关节镜下膝前交叉韧带与后交叉韧带联合重建

[目的]探讨膝关节双交叉韧带损伤的临床特点,评估关节镜下前交叉韧带(ACL)与后交叉韧带(PCL)联合重建的技术和效果。[方法]自2001年9月~2005年2月,13例病人(13膝)经关节镜检查证实ACL和PCL均断裂,其中5膝伴后内侧角(PMC)、内侧副韧带损伤(MCL),4膝伴后外侧角损伤(PLC),2膝伴外侧半月板破裂,1膝伴内侧半月板损伤,3膝伴腘动脉损伤,2膝伴腓总神经损伤。7例病人于损伤后急性期入院,2膝于急性期行腘血管探查修复,4膝行膝后内侧角、内侧副韧带修复。13例病人于伤后4~12周在关节镜下行自体移植物单束ACL和PCL联合重建术,其中4例同期后1/2股二头肌腱重建后PLC,1例同期阔筋膜PMC、MCL重建。[结果]本组术后早期均未发生严重并发症。术后随访10~39个月,平均(21.85±9.28)个月,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为75~95分,平均(86.54±6.89)分。国际膝关节文件编制委员会(IKDC)综合评定由术前显著异常(D级)13例,改进为随访时正常(A级)3例、接近正常(B级)8例、异常(C级)2例。13例病人中,11例恢复至伤前运动水平,2例运动水平较伤前减低。[结论]膝关节双交叉韧带损伤多伴有其它重要结构损伤,需妥善处理合并损伤。关节镜下自体移植物联合单束重建ACL和PCL创伤小、手术操作精细,术后膝关节功能恢复满意。     

膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧角结构损伤的联合重建

目的 探讨膝关节后交叉韧带(PCL)合并后外侧角结构(PLC)实质部损伤时进行联合重建的必要性,介绍使用关节镜下5～6股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL以及采用中1/3股二头肌腱、股薄肌重建PLC的技术和优点. 方法 自2001年1月至2006年12月,收治膝关节PCL合并PLC损伤患者28例,均为PCL损伤≥Ⅱ°b、PLC损伤>Ⅱ°.X线片有韧带附着点撕脱骨折及严重内翻不稳需要胫骨截骨者不计入本组.治疗方法:手术治疗28例,其中2002年1月至2003年12月间8例行关节镜下腘绳肌腱单束重建PCL,而PLC保守治疗;2002年1月至2006年12月间20例关节镜下修复重建PCL,再开放手术操作修复重建PLC结构. 结果 随访6～24个月,平均15个月.功能评定按照Lysholm标准,单纯修复PCL组中等3例,差5例;PCL和PLC联合重建者中优良19例,中等1例.两组的Lysholm评分平均为(47.1±8.2)分和(86.7±7.2)分,差异有统计学意义(t=19.277,P<0.05);IKDC评估两组分别有3例和19例对手术结果满意.无严重并发症发生. 结论 膝关节PCL合并PLC损伤可造成患肢严重的无法代偿的功能损害,手术时应当进行联合重建,忽视PLC重建的重要性,会导致PCL重建效果下降或失败;采用关节镜下5～6股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL以及采用中1/3股二头肌腱、股薄肌重建PLC的技术治疗PCL合并PLC损伤取得较好的临床效果.     

膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤康复护理

[目的]探讨膝关节镜下治疗后交叉韧带（PCL）合并后外侧角损伤的康复护理。[方法]对21例膝关节镜下行自体四股胭绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL和后1／2股二头肌腱重建PCL康复护理分析。术前注重心理护理，教会功能锻炼的基本要领。术后指导患者正确的功能锻炼方法及出院指导。[结果]21例应用膝关节镜重建（PCL）合并（PLC）损伤患者随访12—33个月，术前症状消失，关节功能明显改善。[结论]通过科学的功能锻炼方法，保证了关节镜手术效果，使患者对术后关节功能恢复情况满意。     

关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝关节后交叉韧带

[目的]评估关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝后交叉韧带（PCL）的技术和效果。[方法]自2001年4月～2004年10月，49例病人（49膝）经关节镜检查证实为PCL断裂，其中13膝伴前交叉韧带断裂，14膝伴后外侧角损伤，6膝伴后内侧角损伤，9膝伴外侧半月板破裂，5膝伴内侧半月板损伤，2例伴膳动脉损伤，4例伴腓总神经损伤。均于关节镜下行自体四股膳绳肌腱单束PCL重建术，采用Bionx生物可吸收挤压螺钉或钛挤压螺钉解剖位固定重建韧带。[结果]本组术后早期均未发生严重并发症。术后随访10～52个月，平均22个月，Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前30～60分（平均47．96分），提高至随访时70～95分（平均89．08分）（P〈0．01）。国际膝关节文件编制委员会（IKDC）综合评定由术前异常（C级）10例、显著异常（D级）39例，改进为随访时正常（A级）20例、接近正常（B级）24例、异常（C级）5例（P=0．0000）。49例患者中，40例恢复伤前运动水平，9例运动水平较伤前减低。[结论]关节镜下自体四股腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCI．管伤小、手术操作简捷，术后膝关节功能恢复满意。     

关节镜下股骨双隧道双束腘绳肌肌腱重建后十字韧带

目的探讨关节镜下采用可吸收界面螺钉固定双束腘绳肌肌腱,股骨双隧道重建后十字韧带(PCL)的方法和疗效。方法24例PCL损伤患者,年龄为17￣42岁,平均32岁。在关节镜下应用可吸收界面螺钉固定,股骨双隧道胫骨单隧道双束腘绳肌肌腱重建PCL。3股半腱肌肌腱在屈膝15°￣30°位拉紧、固定,重建前外侧束;3股股薄肌肌腱在屈膝60°￣70°位拉紧、固定,重建后内侧束。结果24例患者术后随访6￣19个月,平均9.4个月。术后膝关节活动度均在正常范围,无疼痛,无创伤性关节炎。后抽屉试验、反向Lachman试验、胫骨结节塌陷征和反向轴移试验均为阴性,术后Lysholm评分为(92.7±6.4)分,较术前(49.4±9.3)分有显著提高(t=3.12,P<0.01)。术后Tegner活动评分为(6.7±1.4)分,较术前(3.2±0.9)分有显著提高(t=3.13,P<0.01)。结论股骨双隧道胫骨单隧道双束自体腘绳肌肌腱重建PCL能够较好的重建膝关节在不同伸屈角度的稳定性。生物可降解螺钉为PCL重建的理想的内固定材料。     

股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧角韧带结构

目的采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧角韧带结构并探讨其近期临床效果。方法对23例膝关节后外侧角韧带结构陈旧性损伤患者,采用股二头肌长头腱进行解剖学重建。术中保留股二头肌长头在腓骨头的附着或者在远端的连接,分切出一个远端带蒂、宽8～10mm、长16～18cm的肌腱条,再将肌腱条纵行劈为前、后两半。将后侧半肌腱条反折重建腓韧带和肌腱,其股骨附着点位于肌腱的解剖学附着点,反折后的游离端固定在开口于胫骨平台后外侧角的骨隧道内。将前侧半肌腱条反折重建外侧副韧带,其股骨附着点位于外侧副韧带的解剖学附着点,反折后的游离端固定在开口于腓骨头前缘的骨隧道内,或者直接缝合在腓骨头上。通过对膝关节内翻稳定性和小腿外旋活动度的随访,了解膝关节后外侧角的稳定性。结果术后半年,完全伸膝位无膝内翻不稳;屈膝30°,Ⅰ度膝内翻不稳伴硬性终止点2例;屈膝30°,小腿外旋增加2例,相同16例,减小5例。术后1年,患膝后外侧角的稳定性无明显改变。结论采用股二头肌长头腱同时重建膝外侧副韧带、腓韧带和肌腱能够有效恢复膝关节后外侧角的稳定性。     

关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌重建膝后交叉韧带的疗效评价

目的 探讨关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌腱单束重建膝后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)的效果.方法 2004年4月～2005年4月,我院25例(25膝)经关节镜检查证实为PCL断裂,在关节镜下行自体腘绳肌腱单束PCL 重建术,生物可吸收挤压螺钉解剖位固定重建韧带. 结果 手术时间平均90min(80～100min).25例膝术毕PCL重建后后抽屉试验均为阴性.术后住院时间7～14 d,平均10.4 d.25例术后随访12～24个月,平均18个月,23例膝后抽屉试验阴性,2例后抽屉试验1级.术后12个月Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前(44.8±8.1)分提高至(77.8±6.4)分(t=-15.999,P=0.000).按国际膝关节文件编制委员会膝关节标准评价膝关节功能分级,术前异常(C级)10例、显著异常(D级)15例,随访时正常(A级)8例、接近正常(B级)15例、异常(C级)2例(Z=-4.394,P=0.000). 结论 关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定自体腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL创伤小,固定可靠,手术操作简单,术后膝关节功能恢复效果好.     

急性膝关节后内侧角损伤

[目的]探讨急性膝关节后内侧角损伤的诊断与治疗。[方法]自2000年12月～2004年1月收治急性膝关节损伤12例(12膝),病人均表现为伸膝位和屈膝30°位外翻应力试验阳性和伤膝旋转不稳定,于伤后2～12d接受了关节镜检查及内侧开放探查,12膝均有后内侧角损伤和内侧副韧带损伤,4膝伴前、后交叉韧带断裂;2膝伴前交叉韧带断裂;4膝伴后交叉韧带断裂。12膝均一期手术修复后内侧角和内侧副韧带。8周后,12例病人中8人接受二期关节镜下手术,前交叉韧带重建3例,前后交叉韧带联合重建3例,后交叉韧带重建2例。[结果]一期手术后8周评估表明12膝均恢复内后侧稳定性,伸膝位和屈膝30°位外翻应力试验均为阴性。12例病人随访10～20个月,平均12.0±3.2个月,Lysholm膝关节功能评分87.08±6.28。IKDC综合评定正常(A级)4例,接近正常(B级)7例,异常(C级)1例。[结论]急性膝关节后内侧角损伤见于较高能量损伤,多为复合损伤,表现为伸膝位和屈膝30°位外翻应力试验阳性和伤膝旋转不稳定。应一期手术修复后内侧角和内侧副韧带,二期酌情重建交叉韧带。     

胫骨近端截骨联合膝关节后外侧重建治疗儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻

[目的]胫骨近端截骨术联合采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧结构并探讨其在儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形矫正中的临床效果。[方法]2011年8月~2015年8月对7例儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形患者,一期均行胫骨近端截骨术,二期取内固定时,同时采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝关节后外侧结构。[结果]一期胫骨近端截骨术后均随访20~48个月,平均25.40个月。在非负重状态下,所有胫骨内翻畸形均矫正;在负重状态下,术前膝内翻角度30°~45°,平均37.10°,术后膝内翻角度8°~14°,平均11.70°,矫正角度20°~31°,平均25.4°,所有膝内翻畸形较术前有改善。截骨端愈合时间3~5个月,平均3.50个月。二期膝关节后外侧重建术后随访12~24个月,术后12个月,完全伸膝位无内翻不稳;屈膝30°,Ⅰ度内翻不稳1例;屈膝30°,患侧小腿外旋较健侧增加1例。术后24个月,患膝后外侧结构的稳定性无明显改变,下肢力线恢复满意。[结论]胫骨近端截骨术可以纠正胫骨内翻畸形,改善膝内翻畸形;采用股二头肌长头腱重建膝外侧副韧带和腘肌腱,能够有效恢复膝关节后外侧结构的稳定性;两者联合应用在儿麻后遗症严重膝内翻畸形矫正中可以取得较好疗效。     

膝关节多韧带损伤

目的探讨膝关节多韧带损伤的临床特点,并评估其治疗效果。方法9例患者(9膝)经临床及关节镜检查证实前交叉韧带(ACL)和后交叉韧带(PCL)均断裂,其中5膝伴后内侧角(PMC)、内侧副韧带损伤(MCL),急性期4膝伴后外侧角损伤(PLC)。4膝行膝后内侧角、内侧副韧带修复。9例患者于伤后4~10周在关节镜下行自体移植物单束ACL和PCL联合重建术,其中4例同期后1/2股二头肌肌腱重建后PLC,1例同期阔筋膜PMC、MCL重建。结果术后随访10~39个月,平均(23·0±9·5)个月,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为70~95分,平均(85·0±8·3)分。国际膝关节文件编制委员会(IKDC)综合评定由入院时显著异常(D级)9例,改进为随访时正常(A级)2例、接近正常(B级)6例、异常(C级)1例。结论膝关节多韧带损伤可在关节镜下ACL、PCL联合重建,分期或同期关节外韧带修复或重建,具有安全可靠、手术创伤小的优点,其治疗效果满意。     

Hyperbaric Oxygen and N-Acetylcysteine Treatment in L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats

ABSTRACT

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Methods: Experiments were performed in 50 male Wistar rats, which were divided into five groups (N = 10 for each group). The first group received normal saline (0.9% NaCl) intraperitoneal and served as the control group. In the second group, acute pancreatitis was induced by 3.2-g/kg body weight L-arginine intraperitoneal twice at an interval of 1 hr, which has been shown previously to produce severe necrotizing acute pancreatitis. In the third group, NAC treatment (1000 mg/kg) was given after 1 hr of the induction of acute pancreatitis twice 24 hr apart. In the fourth group, animals received HBO, 6 hr after the induction of pancreatitis twice 12 hr apart. In the fifth group, animals received together NAC as in Group 3 and HBO treatment as in Group 4. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were left under normal atmospheric pressures. Twelve hours after last treatment, the animals were killed by exsanguinations. Blood samples were studied for amylase, calcium, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pancreatic histology, pancreatic tissue malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels. Results: Acute pancreatitis is reduced by the treatment of NAC, HBO, NAC + HBO. HBO + NAC groups performed statistically the best in preventing L-arginine-induced acute necrotising pancreatitis. Conclusions: NAC especially combined with HBO, decreases oxidative stress parameters, serum amylase, calcium, and LDH levels, as well as histopathologic score.     

硝普钠阴茎海绵体内注射治疗阳萎的临床研究

本研究选择４２例阳萎患者，采用硝普钠进行阴茎海绵体注射（ＩＣＩ），并选择罂粟碱／酚妥拉明进行对照，结果表明，硝普钠ＩＣＩ后：（１）阴茎外形性状（长度、周径等）明显改变。（２）Ｖｉｒａｇ硬度计点表明硝普钠与罂粟碱／酚妥拉明效果之间无明显差别。（３）所有测试患者无一例出现低血压或局部不适等副反应，与罂粟碱／酚妥拉明相比各有优劣，但总体差异不大，这充分表明，硝普钠作为一种ＮＯ供体可导致阴茎平滑肌松弛，血窦充盈阴茎勃起，其副反应较小，有其临床应用之价值。     

糖皮质激素对肿瘤坏死因子引起的大鼠中性粒细胞粘附的影响

采用中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）与玻璃珠粘附和ＰＭＮ与血管内皮细胞（ＥＣ）粘附两种模型，以肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ），作为ＰＭＮ的刺激因子，研究糖皮质激素（ＧＣ）对ＴＮＦ引起的大鼠ＰＭＮ粘附的影响，同时给予糖皮质激素受体（ＧＲ）阻断剂ＲＵ３８４８６观察ＧＲ在粘附中的作用。结果发现，ＴＮＦ能明显增强大鼠ＰＭＮ的粘附（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｄｅｘ不能抑制经ＴＮＦ预处理的ＰＭＮ的粘附（Ｐ＞０．０５），但有一定的预防作用；经ＴＮＦ预处理再同时给予Ｄｅｘ和ＲＵ３８４８６的ＰＭＮ粘附同样明显增强（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Kelfiprim,a new sulpha-trimethoprim combination,versus cotrimoxazole,in the treatment of urinary tract infections: A multicentre,double-blind trial

Summary A new combination of trimethoprim with a sulphonamide, named Kelfiprim, differs from cotrimoxazole in that: a) the sulpha drug is sulphamethopyrazine instead of sulphamethoxazole; b) the trimethoprim to sulpha ratio is 5:4 instead of 1:5;c) the presence of a long-acting sulphonamide allows the administration of a daily dose of one capsule, following an initial loading dose of two capsules; d) a reduced amount of trimethoprim is given, as compared to cotrimoxazole, without any decrease of efficacy. Kelfiprim [KP] was compared to contrimoxazole [Co] in a multicentre double blind trial. Sixty four patients suffering from acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower urinary tract entered the study. Urine sterilisation and clinical improvement without relapses showed no differences from the two treatment groups. Tolerance was excellent except in two patients, one treated with KP and the other treated with Co, who showed a transient exanthema.     

Time-dependent hexaminolaevulinate induced protoporphyrin IX distribution after topical application in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A fluorescence microscopy study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compared to the conventional management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) the potential advantage of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of cervical human papilloma virus (HPV)-related disease encompasses a minimal invasive procedure with reduced risk of profuse bleeding as a consequence of conization, and possibly more favorable long-term results avoiding cervical stenosis. At present little is known about the precise time-dependent distribution and histological localization of hexaminolaevulinate (HAL) induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence in healthy tissue and in CIN. The aim of this study was to use ex vivo fluorescence microscopy to determine whether PPIX is selectively induced by neoplastic cells of the cervical epithelium at various times after topical application. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cold cream containing 0.5% HAL was applied by means of cervical cap over various periods of time. We analyzed 52 healthy cervical mucosa and 84 CINs. RESULTS: At time delay 100 (+/-10) minutes, high epithelial fluorescence and a significant selectivity between epithelium and underlying lamina propria was found. By contrast, no significant difference between healthy and neoplastic tissues, or between low and high-grade epithelial dysplasia (P > or = 0.05), was observed at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Application of HAL 0.5% cream to the cervix induced selective fluorescence in epithelial cells. The optimal ratio with a homogeneous PPIX distribution was obtained after 100 ( +/- 10) minutes cream application, which should be evaluated further for PDT.     

An updated review on the principles of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and the anaesthetic considerations

It is known that any surgery to the nervous system poses risks to neural structures and their surrounding structures. These mechanisms of injury are the result of mechanical manipulations, haemodynamic alterations, chemical or thermal injuries. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM), using various modalities, is employed to facilitate the assessment of the functional integrity of neural structures, and it is used to provide a real-time alerting system when changes caused by surgically induced insults are detected. The primary goal of IONM is reducing the risk of postoperative neurological deficits during these surgical procedures. It is used to provide information that allows the surgeon to correct any surgical interventions that may have compromised these systems and this also in turn provides guidance on what neurological deficits to anticipate postoperatively. Apart from being utilized as an alerting system to avoid catastrophic outcomes, IONM also assists as a guidance system using stimulation techniques to map out eloquent areas within the cortex, allowing identification of specific neuronal structures, particularly when landmarks cannot be easily recognized due to infiltration by pathological lesions.In this article, we focus on updating our previous paper published in 2019 and again, to provide attention to the various neurophysiological modalities that are employed in IONM. We will look at the basic underlying physiological principles and their individual indications for use clinically. We will explain the information that each modality provides. Importantly, and the primary reason for this article, we look at the various anaesthetic agents, their effects on each neurophysiological modality and other anaesthetic considerations such as haemodynamic and temperature effects. We will also recommend the use of an alert checklist for the multidisciplinary team should an intraoperative alert be issued during surgical procedures.