2型糖尿病患者血糖控制与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性研究

目的 探讨社区2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者血糖控制与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)的关系.方法 对北京市3个农村社区40岁及以上T2DM患者进行糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)及血生化指标的检测、CIMT测量、其他体格检查以及一般人口学资料的问卷调查.以HbA1c为血糖控制指标,分析其与CIMT的相关性.结果 本次分析共纳入720名T2DM患者,平均年龄为(59.06±7.50)岁,中位糖尿病病程6.3年.相关性分析显示CIMT与HbA1c呈正相关(rs =0.182,P＜0.001).血糖控制良好组(HbA1c ＜6.5％)、控制一般组(6.5％≤HbA1c ＜8.0％)和控制不良组(HbA1c≥8.0％)CIMT增厚率分别为21.98％、28.94％和38.11％(x2=13.78,P=0.001).Logistic回归显示,调整年龄、性别、心脑血管病史、血压、血脂、糖尿病用药及病程因素后,HbA1c仍为CIMT增厚的危险因素(OR=1.18,95％ CI:1.07～1.31);与血糖控制良好组相比,血糖控制不良仍为CIMT增厚的危险因素(OR =2.17,95％ CI:1.34～3.51).结论 T2DM患者血糖控制水平与CIMT显著相关;HbA1c≥8.0％可能为T2DM患者动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,且作用独立于血压、血脂水平.     

2型糖尿病患者合并骨质疏松症的危险因素研究

目的研究2型糖尿病(type 2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者发生骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的危险因素,为防治T2DM患者合并OP提供理论依据。方法选取2017年1~12月上海市复旦大学附属中山医院青浦分院收治的T2DM患者193例,根据骨密度水平将患者分为合并OP组(观察组)和未合并OP组(对照组),比较两组患者性别、年龄、病程、血糖、血脂、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)以及吸烟习惯,对两组差异有统计学意义的因素进行多因素logistic逐步回归分析。结果多因素logistic逐步回归分析男性T2DM患者年龄、BMI、HbA1c、吸烟、服用钙剂1年以上以及体育锻炼的比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(95%CI)分别为1.36 (1.01~3.21),0.75 (0.12~0.90),1.41 (1.22~6.33),4.47(2.01~10.22)和0.62(0.21~0.88)。结论高龄、高HbA1c水平和吸烟为T2DM合并OP的独立的危险因素,高BMI、服用钙剂1年以上和体育锻炼可能是T2DM合并OP的保护因素。     

HBV感染合并2型糖尿病患者肝功能损害与骨代谢指标的关系

目的分析慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者肝功能损害情况及其与骨代谢指标的关系。方法选取2018年1月-2020年1月吉林医药学院附属医院128例合并慢性HBV感染的T2DM患者为研究对象,根据丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平分为ALT异常组及ALT正常组,比较两组患者糖代谢指标空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c);胰岛功能指标空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及骨代谢指标Ⅰ型胶原交联C-末端肽(CTX)、25-羟基维生素D[25-(OH)D_3]和骨密度(BMD)差异。并根据患者BMD水平分为骨质疏松组与非骨质疏松组,采用Losigtics回归分析合并慢性HBV感染的T2DM患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素。结果 ALT异常组FPG、HbA1c、25-(OH)D_3及股骨BMD、腰椎BMD均低于ALT正常组(P0.05),而FINS、CTX高于ALT正常组(P0.05)。128例合并慢性HBV感染的T2DM患者中骨质疏松组45例(35.16%),非骨质疏松组83例(64.84%);两组腰臀比、FPG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR水平比较,差异均无统计学意义;但骨质疏松组女性占比、年龄、T2DM病程及ALT水平高于非骨质疏松组(P0.05),体质量指数(BMI)低于非骨质疏松组(P0.05); Logistics回归分析结果,女性、年龄≥65岁、T2DM病程≥8年、BMI18.50 kg/m~2、ALT40 U/L是合并慢性HBV感染T2DM患者发生骨质疏松独立危险因素。结论合并慢性HBV感染的T2DM患者骨代谢与肝功能受损、性别、年龄、病程及BMI均相关,临床应积极防控患者骨质疏松,避免发生骨折等严重不良事件。     

乌鲁木齐地区住院2型糖尿病患者合并非酒精性脂肪肝患病率及其影响因素分析

目的了解乌鲁木齐地区非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)在住院2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中的患病率,探讨NAFLD的相关危险因素,为T2DM患者防治NAFLD提供科学依据。方法选择2018年12月—2019年5月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科住院的T2DM患者400例进行问卷调查、健康检查、代谢指标检测和肝脏B超检查,根据肝脏B超检查结果分为观察组(T2DM合并NAFLD)和对照组(T2DM不合并NAFLD),分析T2DM患者合并NAFLD的相关危险因素。结果 NAFLD在T2DM患者中的患病率为82.3%,观察组患者性别、民族、慢性胆囊炎病史、吸烟史、睡眠质量、规律运动、体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血尿酸(SUA)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示,吸烟、慢性胆囊炎、BMI、TG是NAFLD的独立危险因素;戒烟、规律运动、HDL-C均是其保护因素(均P0.05)。结论 NAFLD在T2DM患者中患病率较高,吸烟、慢性胆囊炎、BMI、TG、运动、HDL-C均是其影响因素。在患者管理中应重视控制体重、改善生活行为方式,对防治T2DM合并NAFLD的发生具有重要意义。     

三餐后有氧运动对糖尿病疗效观察

[目的]探讨三餐饭后有氧运动对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者疗效的影响.[方法]选择无运动禁忌证的T2DM患者60例,随机分为干预组和对照组各30例,干预组在药物、饮食治疗基础上坚持进行三餐后运动,3个月后检测空腹血糖(FPG)、早中晚三餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、耱化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及血压、体重、体重指数(BMI)等指标,前后自身对照及组间对照评价其治疗效果.[结果]干预组的FPG、三餐后2 h PG、HbA1c、体重、BMI、血压控制均明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);经过干预治疗后患者的FPG、三餐后2 h PG、HbA1c、体重、BMI、血压均明显下降(P＜0.05).[结论]三餐饭后运动能有效地控制DM血糖、HbA1c、血压和体重等危险因素,防治DM及并发症的发生发展.     

2型糖尿病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者炎性因子变化及其相关因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患者血清炎性因子及相关因素。 方法 选取常山县人民医院2012年1月-2014年12月期间就诊的患者为研究对象,根据OSAS和T2DM的诊断标准将研究对象分为3组OSAS合并T2DM组(OD组)、单纯OSAS组(O组)、单纯T2DM组(D组),同时另选体检科参加体检的78例健康人群作为对照组(N组),使用多导睡眠监测仪调查患者睡眠呼吸情况,并对血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及血清中IL-6、IL-8、hs-CRP、TNF-α、ICAM-1的水平进行检测,并观察T2DM合并OSAS患者经nCPAP治疗后的各指标的变化,以分析OSAS合并T2DM患者血清炎性因子的变化及相关因素。 结果 各组研究对象性别、年龄差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),OD组患者BMI、HbA1c、FPG、AHI、LSaO₂、MSaO₂与其他三组相比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);OD组患者血清各炎性因子水平均明显高于N组、O组、D组(均P＜0.05);经相关分析发现,IL-6、hs-CRP均与HbA1c、FPG、AHI呈正相关(均P＜0.05);经nCPAP治疗后,OD组患者血清中各炎性因子水平明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。 结论 T2DM合并OSAS患者炎性因子水平较高,且与HbA1c、FPG、AHI呈相关性,因此这一炎症过程可能诱发和加重T2DM合并OSAS的重要调控机制之一。     

糖尿病肾病危险因素的相关性分析

目的探讨糖尿病肾病(DN)的相关危险因素,为其防治提供临床依据。方法以平顶山某医院收治的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者246例为研究对象,根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为研究组120例(UAER≥20μg/min)和对照组126例,检测尿白蛋白,并收集相关指标进行比较分析。结果2组患者在糖尿病(DM)病程,DM家族史,合并高血压,体质量指数(BMI),吸烟,糖基化血红蛋白(HbA1c),甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和尿素氮(BUN)方面的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明:合并高血压(OR=3.812),吸烟(OR=3.395),病程(OR=3.031),HbA1c(OR=2.839),LDL-C(OR=2.267)是DN的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论积极控制血糖、血压、血脂及戒烟是防止DN发生发展的关键措施。     

嘉兴市城南社区2型糖尿病患者并发脑卒中患病状况及影响因素调查分析

目的 分析2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者并发脑卒中情况及影响因素,为T2DM患者并发脑卒中提供早期预防依据。 方法 选取2019年4月—2021年4月期间嘉兴市第一医院诊治的1 119例城南社区T2DM患者为研究对象,采用自行设计调查表统计T2DM患者并发脑卒中情况及相关临床资料,比较不同特征T2DM患者并发脑卒中情况,并运用多因素logistic回归分析探讨T2DM患者并发脑卒中的影响因素。 结果 1 119例T2DM患者中,并发脑卒中180例,脑卒中患病率为16.09%,其中男性患病率高于女性(19.55% vs. 12.45%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=10.418,P=0.001)。随着病程和年龄的增长,T2DM合并脑卒中患病率呈上升趋势,不同病程和年龄组合并脑卒中患病率比较差异有统计学意义(χ²值分别为26.443、47.227,P<0.001)。相比不吸烟、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)<24、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)<8%的T2DM患者,吸烟、BMI≥24、HbA1c≥8%的T2DM患者的脑卒中患病率均更高(P<0.05)。伴有高血压、血脂异常、高尿酸血症的T2DM患者合并脑卒中的患病率更高(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄45~<55岁(OR=1.430,95%CI:1.060~1.931)、55-~<65岁(OR=1.465,95%CI:1.142~1.879)、65~<75岁(OR=1.493,95%CI:1.037~2.150)、75~88岁(OR=1.573,95%CI:1.118~2.212),病程5~<10年(OR=1.311,95%CI:1.074~1.601)、10~<20年(OR=1.422,95%CI:1.102~1.835)、≥20年(OR=1.498,95%CI:1.125~1.994),男性(OR=1.355,95%CI:1.079~1.701)、BMI≥24(OR=1.165,95%CI:1.090~1.245)、HbA1c≥8%(OR=1.107,95%CI:1.069~1.290)、高血压(OR=1.159,95%CI:1.119~1.201)、血脂异常(OR=1.187,95%CI:1.130~1.247)、高尿酸血症(OR=1.137,95%CI:1.100~1.176)、吸烟(OR=1.157,95%CI:1.102~1.215)是T2DM合并脑卒中发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。 结论 嘉兴市城南社区T2DM合并脑卒中患病率较高,且年龄增加、病程越长、男性、BMI≥24、HbA1c≥8%、高血压、血脂异常、吸烟、高尿酸血症是T2DM合并脑卒中发生的危险因素。     

血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇水平与1型糖尿病患儿糖化血红蛋白水平的相关性研究

目的 分析促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(CORT)与1型糖尿病(T1DM)患儿糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平的相关性,为T1DM的临床诊断提供科学依据。 方法 选择2014年1月—2018年12月在唐山市妇幼保健院内分泌科就诊的T1DM患儿105例为T1DM组,另选同期在本院健康体检儿童105例作为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测各观察对象在1 d内各时间点(8:00、16:00、24:00)的血浆ACTH、CORT水平,Pearson相关分析法分析T1DM患儿血浆ACTH、CORT日平均水平与空腹血糖(FPG)、HbA1c等指标相关性,Logistic回归分析影响T1DM发病的因素。 结果 与对照组比较,T1DM组患儿甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、FPG与HbA1c水平显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);T1DM组患儿血浆ACTH、CORT在8:00、16:00、24:00表达水平和日平均水平显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);相关性分析显示,T1DM患儿血浆ACTH、CORT日平均表达水平与血浆FPG、HbA1c呈正相关(r_ACTH=0.717、0.585、r_CORT=0.636、0.696,P<0.01);Logistic回归分析显示ACTH、CORT是T1DM患儿发病的独立危险因素。结论 ACTH、CORT在T1DM患儿血浆中高表达,其与HbA1c有一定相关性,是T1DM患儿发病的独立危险因素,可作为T1DM血糖控制好有效的评价指标。     

2型糖尿病患者并发骨质疏松的相关影响因素分析

目的 分析2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者并发骨质疏松(OP)的相关影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至2023年1月我院收治的89例T2DM患者的临床资料,统计其并发OP情况,并以单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响T2DM患者并发OP的相关因素。结果 89例T2DM患者中有23例患者并发OP, OP发生率为25.84%;进一步经单因素和Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁、病程≥10年、 BMI<24 kg/m²、 HbA1c≥9%、 TC≥5.2 mmol/L、 Ca<2.2 mmol/L是导致T2DM患者并发OP的危险因素(P <0.05)。结论 T2DM患者并发OP与其年龄、病程、 BMI、 HbA1c、 TC及Ca水平关系密切,临床上需对上述影响因素重点关注。     

Hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users in Bavaria: risk factors for seropositivity

Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is the most common disease among intravenous drug users (IDUs). Patients and method: All patients admitted to the detoxification unit 1991–1997 and meeting ICD-10 diagnosis of opioid dependency were tested for anti-HCV serology. Results: Thousand and forty nine patients were included in the study. About 61.3% of the IDUs were anti-HCV positive. Increasing age (PR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.34–1.60), living with a significant other drug user (PR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05–1.31), history of therapy (PR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.50–1.74), history of imprisonment (PR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.36–1.61), history of emergency treatment (PR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.12–1.35), additional daily consumption of benzodiazepines (PR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00–2.21) or alcohol (PR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.14–1.38), frequency of injecting heroin (daily: PR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78–0.96; previously: PR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03–1.26) and type of opioid dependency (methadone: PR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.13–1.41) were significant factors, considered as individual factors, for positive anti-HCV serology. Using multiple logistic regression we found that older age (OR: 3.54, 95% CI: 1.30–9.67), longer duration of opioid use (OR: 5.74; 95% CI: 1.82–18.13), living with a significant other drug user (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01–2.16), history of therapy (OR: 4.87; 95% CI: 1.67–14.20), history of imprisonment (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.12–3.28), history of emergency treatment (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.06–1.99) and additional daily consumption of alcohol (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.04–2.13) remained independently associated with positive anti-HCV serology. Conclusions: These data support the need for early prevention strategies, namely, education of teachers in schools and further training of counsellors informing IDUs of what they can do to minimise the risk of becoming infected or of transmitting infectious agents to others.     

Artificial oocyte activation: physiological,pathophysiological and ethical aspects

Infertile couples with low oocyte yield in combination with abnormal semen parameters may experience intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) failure. An established factor associated with ICSI failure is oocyte activation deficiency (AOD). The latter originates from seminal contributors, such as phospholipase C-zeta (PLCζ) that is not adequate to produce calcium (Ca²⁺) oscillations for oocyte activation. Apart from this natural activator, other stimulants, such as A23187, ionomycin, strontium chloride or even electric pulses, have been used in embryological laboratories to overcome AOD and ICSI failure. The aim of the present narrative review is to discuss the role of Ca⁺² oscillations in oocyte activation and summarize the evidence concerning the use of oocyte activators as agents for artificial oocyte activation (AOA). Studies in humans and animals have emerged many physiological, pathophysiological and ethical aspects of AOA. In conclusion, in mammalian eggs, the cytosolic Ca⁺² oscillations derive from a periodic release of Ca⁺² from intracellular pools. PLCζ, as well as artificial stimulants, have been used to produce Ca⁺² oscillations for AOA. As the latter may increase the risk of epigenetic induced malformations, further studies are required to clarify whether AOA constitutes an effective and safe method to overcome ICSI failure.

Abbreviations: AOA: artificial oocyte activation; AOD: oocyte activation deficiency; Ca⁺²: Calcium; CAMKII: Ca⁺²/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CICR: calcium-induced calcium-release; DAG: diacylglycerol; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ICSI: intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection; InsP₃R: inositol-trisphosphate receptor; IP₃: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IVF: in vitro fertilization; MAP: mitogen-activated protein; MII: metaphase II; NADP: nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NO: nitric oxide; PAWP: post-acrosomal WW-binding domain protein; PIP₂: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PLC: phospholipase C; PLCζ: phospholipase C-zeta; SOAFs: spermatozoon-released oocyte-activating factors; Sr⁺²: strontium; TFF: total fertilization failure     

Morphometric analysis of sperm used for IVP by three different separation methods with spatial light interference microscopy

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to characterize sperm populations resulting from three different methods of sperm selection used for bovine in vitro fertilization. We compared sperm selection with discontinuous Percoll gradients, Swim-Up, and electro-channel. Spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) was used to evaluate the morphology of the spermatozoa and computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the motility behavior of the sperm. Using these two technologies, we analyzed morphometric parameters and the kinetic (motility) patterns of frozen-thawed Holstein bull spermatozoa after sperm selection. For the first time, we have shown that these methods used to select viable spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization (IVF) result in very different sperm subpopulations. Almost every parameter evaluated resulted in statistical differences between treatment groups. One novel observation was that the dry mass of the sperm head is heavier in spermatozoa selected with the electro-channel than in sperm selected by the other methods. These results show the potential of SLIM microscopy in reproductive biology.

Abbreviations: SLIM: spatial light interference microscopy; CASA: computer aided sperm analysis; IVF: in vitro fertilization; BSA: bovine serum albumin; QPI: quantitative phase imaging; IVEP: in vitro embryo production; IACUC: institutional animal care and use committee; CSS: Certified Semen Services; AI: artificial insemination; TALP: Tyrode’s Albumin Lactate Pyruvate; MEC: medium for electro-channel; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; EC: electro-channel; TM, %: total motility; PM, %: progressive motility; RM, %: percentage of rapid sperm motility; VAP, μm/s: average path velocity; VSL, μm/s: straight-line velocity; VCL, μm/s: curvilinear velocity; ALH, μm: amplitude of lateral head displacement; BCF, Hz: beat cross frequency; STR, %: straightness; LIN, %: and linearity; GLS: generalized least squares; ANOVA: analysis of variance; LSD: Least Significant Difference; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences; PCA: principal components analysis     

Cleavage-stage embryo micromanipulation in the clinical setting

Embryo micromanipulation was developed after introduction of microinjection to overcome infertility. Embryo micromanipulation may be performed at any embryo stage from pronuclear to blastocyst. The technique started out as basic and turned out to be increasingly more complex. Embryo micromanipulation at the cleavage-stage includes a wide range of techniques, from opening the zona pellucida in order to improve the chance of implantation, to removing detrimental components from the embryo to enhance embryo development or blastomeres for preimplantation genetic diagnosis and embryo splitting. Evaluating the impact(s) of different micromanipulation techniques on epigenetics of the embryo and considering quality control during these techniques are important issues in this regard. This review aims to discuss the micromanipulation of cleavage-stage embryos in clinical assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Abbreviations: ART: assisted reproductive technology; ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF: in vitro fertilization; PGD: preimplantation genetic diagnosis; PZD: partial zona dissection; ZP: zona pellucida; SUZI: subzonal insemination; PVS: perivitelline space; AH: assisted hatching; LAH: laserassisted hatching; ZT: zona thinning; UV: ultraviolet; IR: infrared; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridization; NGS: next generation sequencing; QC: quality control; QA: quality assurance     

The quality properties and saturated and unsaturated fatty acid profiles of quail egg: the alterations of fatty acids with process effects

The nutritional composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, available carbohydrates, total lipids), energy value, some quality characteristics (yolk weight, albumen weight and shell weight), cholesterol level and fatty acid profiles of quail egg were determined (p<0.01). The protein content of quail egg was higher than laying hen's egg. The fatty acid composition of quail egg yolk consisted of 24 fatty acids including saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (C15:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n7, C22:1n9, C24:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n6, C20:3n3, C20:4n6, C22:2, C20:5n3, C22:6n3). The total cholesterol level of quail egg was found to be 73.45±1.07 mg/100 g. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) (10.28%), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) (1.92%) and cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3) (0.63%) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fatty acid content of quail egg yolk, whereas oleic acid (C18:1n9c) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid comprising 26.71% in the yolk. The palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) levels were 16.62% and 6.89%, respectively. Total omega-3 was detected as 1.16% in raw egg whereas it was 0.82% in soft-boiled (rafadan) egg. The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid proportion was 0.58 and 0.64 for raw and processed yolk, respectively.     

Making IVF more effective through the evolution of prediction models: is prognosis the missing piece of the puzzle?

Assisted reproductive technology has evolved tremendously since the emergence of in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the course of the recent decade, there have been significant efforts in order to minimize multiple gestations, while improving percentages of singleton pregnancies and offering individualized services in IVF, in line with the trend of personalized medicine. Patients as well as clinicians and the entire IVF team benefit majorly from ‘knowing what to expect’ from an IVF cycle. Hereby, the question that has emerged is to what extent prognosis could facilitate toward the achievement of the above goal. In the current review, we present prediction models based on patients’ characteristics and IVF data, as well as models based on embryo morphology and biomarkers during culture shaping a complication free and cost-effective personalized treatment. The starting point for the implementation of prediction models was initiated by the aspiration of moving toward optimal practice. Thus, prediction models could serve as useful tools that could safely set the expectations involved during this journey guiding and making IVF treatment more effective. The aim and scope of this review is to thoroughly present the evolution and contribution of prediction models toward an efficient IVF treatment.

Abbreviations: IVF: In vitro fertilization; ART: assisted reproduction techniques; BMI: body mass index; OHSS: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; eSET: elective single embryo transfer; ESHRE: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; nDNA: nuclear DNA; ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; MBR: multiple birth rates; LBR: live birth rates; SART: Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System; AFC: antral follicle count; GnRH: gonadotrophin releasing hormone; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; AMH: anti-Müllerian hormone; DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone; PCOS: polycystic ovarian syndrome; NPCOS: non-polycystic ovarian syndrome; CE: cost-effectiveness; CC: clomiphene citrate; ORT: ovarian reserve test; EU: embryo–uterus; DET: double embryo transfer; CES: Cumulative Embryo Score; GES: Graduated Embryo Score; CSS: Combined Scoring System; MSEQ: Mean Score of Embryo Quality; IMC: integrated morphology cleavage; EFNB2: ephrin-B2; CAMK1D: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1D; GSTA4: glutathione S-transferase alpha 4; GSR: glutathione reductase; PGR: progesterone receptor; AMHR2: anti-Müllerian hormone receptor 2; LIF: leukemia inhibitory factor; sHLA-G: soluble human leukocyte antigen G.