冠状动脉旁路移植术218例临床分析

目的：总结冠状动脉旁路植术（CABG）治疗冠心病的经验。方法：回顾分析2001年1月－2002年2月完成的CABG218例，体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术（CCABG）152例，非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术（OPCAB）66例，对手术方法、主要并发症和围术期治疗进行分析。结果：院内死亡5例。1例术后第14天死于肺部感染、急性肾功能衰竭；1例术后第3天死于心肌梗死；1例术后第2天死于急性肺梗死；2例因ARDS、多器官功能衰竭死亡。余213例治愈出院。随访有6例复发心绞痛，药物治疗有效。结论：严格掌握手术适应证、充分的术前准备、手术技巧的完善、良好的心肌保护及加强围术期处理是提高CABG早期疗效的关键因素。     

A comparison of the results of A-C bypass grafting in collateral and non-collateral groups

Ninety patients who had aorto-coronary bypass grafting were divided into two groups: a collateral group, which had coronary arterial stenosis or occlusion with collateral circulation, and a non-collateral group, which had coronary arterial stenosis or occlusion without collateral circulation. The number of coronary arteries visualized through collateral circulation in coronary angiograms (CAG) was 32, left anterior descending arteries (LAD) 17, right coronary arteries (RCA) 11, and left circumflex arteries (LCX) 4. The results of A-C bypass grafting in the collateral and non-collateral groups were compared. Surgical mortality was 0% in the collateral group, and 5.4% in the non-collateral group. The differences in graft patency and graft flow between the two groups were not statistically significant. However, left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial perfusion, which was estimated by thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigram, were significantly improved after A-C bypass in the collateral group. Although the coronary arteries visualized through collateral vessels seemed too narrow to undergo graft anastomosis, they were, in fact, large enough. A-C bypass grafting was achieved with more satisfactory results in the collateral group than in the non-collateral group.     

Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and cellular adhesion in CABG procedures with separated pulmonary and systemic extracorporeal circulation without an oxygenator

Objective: We have recently shown that a considerable amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines is released during pulmonary passage after aortic declamping in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The present study was performed to investigate whether bilateral extracorporeal circulation with the lungs as oxygenators can reduce the inflammatory responses of the lungs. Methods: Eighteen consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to routine extracorporeal circulation with cannulation of right atrium and aorta (routine circulation, ten patients) or to a bilateral extracorporeal circulation with additional cannulation of left atrium and pulmonary artery (bilateral circulation, eight patients). Blood was simultaneously drawn from right atrium and pulmonary vein at 1, 10 and 20 min reperfusion. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and the adhesion molecules CD41 and CD62 on platelets and CD11b and CD41 on leukocytes were determined. Because of considerable interindividual scatter, the pulmonary venous levels are normalized to percent of the respective right atrial value at each time point. Results: At 1 min reperfusion pulmonary venous levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in routine circulation were +44±15% and +43±28% of the respective right atrial values. The respective values in bilateral circulation were −3±4% and −6±7% (P=0.02 and P=0.05 vs. respective right atrium). Similar increments were found after 10 and 20 min. Platelet–monocyte coaggregates were retained during pulmonary passage at 1 min reperfusion in routine circulation (−21±6%), but washed out in bilateral circulation (+5±8%, P=0.007). At 20 min reperfusion, activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were retained in routine circulation (−16±9%) but washed out in bilateral circulation (+19±29%, P=0.05; all data given as mean±SEM). Conclusions: Bilateral extracorporeal circulation without an artificial oxygenator significantly reduces the inflammatory responses during pulmonary passage after aortic declamping.     

Hemoglobin Trends in Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Performed Off‐Pump and With Standard and Mini Circuits

The comparison of hemodilution at the end of surgery is of limited use as it represents only a snapshot of a dynamic phenomenon. This study was undertaken to compare the perioperative hemoglobin curves of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting performed with minimized extracorporeal circulation, traditional cardiopulmonary bypass, and off‐pump technique. The propensity score method was used to select three groups of patients, homogenous regarding preoperative and operative data, who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. A generalized linear mixed model was used for estimating differences in perioperative hemoglobin trends among groups. The three groups were each composed of 50 patients with no differences in demographic data, preoperative risk profile, preoperative hemoglobin, or type of surgery. There was no significant difference in major postoperative complications. The pattern of the hemodilution curves was similar in patients operated with mini‐circuit and off‐pump technique (P > 005). Mini‐circuit led to a 3.1 ± 11.9% hemoglobin reduction, which was similar to the off‐pump group (1.6 ± 8.9%, P = 0.99 at ANOVA) and significantly different from the standard extracorporeal circuit group (16.0 ± 10.3%, P < 0.001 at ANOVA). The generalized linear mixed model determined that the standard circuit was the only independent predictor for increased hemodilution. Its effect on hemodilution was time‐dependent and the slope of the hemoglobin curve was more pronounced between systemic heparinization and the end of surgery. Perioperative hemoglobin trends of patients who underwent myocardial revascularization with mini‐circuit were similar to those of off‐pump surgery and significantly less pronounced than those of standard extracorporeal circulation.     

An Evaluation of Histomorphometric Properties of Coronary Arteries,Saphenous Vein,and Various Arterial Conduits for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Purpose. We evaluated the histomorphological properties of the coronary arteries, saphenous vein, and five arterial conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting, and compared them with each other. Methods. All vessels were harvested from seven cadavers, eight autopsied individuals, and 14 patients. The length, lumen diameter, wall thickness, and histological structures were examined based on samples obtained from the coronary arteries and the conduits. The dimensions and wall thicknesses of the coronary arteries and the conduits were compared using a one-sided variance analysis. The similarities between the coronary arteries and the conduits were investigated by Duncan's multiple range tests. Results. The internal mammary and intercostal arteries were elastic, while the others were muscular. The lengths of all conduits were adequate for use as coronary artery grafts. The dimensions and wall thicknesses of the coronary arteries and the conduits showed no statistically significant differences, except for the proximal portion of the saphenous vein. Conclusions. These findings emphasize the justification of continued use of the ideally matching internal mammary artery, either as an in situ or free graft, in coronary artery bypass grafting, although other arterial grafts can be used in coronary artery bypass grafting. In addition, the intercostal artery was found to have relatively favorable properties regarding its potential suitability as a coronary bypass conduit.     

Is the Allen test reliable enough?

Objective: The Allen test is a widely used screening method of hand circulation. Our aim was to study whether the Allen test alone gives sufficient information for harvesting the radial artery in coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: One hundred and forty-five patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting underwent the Allen test, upper arm Doppler ultrasonography and digital plethysmography. In ultrasonography both anatomical and circulatory measurements were performed. The Allen test was then compared with more objective tests and sensitivity; specificity and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Results: Most of the patients had a negative Allen test, but 23% were positive (abnormal). Ultrasound scanning revealed anatomical anomalies in 10 patients and circulatory deficits in 17 patients. Thirteen patients had both circulatory and anatomical abnormalities. Sensitivity of the Allen test was 73.2% and specificity 97.1% based on our findings. There were no abnormalities in the recovery of the arms with harvested radial grafts. Conclusions: The Allen test is a good and valid screening test for the circulation of the hand. If the Allen test is negative it is safe to harvest the radial artery. If it is positive further examinations are needed to ensure safe harvesting of the radial artery.     

Propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics—a perspective in minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation

There is limited evidence as to the pharmacokinetic changes expected in adults with extracorporeal technologies. Drugs may be taken up by various components of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit itself. Issues include the increased volume of the circuit leading to haemodilution; the sequestration of lipophilic drugs within the circuit tubing; and the absorption of proteins, especially albumin, onto the circuit, which can result in increased free drug. However, in this context, the aspect of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation has not been described and evidenced by scientific studies. In this single-centre control study of 60 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, we present the results focused on postoperative albumin values and intraoperative propofol dosages in patients undergoing surgery with minimally invasive (n = 30) versus conventional extracorporeal circulation (n = 30). In the minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation group, a lower propofol dosage titrated to a bispectral index of 40–45 was used during coronary artery bypass grafting, and an improvement of postoperative concentration of serum albumin was observed compared to the conventional extracorporeal circulation group.     

Coronary endarterectomy for diffuse extensive coronary artery disease

Introduction Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is in an increasing trend in India. With the advancement of non-surgical methods of revascularisation, the patients coming for surgery are of less attractive anatomy. The role of coronary endarterectomy along with coronary artery bypass grafting for a selected group of these patients is quite promising. Materials and Methods From March 2000 to March 2005, out of 362 CABGs performed, 42 patients had undergone coronary endarterectomy. The age range being from 35 to 76 years, M: F is 38∶4 Hypertension was present in 26 (61%), diabetes mellitus in 20 (47.6%), smoking in 26 (61%) and dyslipidemia in 12 (28.5%) cases. Old myocardial infarction was present in 52.3% cases, unstable angina in 16.6%, stable angina in 23.8% and cardiogenic shock in 7.1% cases. All cases had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting with endarterectomy. Out of 18 LAD endarterectomies 17 cases LIMA was used as onlay patch. Result The average number of grafts anastomosed was 3.7. Single-vessel endarterectomy was done in 37, double vessel in 4 and four vessel in one case. LAD endarterectomy was done in 18, RCA in 12, diagonal in 10, intermediate in 1 and marginals in 8 cases. Postoperatively 3 patients had arrhythmia, two perioperative MI, one recurrent angina and one congestive cardiac failure (CCF). There was 2 (4.76%) mortality. Conclusion Hypertension and smoking are major risk factors. LAD is the most common artery requiring endarterectomy. Usage of LIMA following endarterectomy of LAD is quite satisfactory and short term results are encouraging.     

Myocardial revascularization by laser: a clinical report

Methods used to revascularize ischemic myocardium have included arterial reconstruction, coronary artery bypass grafting, providing direct circulation from the intraventricular chamber, and techniques to promote collateral circulation. Ventricular channels from the epicardial surface through the endocardium are readily made with the CO2 laser. Animal experiments suggest that these channels protect the ischemic myocardium and provide circulation to the muscle from the ventricular chamber. Clinical use of the CO2 laser in conjunction with aortocoronary bypass grafting is reported in a patient with three-vessel coronary artery disease and total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and hypokinesis of the anterior wall and apex. Following bypass a series of laser channels were made in the hypokinetic area of the left ventricle. Postoperative myocardial Tc PYP scans were within normal limits, including the previously dyskinetic anterior apical area. Serial EKGs remained unchanged from the preoperative status. Creatinine phosphokinase-myocardial band (CPK-MB) was elevated to 6 on the first and second postop day and was 0 from the third day. The patient was not recatheterized. The technique of myocardial revascularization by laser may be a viable addition to present treatment modalities. Further investigation and long-term follow-up are needed.     

Eleven-year outcomes of U-clips in totally robotic coronary artery bypass grafting versus standard hand-sewn running suture in robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing off-pump robotic coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with either interrupted nitinol U-Clips in totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB) or standard running suture anastomosis in robotically assisted direct coronary artery bypass (RADCAB) over a decade.METHODSFrom January 2007 to December 2017, 280 patients underwent robotic off-pump CABG using the da Vinci S/Si Surgical System in our centre. TECAB with interrupted nitinol U-Clips anastomosis was performed in the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to LAD grafting in 126 patients and RADCAB (n = 154) of the LIMA to LAD was completed with standard running suture. After discharge, patients were contacted through telephone interview and were invited to attend the outpatient clinic every 6 months or 1 year. The graft patency was assessed by coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography.RESULTSAll cases were completed without conversion to median sternotomy or cardiopulmonary bypass. A total of 275 single internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts (271 LIMAs, 4 right internal mammary arteries) and 5 bilateral IMA grafts were used as single graft or composite grafts. All the patients were discharged without in-hospital mortality or adverse outcomes. The average follow-up was 89.7 ± 30.4 months (range, 14–143 months). The cumulative survival rates (P = 0.53), the cumulative IMA patency rates (P = 0.83), and the rates of freedom from major adverse cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events (P = 0.41) between TECAB and RADCAB all showed no significant difference in the follow-up.CONCLUSIONSRobotic off-pump CABG using IMA grafts is safe and can provide reliable long-term outcomes. Compared with the standard hand-sewn running suture technique in RADCAB, interrupted suture with the nitinol U-Clips in TECAB showed similar long-term clinical results and graft patency in LIMA to LAD bypass grafting.     

The use of intra-aortic balloon pump as cerebral protection in a patient with moyamoya disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

We performed coronary artery bypass grafting in an urgent and rare case of acute coronary syndrome with moyamoya disease in a 75-year-old female. Because of collateral dependent severe cerebrovascular obstruction, additional support for brain protection was necessary; we used high pressure pulsatile perfusion assist to maintain cerebral circulation with an intra-aortic balloon pump support throughout the cardiopulmonary bypass, giving a successful outcome.     

同期施行瓣膜和冠状动脉手术的危险因素

目的探讨行冠状动脉旁路手术同时行心脏瓣膜手术的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2000年12月至2005年1月间126例行体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）同期行瓣膜手术患者的临床资料。按照性别分为男性组和女性组,男84例,女42例。采用胸骨正中切口,2组都在中度低温体外循环心脏停跳下完成搭桥和瓣膜手术。结果2组患者术前体重、糖尿病及风湿性二尖瓣狭窄、冠状动脉三支血管病变等差异都有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,患者术后病死率和并发症的发生率差异有统计学意义,二尖瓣置换手术女性明显多于男性（P〈0．05）,男性组术后死亡5例,其中心脏衰竭1例,应激性高血糖昏迷1例,严重心律失常2例,心。肾肺多脏器衰竭1例;女性组术后死亡7例,其中心脏衰竭1例,应激性溃疡消化道大出血1例,严重心律失常3例,心肾肺多脏器衰竭2例。结论CABG同期行瓣膜手术是安全有效的,女性的并发症发生率和病死率高于男性,这与女性的低体重及风湿性二尖瓣狭窄病变等构成独立的危险因素有关。     

A new way to use transit-time flow measurement for coronary artery bypass grafting

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESTransit-time flow measurement is a recognized method for graft evaluation in coronary surgery. However, single flow measurement has been associated with a low specificity for detecting graft dysfunction. The goal of this study was to assess the value of transit-time flow measurement for assessing in situ internal mammary artery grafts during non-existent native coronary circulation and the relevance of collateral blood flow in target vessels.METHODSBetween 2014 and 2018, a total of 134 patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were evaluated using transit-time flow measurement. We analysed 111 single left internal mammary artery and 57 single right internal mammary artery bypasses. Correlations between coronary relevant parameters were calculated using Spearman’s ρ coefficient. Risk factors for decreased flow with an arrested heart (FAH) <30 ml/min and an increased pulsatility index (PI) >3.0 as well as flow reduction >30% were calculated.RESULTSFAH correlated with the diameter of the target vessel (Spearman’s ρ = 0.32; P < 0.001), the amount of blood distribution (Spearman’s ρ = 0.34; P < 0.001), the PI (Spearman’s ρ = 0.19; P = 0.019) and the degree of stenosis (Spearman’s ρ = −0.17; P = 0.042). The percentage of flow change was found to correlate with the PI (Spearman’s ρ = −0.47; P < 0.0001), the degree of stenosis (Spearman’s ρ = 0.42; P < 0.001), the diameter of the target vessel (Spearman’s ρ = −0.22; P = 0.008) and the area of blood distribution (Spearman’s ρ = −0.19; P = 0.018). A small blood distribution area was the only risk factor for decreased FAH [odds ratio (OR) 8.43, confidence interval (CI) 95% (3.04–23.41); P < 0.001]. Binary logistic regression identified PI [OR 2.05, CI 95% (1.36–3.10); P = 0.001], FAH [OR 0.98, CI 95% (0.97–0.99); P = 0.005] and degree of stenosis [OR 0.95, CI 95% (0.92–0.99); P = 0.011] as risk factors for decreased flow after cardiopulmonary bypass (<30 ml/min). An increased PI (>3) was mainly influenced by percentage of flow change [OR 0.99, CI 95% (0.98–1.00); P = 0.031].CONCLUSIONSFAH and percentage of flow change are related to the dimensions of the target vessel and the degree of stenosis. The addition of flow measurements with the heart arrested provides additional information about the bypass graft, the quality of the anastomosis and the physiology of the coronary circulation.     

电视胸腔镜辅助的心脏外科

电视胸腔镜于90年代初开始在心脏外科应用，与传统的心脏外科手术相比具有创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快、费用低以及美容效果好等优点。现将电视胸腔镜在非体外循环下的冠状动脉旁路移植术，体外循环下的房间隔缺损修补术，室间隔缺损修补术，二尖瓣瓣膜修复与置换术，三尖瓣瓣膜修复与置换术以及冠状动脉旁路移植术中的临床应用进行综述。     

Combining off pump coronary artery bypass with mitral valve replacement

Background Conventional approach to combined coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and mitral valve replacement (MVR) is associated with longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross clamp (ACC) time leading to high operative risk. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of nine consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting/mitral valve replacement combining the off pump technique with cardioplegic arrest. Elective intra aortic balloon pump (IABP) support was instituted in all cases. CABG was first done in all cases without cardiopulmonary bypass support. Mitral valve replacement was then done using conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest using the superior septal approach. Results Nine consecutive patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with mitral valve replacement including three patients with acute myocardial infarction. Preoperative echocardiogram revealed a mean ejection fraction (EF) of 38.4 ± 6.0%. Intra aortic balloon pump was inserted in all patients preoperatively. The average number of grafts were 3.0 ± 0.7. Eight patients received bioprosthetic valve while one patient received mechanical prosthesis. The average length of stay in intensive care unit was 3.3 ± 0.5 days. There was no mortality. One patient had superficial wound infection. Conclusion The data suggest that the combined technique (off pump coronary artery bypass grafting and conventional mitral valve replacement) is a safe method to perform coronary artery bypass grafting/mitral valve replacement with minimal morbidity and mortality.     

完全胸腔镜非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的动物实验研究

目的探讨经胸壁3个1.5 cm小孔在完全胸腔镜下行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的操作技术的可行性。方法以4头25～60 kg的猪和72条8～24 kg的狗为研究对象。在胸壁打3个1.5 cm小孔,胸腔镜下,心脏跳动下,桥血管远端与左冠状动脉、前降支、对角支、回旋支等做连续吻合,近端与锁骨下动脉吻合。用11-0无损伤线连续缝合。结果 76只动物,共行冠状动脉吻合140个,每个吻合口的吻合时间20～72 min,(31.3±4.9)min,其中3个吻合口出现严重狭窄;左锁骨下动脉吻合52个,吻合时间18～58 min,(25.5±3.1)min,无严重狭窄。结论完全胸腔镜下非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术在动物实验中可行性。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 报告微创非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG),探讨其手术指征及外科处理要点。方法 回顾性总结5例OPCABG的临床资料。结果 5例顺利完成非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术。随访3～4个月,无死亡,无明显心绞痛及心肌缺血表现。结论 对于选择的患者,OPCABG安全、经济、有效,是一种值得推广的微创心脏手术方法。     

Minimised versus conventional cardiopulmonary bypass: outcome of high-risk patients

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is the gold standard for surgical coronary re-vascularisation. Recently, minimised extracorporeal circulation system (MECC) has been postulated a safe and advantageous alternative for multi-vessel CABG. Method: Between January 2004 and December 2007, 244 high-risk patients (logistic EuroScore (ES) > 10%) underwent CABG in our institution. ECC was used in 139 (57%) and MECC in 105 (43%) patients. Demographic data including age (MECC: 73.4 ± 7.4 years; ECC: 73.3 ± 6.4 years), ES (MECC: 19.2 ± 9.8%; ECC: 21.4 ± 11.9%), left-ventricular ejection fraction (MECC: 45.6 ± 16.1%; ECC: 43.1 ± 15.3%), diabetes mellitus (MECC: 14.3%; ECC: 15.1%) and COPD (MECC: 6.7%; ECC: 7.9%) did not differ between the two groups. Preoperative end-stage renal failure was an exclusion criterion. The clinical course and serological/haematological parameters in the ECC and MECC patients were compared in a retrospective manner. Results: Although the numbers of distal anastomoses did not differ between the two groups (MECC: 3.0 ± 0.9; ECC: 2.9 ± 0.9), ECC time was significantly shorter in the MECC group (MECC: 96 ± 33 min; ECC: 120 ± 50 min, p < 0.01). Creatinine kinase (CK) levels were significantly lower 6 h after surgery in the MECC group (MECC: 681 ± 1505 U l⁻¹; ECC: 1086 ± 1338 U l⁻¹, p < 0.05) and the need of red blood cell transfusion was significantly less after MECC surgery (MECC: 3 [range: 1–6]; ECC: 5 [range: 2–9] p < 0.05). Moreover, 30-day mortality was significantly lower in the MECC group as compared to the ECC group (MECC: 12.4%; ECC: 26.6, p < 0.01). Discussion: MECC is a safe alternative for CABG surgery. A lower 30-day mortality, lower transfusion requirements and less renal and myocardial damage encourage the use of MECC systems, especially in high-risk patients.     

Total occlusion of proximal left main and right coronary artery

Total occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMT) is rarely demonstrated with coronary angiography. All patients with LMT occlusion are of necessity dependent upon collateral circulation from the right coronary artery, which in approximately two thirds of patients is jeopardized because of marked obstruction of the right coronary artery. The ultimate example of collateral flow is provided by the following case. A 64-year-old man, who had total proximal left main and right-coronary artery occlusion, underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. On coronary angiogram, his jeopardized collateral artery was conus branch and only the LAD was graftable for coronary artery bypass surgery. One saphenous vein graft was bypassed to the LAD. Postoperatively, the left ventricular function improved considerably and the ejection fraction of the left ventricle rose to 46% from 23% preoperatively.     

OPCAB与CABG术后患者ICU监护的对比观察

目的探讨非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCAB）与体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术（CCABG）术后ICU监护工作特点及临床意义。方法随机抽取甲组（n=32）OPCAB组；乙组（n=48）CABG组。通过对两组病人术后ICU内监护时间、辅助呼吸时间、住院总天数、术后引流量及术后并发症等方面作统计学处理和对比分析。结果两组患者术后ICU内监护时间、辅助呼吸时间、住院总天数、术后引流量均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉搭桥术心功能稳定，并发症少，明显减少了药品使用和护理工作量，能为监护室的排班提供合理依据。