补体受体1型的结构功能及sCR1基因克隆表达的策略

补体受体1型（Complement receptor type 1,CR1）具有外源性及内源性活性,既可灭活组装于非自身细胞膜上的C3/C5转化酶,也可灭活自身细胞膜上形成的C3/C5转化酶。CR1是唯一既对经典,替代及植物凝集素（MBL）3个补体激活途径的,对C3/C5转化酶拥有衰变加速活性,又有辅助1因子裂解C3b和C4b作用的补体调节蛋白。对补体分子的过度活化具有抑制和调节作用,在防治补体介导的缺血再灌注损伤以及异种器官移植超急性排斥反应等疾病具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要综述CR1的结构功能及生物学活性,sCR1基因的克隆与表达及在创伤、缺血再灌注损伤中的应用研究现状。     

Possibilities and limitations of radiology--CT and MRT in cases of tumors of the uterus and ovary

The author describes the present possibilities of computed tomography (CT) and of magnetic resonance (MR) tomography. MR is superior to CT in the visualisation of carcinomas of the cervix and endometrium, especially in the initial stages, whereas in the diagnosis of the spread of tumours (especially the advanced ones) CT yields results similar to those of MR. In carcinoma of the ovary, however, MR has so far not proved to be definitely superior to CT despite the multiplanar visualisation possibilities it offers. It is in fact inferior to CT especially in clarifying the extent of extrapelvic spread. In posttherapeutic diagnostics MR explores new avenues in respect of delineation between scar and recurrence, as initial investigations have shown.     

闭合性喉气管断裂伤的诊断与治疗

目的 提高对闭合性喉气管断裂伤的诊治水平.方法 报告38例闭合性喉气管断裂伤病例的临床资料,其中急性外伤16例,陈旧性外伤22例.对临床易发生的问题进行分析.结果 38例中16例急性喉外伤在24～48小时之间行手术治疗,22例陈旧性喉外伤因其它原因在32～129天后行手术治疗.35例手术成功拔管,3例因喉气管狭窄手术失败不能拔管,均为陈旧期手术患者.结论 对于急性闭合性喉气管断裂伤应根据其病情轻重程度进行早期处理,尽快恢复喉和气管通气功能,预防后遗症及并发症的发生,提高治愈率.     

Accuracy of digital and film panoramic radiographs for assessment of position and morphology of mandibular third molars and prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies

OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of digital and film panoramic radiographs for determining (1) the position and morphology of mandibular third molars before surgical removal and (2) the prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies. METHODS: Three hundred and eighty-eight third mandibular molars were available for examination. Position and morphology of third molars observed on film radiographs and on digital panoramic images from five systems (DenOptix, DigiDent, Digora, Dimax2 and Orthophos Plus) were recorded by two observers and were compared with surgeons' findings at the time of the operation (gold standard). One observer further recorded the prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies on both imaging modalities. RESULTS: Few differences were found between the digital and film-based panoramic systems in the assessment of accuracy of position and morphology of mandibular third molars. The prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies determined with the two modalities was roughly similar. CONCLUSION: The five digital panoramic systems evaluated in this study were equally as useful for third molar treatment planning and diagnosis of dental anomalies and pathologies as conventional film-based panoramic radiographs.     

Science and medicine of canoeing and kayaking

Canoeing and kayaking are upper-body sports that make varying demands on the body, depending on the type of contest and the distance covered. The shorter events (500 m) are primarily anaerobic (2 minutes of exercise), calling for powerful shoulder muscles with a high proportion of fast-twitch fibres. In contrast, 10,000 m events call for aerobic work to be performed by the arms. Such contestants need a high proportion of slow-twitch fibres, and an ability to develop close to 100% of their leg maximum oxygen intake when paddling. In slalom and whitewater contests, the value of physiological testing is somewhat limited, since performance is strongly influenced by experience and the ability to make precisely judged rapid paddling efforts under considerable emotional stress. Paddlers face dangers from their hostile cold water environment; causes of fatalities (drowning, cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation and hypothermia) are briefly reviewed. Medical problems include provision of adequate nutrition and a clean water supply, effects of repeated immersion (softening of the skin, blistering, paronychial infections, sinusitis, otitis), varicose veins (secondary to thoracic fixation) and hazards of exposure to fibreglass and polystyrene in the home workshop. Surgical problems include muscle sprains and mechanical injuries (haemotomas, lacerations, contusions, concussion, and fractures).     

经尿道前列腺汽化切割术的并发症及其防治

目的：分析经尿道汽化切割术治疗前列腺增生（BPH）的常见并发症：方法：回顾性分析经尿道前列腺电汽化切割术（TUEVAP）治疗的BPH 325例的并发症,探讨其常见病因和发生率。结果：术后电切综合征（TURS）1例（0.3％）,包膜穿孔尿外渗1例（0.3％）,膀胱爆裂1例（0.3％）,急性心肌梗塞1例（0.3％）,急迫性尿失禁4例（1.2％）,深静脉血栓形成1例（0.3％）,迟发性出血6例（1．9％）,尿道狭窄6例（1．9％）,膀胱颈缩窄3例（0.9％）。结论：TUEVAP是治疗BPH（包括高危BPH）安全而有效的外科治疗方法,只要加强围手术期各环节的处理,可降低并发症发生率。     

阑尾黏液性肿瘤的CT和MRI诊断及良恶性鉴别

【摘要】目的：探讨阑尾黏液性肿瘤的CT及MRI特征,并分析其良、恶性鉴别要点。方法：回顾性分析67例经病理证实的阑尾黏液性肿瘤的临床资料,其中黏液腺癌27例,黏液性囊腺瘤22例,低级别黏液性肿瘤18例。分组对照分析CT及MRI征象并行Logistic回归分析性别、年龄、部位、大小、形态、境界、根蒂和囊壁（厚度、均匀度、光滑度、完整度）、内容物（壁结节、分隔、钙化、囊液、气体）、强化（强度、均匀性、方式）、腹水、淋巴结等因素与良、恶性的相关性。结果：黏液腺癌多表现为长茄子形,最大径6.5cm（2.9～11.2cm）,长径与短径比值平均2.5。27例均囊壁不光整,边界不清,强化不均匀,多伴附壁结节样（n=11）或分隔条絮样强化（n=13）,钙化(n=17)以囊内颗粒状多见（n=14）,部分可见囊壁破裂形成腹腔假性黏液瘤（n=12）及腹腔种植转移（n=8）。黏液性囊腺瘤多为球形,最大径3.5cm（2.2～9.5cm）,长径与短径比值平均1.65,囊壁相对光整,边界相对较清,强化较均匀;钙化（n=17）多为附壁蛋壳样钙化（n=11）,腹水少见。低级别黏液性肿瘤恶性度较低,影像表现介于黏液腺癌与囊腺瘤之间, 1例穿孔但未见腹腔种植转移。Logistic回归分析提示良性组的根蒂和囊壁均匀度、光滑度及其强化均匀性与恶性组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:阑尾黏液性肿瘤病理上分为上述三类,CT、MRI表现有一定特征性,但术前相互鉴别困难;根蒂和囊壁的均匀度、光滑度及强化均匀性等因素对判断良恶性有帮助,由于样本量有限,其他因素的鉴别价值有待进一步研究。     

创伤性膈疝合并胸腔胃破裂的早期诊断与急救

对创伤性膈疝合并胸腔胃破裂的致伤原因、临床表现、早期诊断与急救进行回顾性分析.认为早期诊断、及时救治,妥善处理腹部其他合并伤是增加治愈率,减少并发症,降低死亡率的关键.     

快餐消费者的消费行为心理及对营养的认知调查

 目的 调查分析快餐消费者对快餐的营养认知、消费行为和消费心理情况,引导消费者正确处理快餐与日常正餐的关系。方法 采用随机抽样的方法,选择北京地区中、西式快餐各3个品牌,每个品牌选择4家分店,采用入店访问式现场调查方法,数据处理采用频数分析法。结果 共调查1722名,问卷合格率98.6%,选择中西式快餐的人群多为20～39岁者(68%),大多数消费者因为“口味喜欢”(66.4%)而选择快餐,且优选“优惠套餐”(48.2%),为了“省事方便”(64.3%)。消费快餐的频率多数是每月就餐1～2次(35.1%),多数优选“西式快餐店的中式食品”(60.3%),对中西式快餐店中的健康宣传语 “偶尔看看”(55.9%),但多数认为起到了“警示和营养宣教的作用”(64.1%)。大多数消费者认为,媒体对西式快餐的报道未影响他们对西式快餐的正常消费(44.9%);但中式快餐的负面报道却影响了消费者的正常消费(43.9%),理由多数是“影响健康”(37.9%)。快餐消费人群中体型正常者居多,但40岁以上者超重百分比大于20～39岁者。结论 中西式快餐消费人群为20～39岁者,消费频率不高,多数因为“口味喜欢”而选择中式或西式快餐,基本不存在对中式或西式快餐食品安全误解的问题,对快餐店的营养健康宣传语持赞同态度,但如何处理快餐与正常餐的搭配问题,存在误区。     

MRI of the foot and ankle: prevalence and distribution of occult and palpable ganglia

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and anatomic distribution of occult and palpable ganglia of the foot and ankle as seen by MRI. Within a 7-year period MRI of the ankle was performed on 2813 patients, and MRI of the foot on 2277 patients using a 1.5T magnet. In all, 167 ganglia in 155 patients were detected. MR images of these patients were reviewed retrospectively by two observers with regard to prevalence, imaging characteristics, and exact anatomic location of ganglia. Clinical findings and (when available) surgical reports were also reviewed. One hundred fifty-seven ganglia in 145 patients were present on MR images of the ankle, and 10 ganglia in 10 patients on MR images of the foot, resulting in a prevalence of 5.6% (157/2813) in the ankle, and a prevalence of 0.4% (10/2277) in the foot. The most common location was the tarsal sinus or tarsal canal (57/167 ganglia [34.1%]). However, only four of these (7%) were palpable as a soft-tissue mass. The second most common location was around the Lisfranc joint (23/167 [13.8%]), of which 11/23 [47.8%] were clinically palpable. Palpable ganglia were statistically larger in size than occult ganglia measured in any of three diameters (P = 0.01-0.002). In addition, ganglia of the foot and ankle represented 42% of all clinically suspected soft-tissue masses. Ganglia in the foot and ankle are an infrequent finding on routine MRI of the foot and ankle. When they occur, these ganglia are most frequently located in the tarsal sinus and tarsal canal, where they are occult to clinical palpation. If ganglia are clinically palpable, they are most commonly located around the Lisfranc joint. In addition, palpable ganglia are larger than occult ganglia.     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

人细胞外基质磷酸糖蛋白MEPE的表达纯化及抗体制备

目的 原核表达、纯化人细胞外基质磷酸糖蛋白(Mepe)基因,并制备多克隆抗体.方法 设计出扩增人Mepe全长基因的特异引物,通过PCR扩增出该基因片段,测序正确后插入到含GST基因的原核表达载体pGEX-KG中,以IPTG诱导表达,并经谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠纯化融合蛋白;用纯化的蛋白免疫小鼠制备多克隆抗体,用ELISA测定抗体的效价,Western印迹鉴定抗体的特异性.结果 原核表达了人Mepe全长基因,纯化了MEPE蛋白,并获得了抗MEPE的多克隆抗体,抗体效价达到1∶25 600,Western印迹结果显示,该抗血清能够特异识别原核及真核细胞表达的MEPE蛋白.结论 MEPE蛋白能够诱导小鼠产生具有较高效价和特异性的多克隆抗体,为进一步研究MEPE的功能奠定了基础.     

骨内腱鞘囊肿的发病机制及临床和影像学表现研究

目的：探讨骨内腱鞘囊肿的发病机制、临床特点及影像学表现,提高对本病的认识及术前诊断与鉴别诊断能力。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的28例骨内腱鞘囊肿的临床及影像学资料;28例均行x线平片、CT检查,其中16例行MRI检查。结果：28例均为单发病变,共28个病灶,其中股骨头6个,胫骨近端6个,距骨滑车6个．胫骨远端3个,腕月骨3个．股骨远端、髋臼、肱骨近端和腕舟骨各1个。病灶均位于骨内邻近关节面,病灶大小介于0．8cm×1．2cm～2．5cm×2．9cm之间。单房型25例．多房型3例。28个病灶X线平片和CT表现为圆形、类圆形或不规则形囊样低密度区,边缘清晰,均有薄层完整硬化边．相邻关节间隙无明显改变。16个病灶MRIT,wI表现为低到中等信号,TzwI表现为高信号。多房型病灶内有粗细不等的骨性间隔,MRI表现为长T-短T。信号。穿透型15例,表现为病灶通过邻关节面裂隙与关节腔相通或病灶与关节旁软组织腱鞘囊肿相连;特发型13例,表现为骨内单一病灶,骨外结构正常。结论：骨内腱鞘囊肿有其特殊发病部位,影像学表现典型,结合发病年龄和临床症状,可以作出正确的术前诊断。     

脊柱脊髓损伤诊治的历史、现状与展望

脊柱脊髓损伤是一类严重危害人类健康的创伤，对于患者的生理、心理、工作和生活都有着极大的影响。对于脊柱脊髓损伤的认识，有着久远的历史。最早有关脊柱脊髓损伤的文献可以追溯到公元前2500年，在所发现的古埃及人的外科手卷中就有关于脊柱脊髓损伤的病例记载，当时就描述了患者的瘫痪、排尿障碍、腹胀等现象，并得出了脊柱脊髓损伤是“不治之症”（an ailment not to be treated）的结论。千百年来，为了攻克这一创伤领域的难题，无数学者进行了不懈的探索。