment and consolidation period,each medication should be applied for one week alternatively.Results Among 78 patients,69 cases (88.5%) were cured,7 cases (8.9%) were effective,and two cases (2.56%) were invalid.There were 28 cured cases,1 effective case and 1 invalid case in elderly group.The corresponding data were 41,6 and 1 in non-elderly group,respectively.There was no difference in cure rate between the two groups (F= 0.469).Compared with non-elderly group,the overall treatment time [(54.8± 16.2)weeks vs.(44.5± 13.7) weeks,t= 2.8467,P＜0.01],treatment period [( 34.3± 15.2) weeks vs.(26.2±14.8) weeks,t=2.2081,P＜0.05] and consolidation period [(5.7±2.6) weeks vs.(4.1±0.2) weeks,t=3.9369,P＜0.01] were all prolonged in elderly group.But there was no difference in maintenance period [(14.8±4.6) weeks vs.(14.2±3.1) weeks,t=0.6480,P＞0.05].There were no markedly changes in blood routine,liver and kidney function during the course of treatment.Conclusions For the elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection,the drugs alternation,multiple stages and long-term treatment has a high cure rate and no adverse effect on blood routine,liver and renal function.     

Indwelling catheter increases the risk of urinary tract infection in total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background:The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess whether a urinary catheter is necessary for all patients in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods:PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). All RCTs were compared with receive either an indwelling urinary catheter or no urinary catheter in TKA. Primary outcomes were urinary retention and urinary tract infection. Secondary outcomes were the length of stay, duration of the surgery, and the first urination time.Results:A total of 6 RCTs involving 1334 patients were included in the meta-analysis. No significant difference between the 2 groups was found in urinary retention (P = .52), length of stay (P = .38), duration of the surgery (P = .55). However, patients with an indwelling catheter were associated with a higher risk of urinary tract infections and longer time for the first urination than patients without indwelling catheters (P = .009 and P = .004).Conclusion:The available evidence indicates that patients without using the indwelling catheters could reduce urinary tract infections and the time for the first urination, without increase in the incidence of urinary retention in primary TKA.Level of Evidence:Level I, therapeutic study.     

Urinary tract infections and genitourinary abnormalities in Cameroonian men

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of genitourinary abnormalities in men diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI) in a Cameroonian hospital and those without. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive adult men aged 18-75 years, whose midstream urine samples were received for microscopy, culture and sensitivity at the microbiology laboratory of the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon, constituted the study population. Genitourinary abnormalities were diagnosed from history, physical examination, abdominal and transrectal ultrasonography, plain abdominal X-ray, and if indicated urethrocystoscopy and biopsy. RESULTS: Of the 206 patients who qualified, 179 completed the study and 63 (35.2%) were found to have UTI. A total of 41 (65.1%) patients with UTI (mean age 69.2 years) had at least one genitourinary abnormality, compared to 13 (11.2%) of those without UTI (mean age 61.9 years) (P < 0.001). The age-adjusted prevalence of genitourinary abnormalities was 59.4% in the UTI group and 12.1% in the non-UTI group (P < 0.001). The most frequent genitourinary abnormality in men with UTI was benign prostatic enlargement, followed by urethral stricture. The crude odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for UTI associated with genitourinary abnormality was 14.77 (6.80-32.05), and the adjusted odds ratio 11.51 (7.08-29.46). CONCLUSION: Urological evaluation of Cameroonian men with UTI, using simple history taking, physical examination, ultrasound examination and plain abdominal X-ray, could have significant clinical benefits in this tropical African region.     

Sexual Intercourse and Risk of Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in Post-Menopausal Women

Background Sexual intercourse increases the risk of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) in young women, but its role among post-menopausal women is unclear. Objective To determine whether recent sexual intercourse, as documented by daily diaries, is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic UTI in post-menopausal women. Design A 2-year prospective cohort study conducted from 1998 to 2002. Participants One thousand and seventeen randomly selected post-menopausal women enrolled at Group Health Cooperative (GHC), a Washington State HMO. Measurements and Main Results Women were asked to enter daily diary information on vaginal intercourse, medication use, and genito-urinary symptoms. The outcome of interest, symptomatic UTI, was defined as a positive urine culture ≥10⁵ CFU/mL of a uropathogen and the presence of ≥2 acute urinary symptoms. Nine hundred thirteen women returned diaries and were included in this study. Seventy-eight women experienced 108 symptomatic UTIs, and 361 (40%) reported sexual intercourse in their diaries. There was an increased hazard for UTI 2 calendar days after the reporting of sexual intercourse in the diaries (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.42, 95% CI 1.49–7.80), while there was no evidence for an increased hazard associated with intercourse at other times. When the UTI criterion was relaxed from ≥10⁵ CFU/mL to ≥10⁴ CFU/mL, adding 9 UTI events to the analysis, the HR for UTI 2 days after intercourse changed slightly to 3.26 (95% CI 1.43–7.43). Conclusions Our data suggest that, as with younger women, recent sexual intercourse is strongly associated with incident UTI in generally healthy post-menopausal women.     

急性脑梗死住院患者医院感染的特征及危险因素分析

目的探讨急性脑梗死住院患者医院感染的特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析122例急性脑梗死住院患者的临床资料,其中感染组33例和非感染组89例,比较2组感染时间、部位、病原菌及病死率。结果感染组平均感染发生在住院后(3.7±1.6)d,感染部位以下呼吸道最多(63.6%),上呼吸道感染6例(18.2%),泌尿系统感染7例(21.2%)。感染组年龄、吞咽困难、意识障碍、留置胃管、留置导尿、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、血浆N末端脑钠肽前体、大面积脑梗死比例明显高于非感染组。其中意识障碍和NIHSS评分是急性脑梗死患者医院感染独立的预测危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。急性脑梗死住院患者死亡23例,占18.9%,其中感染组死亡18例。剔除死亡因素后,感染组平均住院天数明显多于非感染组[(17.8±4.1)d vs(12.5±5.3)d,P<0.01]。结论急性脑梗死住院患者医院感染发生率高,应充分重视这些影响因素,减少医院感染的发生率。     

Characterization of Anti-Bacterial Effect of the Two New Phages against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the events that most frequently need medical intervention. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli are frequently their causative agents and the infections are sometimes complicated by the presence of polyresistant nosocomial strains. Phage therapy is a tool that has good prospects for the treatment of these infections. In the present study, we isolated and characterized two bacteriophages with broad host specificity against a panel of local uropathogenic E. coli strains and combined them into a phage cocktail. According to genome sequencing, these phages were closely related and belonged to the Tequatrovirus genus. The newly isolated phages showed very good activity on a panel of local clinical E. coli strains from urinary tract infections. In the form of a two-phage cocktail, they were active on E. coli strains belonging to phylogroups B2 and D, with relatively lower activity in B1 and no response in phylogroup A. Our study is a preliminary step toward the establishment of a national phage bank containing local, well-characterized phages with therapeutic potential for patients in Slovakia.     

血清降钙素原和超敏C-反应蛋白在AECOPD的作用

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平在AECOPD患者的治疗及预后判断的临床意义。方法选择48例AECOPD及46例COPD稳定期患者,分别测定其PCT、hs-CRP。同时行痰细菌培养。结果 AECOPD组的PCT、hs-CRP水平明显高于COPD稳定期组(P<0.05)。PCT水平与细菌感染有关,AECOPD组中细菌学培养阳性者PCT水平高于阴性者。AECOPD患者中PCT阳性组好转率70.37%,PCT阴性组好转率85.71%。结论在AECOPD患者中,PCT和hs-CRP是较好的诊断指标,尤其在细菌感染的判断上PCT较hs-CRP更有临床价值。PCT可提示病情的严重程度及预后情况。