人与猪升主动脉、肺动脉干零应力状态的比较研究

目的 :比较人与猪升主动脉、肺动脉干零应力状态。方法 :取 5例人和 42例不同月龄猪的升主动脉、肺动脉干 ,沿其轴向均分为 5个等长的血管环 ,再沿径向剪开各血管环 ,2 0min后由计算机记录并测量各血管环的零应力状态张开角。结果 :人升主动脉的张开角从近侧端的 10 0 .4°± 12 .8°增至远侧端的15 2 .8°± 18.6° ,各月龄猪升主动脉张开角从近侧端的 68°左右增至远侧端的 13 0°左右 ;人肺动脉干张开角沿轴向无明显变化 ,各月龄猪肺动脉干的张开角从近侧端的 65°左右增至远侧端的 12 5°左右 ,猪升主动脉、肺动脉干的张开角不随年龄增加而发生显著变化。结论 :人和猪升主动脉、肺动脉干零应力状态张开角存在一定差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但在某些区段二者相应动脉的张开角相近 ;猪受试血管的张开角无明显年龄性变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

高血压大鼠动脉的零应力状态与内皮素的关系

本文通过观察胸主动脉、肾动脉主干张开角的大小 ,研究了SHR高血压建立前后胸主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态的变化 ,并于SHR高血压形成前 ,给予口服型ETA型受体拮抗剂BMS 182 874,研究了内源性ET在SHR主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态变化中的作用。结果发现 ,在未建立高血压的SHR(4周 ) ,主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角与同龄WKY相比 ,都没有显著的变化。在高血压已建立的SHR(16周 ) ,主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角分别为 6 9.0± 2 7.0°和 114.2± 42 .2° ,显著大于同龄的WKY大鼠 (4 5 .9± 2 5 .7°和 70 .2± 30 .4°)。给予SHRBMS 182 874(4～ 16周 ) ,SHR主动脉张开角未发生明显变化 (6 2 .8± 2 5 .6°) ,而肾动脉主干的张开角显著减小 (6 6 .6±41.5 4°)。结果表明 ,在已建立高血压的SHR ,主动脉和肾动脉主干都存在非均匀生长 ,其残余应力、应变大于同龄的WKY ,内源性ET在SHR肾动脉零应力状态的改变中起重要作用。     

高血压大鼠动脉的零应力状态与内皮素的关系

本文通过观察胸主动脉、肾动脉主干张开角的大小,研究了SHR高血压建立前后胸主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态的变化,并于SHR高血压形成前,给予口服型ETA型受体拮抗剂BMS-182874,研究了内源性ET在SHR主动脉和肾动脉零应力状态变化中的作用.结果发现,在未建立高血压的SHR(4周),主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角与同龄WKY相比,都没有显著的变化.在高血压已建立的SHR(16周),主动脉和肾动脉主干的张开角分别为69.0±27.0°和114.2±42.2°,显著大于同龄的WKY大鼠(45.9±25.7°和70.2±30.4°).给予SHRBMS-182874(4～16周),SHR主动脉张开角未发生明显变化(62.8±25.6°),而肾动脉主干的张开角显著减小(66.6±41.54°).结果表明,在已建立高血压的SHR,主动脉和肾动脉主干都存在非均匀生长,其残余应力、应变大于同龄的WKY,内源性ET在SHR肾动脉零应力状态的改变中起重要作用.     

狗主动脉的零应力状态

动脉中存在残余应变。先将血管沿轴线剪为短圆环，再将短圆环沿径向剪开，即可获得血管的零应力状态。血管的零应力状态常用张开角描述。本文研究了狗主动脉零应力状态张开角随位置的变化。结果显示，在主动脉升部，张开角为１２０°；到主动脉弓部，张开角降为９０°；在胸主动脉下部，张开角回升到１００°；在腹主动脉上，张开角又降为８０°。本文还将狗与猪、鼠主动脉零应力状态张开角的数据进行了比较，讨论了种属间的差异。     

L-NAME诱导妊娠高血压大鼠动脉重建的特征

目的探讨妊娠高血压大鼠动脉重建的特征。方法采用亚硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯(L-nitro-arginine methylester,L-NAME)诱导,构建妊娠高血压大鼠模型,以正常孕鼠为对照,用无创鼠尾血压测量仪测量血压以确认模型构建成功。测量血液黏度、左侧颈总动脉平均血流量,检测胸主动脉和颈总动脉的管壁厚度、管腔内径、张开角,计算并比较颈总动脉平均切应力的变化。Western blotting检测胸主动脉血管成分胶原蛋白Ⅰ(collagenⅠ,ColⅠ)、胶原蛋白Ⅲ(collagenⅢ,ColⅢ)表达,分析动脉血管重建程度。结果妊娠高血压模型大鼠血黏度增加,平均血流量降低;颈总动脉和胸主动脉壁厚内径比明显增大;颈总动脉张开角减小,胸主动脉张开角增大;颈总动脉平均切应力降低(28.52±3.08)%;ColⅠ表达下降,ColⅢ表达增加,ColⅠ、Ⅲ比例显著减小。结论妊娠高血压大鼠平均切应力下降,胸主动脉和颈总动脉发生血管重建。研究结果可以为妊娠高血压发病机制的深入研究提供基础实验数据支撑。     

自发性高血压大鼠胸主动脉的残余应变及酶抑制剂——依那普利的影响

为观察SHR胸主动脉残余应变及依那普利的影响,测量了SHR胸主动脉血管的零应力状态张开角θ、等效内径D、平均壁厚H,并计算血管的平均截面积S。结果表明与对照1组相比较:对照2组(加喂依那普利)各项指标均无明显差异;SHR 1组的θ与D值显著性减小(P均<0.01)、H与S值显著性增大(P均<0.01);SHR 2组(加喂依那普利)θ与H值增大(P_θ<0.01,P_H<0.05)、D值减小(P<0.05)、S值差异不明显。表明病变血管残余应变的变化过程为先增大至峰值,然后又逐渐减小;依那普利可延缓这种变化的进程。血管壁中应力的分布与大小的变化是引起血管组织重塑与生长的重要原因之一。     

猪胸主动脉血管各向异性力学性能的实验研究

目的 研究猪胸主动脉血管各向异性的力学特性。 方法 收集21条猪胸主动脉血管并分成3组。沿每条血管的轴向剖开并展成平面,以展开后血管的长方向（即血管轴向）0°为起始角,逆时针方向分别切取30°、 45°、 60°、90°、120°、 135°、 150°、180° 8个角度方向的样本。以1、5、10 mm/min的加载速率分别对3组样本进行单轴拉伸测试,以获得血管样本在8个不同方向及3种加载速率下的弹性模量和极限应力。 结果 不同角度样本的应力 应变曲线呈现出不同的黏弹性行为;随着样本角度的变化,从30°开始,弹性模量逐渐增大,到90°时弹性模量最大,然后逐渐减小,直到180°;极限应力与弹性模量的变化规律基本一致。不同加载速率对弹性模量和极限应力的结果具有明显的影响,但对血管的各向异性度影响较小。结论 猪主动脉血管呈现较强的各向异性,研究结果为有限元分析建模中材料属性的赋值提供参数参考,对理解血管生物力学特性具有重要的意义。     

犬冠状动脉的零应力状态

用计算机图像分析技术测量了6例杂种犬左、右冠状动脉主干全长的张开角以及时间对它们的影响.结果表明,冠状动脉主干的张开角范围在65°±12°至112°± 30°之间;张开角大小和动脉直径大小无关.冠状动脉零应力状态的观测应该在血管环切开20分钟后进行.冠状动脉在无载荷时存在残余应力,其无载荷状态不能作为血管力学特性分析的参考状态;血管的生理状态,在体是承载生理压力状态,离体即为零应力状态.在血管壁组织形态研究中,应考虑血管的残余应力,应该取血管的生理状态进行组织固定.     

尾加压素Ⅱ对大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤后血管重塑的作用

目的： 探讨尾加压素Ⅱ(UII)在血管损伤后重塑过程中的作用。方法: 建立大鼠胸主动脉球囊拉伤模型，随机分为4组（n=5）,分别为假拉伤组、拉伤组、UII组（胸主动脉球囊拉伤并持续泵入UII 1.0 nmol·kg-1·h-1）和urantide组( 胸主动脉球囊拉伤并持续泵入urantide 10 nmol·kg-1·h-1)。于第21 d取胸主动脉，分别检测血管形态改变、UII表达、平滑肌细胞增殖和胶原表达。结果: ①术后第21 dUII组收缩压高于拉伤组［（140.0±10.0) mmHg vs (132.0±3.4) mmHg, P>0.05］,明显高于urantide 组［（140.0±10.0) mmHg vs (128.0±2.4) mmHg, P<0.05］。②胸主动脉球囊损伤后,损伤血管局部UII表达增强。③同拉伤组比, UII组进一步促进了内膜的增生,管腔面积狭窄率明显增加(0.13±0.05 vs 0.07±0.02, P<0.05);细胞增殖指数明显增加(0.74±0.16 vs 0.40±0.11,P<0.01);胶原表达也明显增加(以IOD计量,318±127 vs 78±26, P<0.01)。④同拉伤组比,urantide组管腔面积狭窄率没有减轻(0.09±0.03 vs 0.07±0.02, P>0.05);细胞增殖指数明显增加(0.73±0.15 vs 0.40±0.11, P<0.01);胶原表达增多但无统计学意义(以IOD计量,200±79 vs 78±26, P>0.05)。结论: 大鼠胸主动脉损伤后局部UII表达增强；外源性UII促进新生内膜平滑肌细胞增殖和胶原表达，加重了损伤血管的狭窄，提示UII参与了损伤后修复的过程；10 nmol·kg-1·h-1urantide不能抑制损伤后血管重塑的进程, 拮抗UII的机制尚有待进一步探讨。     

猪升主动脉几何形态与显微结构的增龄性变化

目的:探讨猪升主动脉几何形态与显微结构成分在增龄过程中的变化规律,为猪→人异种心脏移植吻合血管提供必要的形态学基础。方法:应用组织学和计算机图像分析方法,对42例1～7月龄猪升主动脉进行计量形态学研究。结果:猪升主动脉的管径、壁厚、管腔面积、管壁面积与月龄间呈高度直线正相关关系(r分别为0.98、0.98、0.99、0.99,各P值均<0.001),它们分别以1.54mm月、0.15mm/月、28.26mm~2/月和12.28mm~2/月的速率增加。管壁中胶原纤维含量随之增加(P<0.05);弹性纤维含量以2、3月龄最高,而后维持在相对恒定水平,平滑肌的含量在增龄过程中未见明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:与人类相似,猪升主动脉几何形态、显微结构成分含量与年龄密切相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.