医学专业大学生的负性心态、应对方式与寻求专业性心理帮助的态度

目的:探究医学专业大学生的负性心态、应对方式以及寻求专业性心理帮助的态度之间的关系。方法:从某大学医学院分层随机抽样的方法选取受试714人,男生364人,女生350人,年龄16~28岁,抽样涵盖了该医学院所有专业的不同年级。用标准抑郁焦虑紧张量表(Depression,Anxiety,StressScale42,DASS-42)、简易应对方式量表(Simple Coping Strategy Questionnaire,SCSQ)和心理健康服务求助态度量表(Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services,IASMHS)进行匿名问卷调查,测评医学专业大学生的负性心态、应对方式和寻求专业性心理帮助的态度。并根据DASS-42的分级,将受试分为有心理问题组(n=102)和无心理问题组(n=612),观察两组被试对待专业性心理求助的不同态度及其相关因素。结果:(1)女生在DASS-42的紧张维度和IASMHS总分及心理开放程度、不在意社会污名维度上得分均高于男生[如,紧张维度(12.1±6.9)vs.(10.8±7.0),P0.05]。无心理问题组SCSQ的积极应对得分和IASMHS总分及心理求助倾向、不在意社会污名维度得分均高于有心理问题组[如,IASMHS总分(41.8±9.1)vs.(38.9±9.3),P0.01],而SCSQ的消极应对得分低于有心理问题组[(7.9±3.7)vs.(10.0±4.0),P0.001]。(2)对无心理问题组,性别(β=0.179)、紧张水平(β=-0.116)、消极应对(β=-0.190)和积极应对(β=0.199)与专业性心理求助态度有关(均P0.01),而有心理问题组,仅有积极应对(β=0.277,P0.05)和家庭收入(β=0.244P0.05)与专业性心理求助态度有关。结论:寻求专业性心理求助的态度与性别、负性心态、应对方式密切相关。无心理问题组的医学专业学生更倾向于采用积极的应对方式,寻求专业性心理求助态度水平也更高。有无心理问题的医学生群体在寻求专业性心理求助的态度上预测因素有所不同,面临心理问题的学生态度更偏重可行性。实际工作中应更多关注男性医学生,对出现的心理问题及时干预,引导学生采取合理的应对方式。     

士兵内隐集体自尊的ERP研究

目的:验证士兵内隐集体自尊效应,探讨其脑机制。方法:通过Go/No-go联想测验任务(Go/No-go Associa-tion Task,GNAT)测量士兵被试在"集体自我+积极"与"集体自我+消极"两种任务条件下的感受性指标(d’)和反应时,同时记录事件相关电位数据。结果:GNAT感受性指标上,任务条件的主效应显著,F(1,15)=12.25,P=0.003;GNAT的反应时指标上,任务条件主效应显著,F(1,15)=8.557,P=0.010。P300潜伏期上,任务条件的主效应显著,F(1,15)=10.752,P=0.005;P300振幅上,任务条件的主效应显著,F(1,15)=24.636,P=0.000。结论:士兵内隐集体自尊效应基于对"集体自我+积极"信息的深度加工,是多脑区参与的同步系列活动。     

大学生心理疾病污名和心理求助态度的关系

目的:探讨大学生心理疾病污名和心理求助态度的特点以及两者之间的关系。方法:通过整群随机抽样的方法抽取了3所高等院校400名大学生,对其施测专业心理求助自我污名量表和寻求专业性心理帮助的态度问卷。结果:大学生心理疾病污名和心理求助态度在性别、年级和心理求助史等变量存在显著差异。在心理疾病污名得分上男大学生的得分显著高于女大学生(t=2.546,P0.05),在心理求助态度总分、耻辱忍受性和人际开放性上女大学生的得分显著高于男大学生(t=-2.216,-2.740,-2.853;P0.05);大一学生的心理疾病污名化程度显著高于大四学生(F=3.627,P0.05),大四学生在求助态度总分上及其各个维度得分显著高于其他3个年级学生(F=12.313,P0.001);有专业心理求助经历的大学生在求助态度总分和自我认知维度的平均得分显著高于无专业心理求助经历的大学生(t=2.335,2.703;P0.05);求助态度总分及其各个维度与心理疾病污名存在显著负相关(r=-0.295,P0.05)。结论:消除心理疾病污名,提升大学生心理求助的积极性,才能帮助大学生度过心理危机。     

寻求专业性心理帮助的污名问卷在大学生人群中的修订

目的:修订适合中国人使用的寻求专业性心理帮助的污名问卷(SSPPH),并进行信效度检验。方法:依据Corrigan对污名的定义,把寻求心理帮助的公众污名量表(SSRPH)和寻求心理帮助的自我污名量表(SSOSH)合并,并通过对大学生访谈补充了5个公众污名项目,形成寻求专业性心理帮助的污名预测问卷。在天津市大学生中两次取样300人和1820人,分别进行项目分析和验证性因素分析。用寻求专业性心理帮助的态度量表检验SSPPH的效标关联效度。结果:修订后的SSPPH共有10个项目,每个项目与所在维度之间的相关系数均>0.5。验证性因素分析验证了二维度模型,各拟合指数分别为χ2=138,df=31,χ2/df=4.45,CFI=0.96,NFI=0.96,NNFI=0.90,RFI=0.89,RMSEA=0.05。SSPPH总分与寻求专业性心理帮助的态度问卷总分呈负相关(r=-0.70,P<0.01)。SSPPH的内部一致性信度在0.77～0.81之间,重测信度在0.70～0.73之间。结论:本研究修订的寻求专业性心理帮助的污名问卷在大学生群体中具有良好的信度和效度,可以满足今后国内有关研究和应用的需要。     

团体辅导对大学生寻求专业性心理帮助意向影响的研究

目的:探讨团体辅导对改善大学生寻求专业性心理帮助意向的效果.方法:选取实验组34名,对照组30名大学生在三个月内进行团体辅导,以寻求心理咨询帮助的行为意向量表、寻求专业性心理帮助的态度量表、寻求专业性心理帮助的污名量表、应对效能量表、自我表露的预期结果量表为测量工具,在团体干预实施前、后的一周对被试进行测量.结果:协方差分析与事后比较结果显示,与对照组相比,实验组被试在团体辅导后的寻求专业性心理帮助的污名量表得分显著下降,而寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向、态度、应对效能和预期效用量表的得分显著上升.结论:团体辅导应用于改善大学生寻求专业性心理帮助的意向效果显著.     

硕士生的自我接纳与特质焦虑:特质应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨硕士生特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间的中介作用。方法:选取1040名硕士生,采用自我接纳量表(SAQ)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和特质焦虑问卷(T-AI)评估其自我接纳、特质应对方式与特质焦虑。结果:(1)女生在消极应对方式方面的得分高于男生(t=-2.60,P0.05),城市学生自我接纳得分高于农村学生(t=-2.37,P0.05);(2)自我接纳得分与消极应对方式得分呈负相关(r=-0.57,P0.001),与积极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.50,P0.001);特质焦虑得分与自我接纳(r=-0.61,P0.001)、积极应对方式(r=-0.49,P0.001)呈负相关,与消极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.58,P0.001);(3)自我接纳直接预测特质焦虑(β=-0.61,P0.001),又通过消极应对方式间接预测特质焦虑(β=0.34,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的31.8%;又通过积极应对方式间接预测抑郁(β=-0.25,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的20.5%。结论:硕士生特质焦虑与自我接纳、特质应对方式密切相关,特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间起中介作用。     

特质应对方式与学习倦怠的关系:一般自我效能感的中介效应

目的研究特质应对方式与学习倦怠的关系及一般自我效能感的中介作用。方法采用特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)和大学生学习倦怠量表对359名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①方差分析显示,消极特质应对方式水平显著影响学习倦怠(F=21.54,P0.001)及其情绪(F=34.11,P0.001)和行为(F=9.54,P0.001)维度;积极特质应对方式水平显著影响学习倦怠(F=8.09,P0.001)及其成就感(F=32.58,P0.001)维度;②在积极特质应对方式对学习倦怠的预测中,一般自我效能感起完全中介作用,中介效应占67.0%;③在消极特质应对方式对学习倦怠的预测中,一般自我效能感不起中介作用。结论不同水平特质应对方式对学习倦怠有显著影响,其中积极特质应对方式对学习倦怠的预测是通过一般自我效能感完成的。     

抑郁特质大学生内隐信息加工中的自我积极偏差

目的:探索抑郁特质大学生的内隐信息加工是否存在自我积极偏差。方法:选取抑郁特质组[特质抑郁量表[(T-DEP)T分60分,且特质焦虑量表(T-AI)T分60分]和非抑郁特质对照组(T-DEP和T-AI的T分均60分)大学生各42人,采用阈上态度启动范式,在自我和他人启动下,完成积极和消极词归类任务,比较两组反应时的差异。结果:抑郁特质组的启动类型与词汇类型交互作用无统计学意义[F(1,41)=1.56,P=0.218];对照组的启动类型与词汇类型交互作用有统计学意义[F(1,41)=55.43,P0.001],被试对自我积极偏差范畴内的自我积极和他人消极词的反应时短于范畴外的他人积极和自我消极词[(602.64±20.03)ms、(654.56±20.41)ms vs.(663.19±20.78)ms、(678.64±20.70)ms;均P0.001]。结论:抑郁特质大学生的内隐信息加工不存在自我积极偏差,非抑郁特质大学生表现出内隐自我积极偏差。     

男女大学生心理求助特点的调查

目的:探索不同性别大学生心理求助行为决策的特征,比较男女生决策时所考虑的心理咨询情境因素的异同,从性别相关视角为高校心理咨询提供参考.方法:在南京5所综合性高校,选取客观上有寻求心理帮助需要但未采取行动的学生,组成从未求助组(n=352);同时在心理中心建设较健全的4所高校的咨询室中调查主动求助的学生,组成主动求助组(n=99).采用寻求专业性心理帮助的自我污名量表(SSOSH)、自我表露的预期结果量表(DES)、作为心理咨询当事人的自我效能问卷修订版、寻求心理咨询师帮助的态度问卷、心理问题的可控性归因问卷和自编间接求助经历问卷进行调查.结果:两组被试对寻求心理咨询师帮助的态度差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.1).从未求助组女生的DES得分均高于男生[(13.8±2.4)vs.(12.7±2.7),(13.0±3.2) vs.(11.7±3.0),均P＜0.001],但作为心理咨询当事人的自我效能和心理问题的可控性归因得分低于男生[(26.9±4.5) vs.(28.1±4.6),(4.2±0.8)vs.(4.5±0.8),均P＜0.01].主动求助组男生的SSOSH和DES的预期风险得分均高于女生[(12.4±4.2)vs.(10.6±3.9),(12.3±3.7) vs.(10.2±3.0)均P＜0.05].回归分析显示,心理问题的可控性归因与男、女生的求助行为均负相关(B=-0.86、-1.31),而间接求助经历与男、女生求助行为正相关(B=0.80,1.36).自我表露的预期风险与女生求助行为负相关(B=-0.31),作为心理咨询当事人的自我效能与女生的求助行为正相关(B=0.14);自我表露的预期效用和态度与男生的求助行为正相关(B=0.18、0.10).进入回归模型的变量可解释女生求助行为变异的37.6％,解释男生求助行为变异的23.9％.结论:男女生对寻求心理咨询师的帮助态度都较为积极,心理问题的归因越不可控,间接求助经历越丰富,他们越可能求助.女生在预期求助情境中的自我效能感越高,预期风险越低,越倾向于求助;而男生的求助行为的发生与积极的预期效用和积极的态度有关.     

大学生自我评价对消极完美主义和焦虑的调节作用

目的:探讨大学生的自我评价,对消极完美主义人格倾向与焦虑情绪的关系有何影响。方法:采用消极完美主义问卷(ZNPQ)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)对359名大学生进行调查,被试随机分为无自我评价组、消极自我评价组和积极自我评价组。结果:①消极完美主义与焦虑呈正相关(r=0.35～0.48,P0.01),且可以有效地预测焦虑(F=66.06,P0.01,β=0.40,△R~2=0.15);②消极自我评价条件下,消极完美主义对焦虑的影响最明显(r=0.48,P0.01)且消极完美主义的5个特质均与焦虑呈正相关(r=0.19～0.54,P0.05);③消极自我评价条件下,自我评价个数较多时,焦虑得分明显增加(F=16.80,P0.01,β=0.58,△R~2=0.32)。结论:消极完美主义人格倾向与焦虑情绪密切相关,并且在进行消极的自我评价之后,消极完美主义对焦虑的影响最明显。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.