评价儿童青少年骨体重负荷的意义及指标选择(英文)

目的　探讨儿童青少年骨体重负荷对腰椎和髋部骨矿含量 (BMC)、骨密度 (BMD)的影响 ,并比较两指标的优次。方法　应用DXAQDR - 4 5 0 0A型扇形束骨密度仪测量长沙地区 5 4 7例 6～ 15岁儿童青少年腰椎前后位 ,仰卧侧位及髋部股骨近端的骨量。结果　不论男女 ,儿童青少年体重、体块指数 (BMI)、腰椎及髋部BMC和BMD随年龄增加而增加 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1) ;体重与BMC的相关性较体重与BMD的相关性更密切 ;髋部及腰椎各部位体重标准化BMC随年龄增加而增大 ,而髋部和腰椎各部位体重标准化BMD随年龄增加反而减小。结论　 6～ 15岁儿童青少年腰椎及髋部BMC指标判断骨强度优于BMD ,尤以髋部及腰椎侧位BMC为佳。     

青春期骨矿物含量与血清骨钙素及碱性磷酸酶的关系

目的：　了解青少年骨矿物含量(BMC)增长的特点及与性发育、体格发育的相关性。方法：　选取9～20岁健康青少年 ,采用单光子骨密度仪检测桡骨BMC ,放射免疫法测定血清骨钙素(骨谷氨酸蛋白)、雌二醇及睾酮水平,总碱性磷酸酶水平测定采用生化法 ,常规测定体格发育指标并评价性发育程度。结果：　男、女性身高和体重增加最快的年龄分别为11.5～13.7岁和9.7～11.3岁。BMC增长最快的年龄男性为13.7～16.2岁,女性为11.3～13.7岁。骨量增长与性发育水平关系密切 ,不同性发育阶段BMC差异有显著性(P<0.01)。血清骨钙素水平和总碱性磷酸酶随年龄增长的变化趋势一致(r =0 .59,0 .63 ,P <0.01) ,其高峰出现时间与身高增长速度高峰时间基本一致。结论：　男、女性骨量在青春期出现明显的增长,与性发育关系密切。骨量增长与体格发育具有不同步性     

一期骨搬运及二期包裹式植骨术治疗儿童先天性胫骨假关节手术后大段骨缺损的疗效探讨

目的 评估一期骨搬运、二期包裹式植骨术治疗儿童先天性胫骨假关节手术后大段骨缺损的临床效果.方法 对湖南省儿童医院骨科自2016年1月至2018年12月期间采取一期骨搬运、二期包裹式植骨术治疗的先天性胫骨假关节手术后大段骨缺损患儿进行随访分析.所有患儿均一期行胫骨骨搬运术,胫骨延长速度为每日0.5 mm,每2周复查1次,...     

骨矿物质含量与小儿生长发育和营养状况关系的探讨

应用国产骨矿物质测量仪,分别对521例7岁以下正常儿,32例单纯性肥胖症及20例营养不良小儿进行了骨矿物质含量测定。结果显示,正常儿的骨矿物质含量(BMC)、骨宽度(BW)及骨密度(BMC/BW),均随小儿的生长发育而相应增加,且BMC及BW与小儿的年龄、身高、体重及瘦体重呈明显正相关。单纯性肥胖症的骨矿物质含量及骨密度显著高于正常儿。营养不良儿的骨矿物质含量、骨宽度及骨密度均明显低于正常儿。提示骨矿物质含量可真实地反映小儿的生长发育和营养状况,并可作为评价小儿生长发育和营养状况的一项指标。     

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目的 分析肥胖儿童骨密度(BMD)及其影响因素,为早期预防骨质疏松提供科学依据.方法 2007年1-12月从长沙市开福区5所小学7～12岁学龄儿童中,按照体质指数(BMI)法诊断单纯性肥胖,随机抽取119例单纯性肥胖儿童及103名正常儿童.采用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)全身扫描,测量BMD和身体成分.结果 单纯性肥胖儿童的身高、体重、BMI、腰围和腰臀比均显著高于正常儿童.单纯性肥胖儿童的各部位瘦组织含量(LM)、脂肪组织含量(FM)、体脂百分比(PBF)及躯干脂肪组织百分比均显著高于正常儿童,但四肢FM百分比却显著低于正常儿童.肥胖儿童各部位BMD和骨矿物质含量(BMC)均大于正常儿童.控制FM后,BMD(或BMC)与LM呈显著正相关:控制LM后,BMC与FM亦呈正相关.多元逐步回归分析显示,影响儿童BMD的主要因素是LM.结论 肥胖儿童BMD高于正常儿童,LM对儿童成长中骨的BMD起重要作用.     

12岁以下儿童骨矿物质含量分析

骨矿物质含量测定是监测人骨组织正常与否的重要参数。我们对12岁以下儿童骨矿物质含量进行了研究。对象和方法对象171例健康儿童，男95例，女76例，年龄5月～12岁。按年龄分为4组，络1组5月～1岁，第2组1岁一3岁，第3组3岁～6岁，第4组B岁～12岁。方法仪器用SPA、SD200型骨矿物质测定仪。测定项目：骨矿物质含量出（BMC），骨横径（BM），骨面密度（BMC／BW），骨内径（BID），骨皮质厚度（C1，C2），骨皮质指数（BCI），并求出尺烧骨BMC/BW均值，经SAS软件包作线性相关回归，多元协方差分析。结果一、得出各年龄组BMC及各项…     

骨延长术治疗儿童尺桡骨发育畸形的初步观察

目的 介绍利用骨延长术治疗儿童尺桡骨发育畸形方法.方法 2001年7月到2007年3月对10例尺桡骨发育畸形的患儿进行了治疗,其中尺骨骨软骨瘤7例,桡骨骨骺损伤2例,先天性桡骨发育不全1例.利用骨延长术对这些畸形进行治疗(4例使用单臂Orthofix外固定延长器,6例采用Ilizarov外固定延长器),将延长器置于发育异常的骨两端,并在中间将骨截断,术后第5天开始延长,每天延长1 mm,分4次延长.达到预期长度后,继续带延长器功能锻炼,直到软骨痂钙化后去除支架.结果 10例患儿平均延长3.02 cm,平均带架时间为141.3d,除1例钢针感染外,无血管神经并发症,手术后患儿前臂外观畸形得到纠正.结论 对于尺桡骨发育畸形的患儿通过骨延长术可以使畸形得到纠正,同时早期手术可以避免畸形的进一步发展.     

甲状腺功能亢进患儿骨代谢变化研究

目的　了解甲状腺功能亢进患儿的骨代谢变化。方法　采用双能X线吸收法 (DEXA)测量了 1998～2 0 0 3年湖南省儿童医院收治的 4 2例甲状腺功能亢进患儿和 30例健康儿童的腰椎 2～ 4 (L 2～ 4 )和右侧桡骨中远端 1/ 3处的骨密度 (BMD) ,并同时检测其血清骨生化代谢指标 :骨碱性磷酸酶 (BAKP)、骨钙素 (OSC)、Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基末端肽 (ICTP)、甲状旁腺素 (PTH)、和 2 5 (OH)D。结果　甲状腺功能亢进患儿的BMD测量值明显低于正常对照组 ,其成骨细胞活性指标 (BAKP、OSC)和破骨细胞功能指标 (ICTP)的检测水平明显高于对照组 ,而甲状旁腺素、2 5 (OH)D水平正常。甲状腺功能亢进儿童成骨细胞活性指标之间 ,以及它们与破骨细胞功能指标之间呈显著正相关。结论　甲状腺功能亢进患儿破骨细胞功能增强 ,成骨细胞活性增高。无继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进 ,无维生素D代谢异常     

骨盐含量测定及其在儿科的应用

随着仪器性能和测量技术的不断改进,骨盐含量(BMC)测定在儿科的应用日益广泛。BMC不但作为评价正常小儿生长发育和营养状况的指标,还有助于许多疾病的诊断和疗效观察。本文叙述了测定BMC的原理、各年龄组正常值以及不同奶方喂养和肾脏疾病、生长激素缺乏症、低磷性抗维生素D佝偻病等对小儿BMC的影响。     

哮喘患儿吸入糖皮质激素对骨代谢影响

目的　探讨哮喘患儿吸入糖皮质激素 (IGs)对骨代谢影响。方法　对 5 0例 5～ 12岁连续吸入IGs 2年哮喘患儿 ,于吸入前 ,0 .5、1、1.5、2年分次进行血清钙、磷、骨源性碱性磷酸酶 (BALP)、骨钙素 (OC)水平监测 ,并进行身高生长速度测定。其中观察I组 2 7例 ,平均吸入丙酸倍氯米松 2 5 0 μg/d ;观察Ⅱ组 2 3例 ,平均吸入丙酸氟替卡松 15 0 μg/d ;正常对照组 2 2例。 结果　观察Ⅰ、Ⅱ组、对照组间分次检测的血钙、磷、BALP、OC水平均无显著差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 ) ;且各组间q检验无显著差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。观察Ⅰ、Ⅱ组身高生长速度分别于对照组比较 ,均无显著差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论　每日小剂量较长时间IGs对儿童骨生长发育无明显影响。     

Measured and predicted bone mineral content in healthy boys and girls aged 6–18 years: adjustment for body size and puberty

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a rapid and precise technique for the assessment of bone mineralization in children. Interpretation of the results in growing children is complex as results are influenced by age, body size (height and weight) and puberty. Conventionally, bone mineral data derived from DEXA have been presented as an areal density [BMD; bone mineral content (BMC, g)/projected bone area (BA, cm²)], yet this fails to account for changes in BMC that result from changes in age, body size or pubertal development. Measurement of BMC and BA of the whole body, lumbar spine and left hip were made in 58 healthy boys and girls using DEXA. The relationship between BMC and BA was curvilinear, with the best fit being that of a power model (BMD = BMC/BA^λ, where λ is the exponent to which BA is raised in order to remove its influence on BMC). The value of λ changed when measures of body size and puberty were taken into account (e.g. for lumbar spine from 1.66 to 1.49). Predictive formulae for BMC were produced using regression analysis and based on the variables of age, body size and pubertal development. This provides a method for interpreting the measured BMC which is independent of such variables and a constant reference range for children aged 6-18 y.     

Radiographic imaging for Ilizarov limb lengthening in children

The Ilizarov method for limb lengthening is rapidly gaining popularity in North America. Use of this new technique has necessitated modifications in radiographic protocol. Initial imaging problems gained from our experience with twenty children are detailed including accurate centering for the plain films, correcting for magnification to accurately measure the distraction gap and the expected radiographic appearance of the regenerate bone. Ultrasonography has potential value in accurately measuring the distraction gap and in imaging the new bone prior to radiographic appearance. Since overly fast distraction inhibits bone formation and overly slow distraction leads to premature consolidation, ultrasound may serve a useful role in the qualitative evaluation of new bone formation in Ilizarov limb lengthening, enabling the orthopedic surgeon to tailor the distraction rate to the particular child.     

肢体延长的大鼠模型

目的：通过建立大鼠肢体延长的动物模型，为将来能够使用现代的免疫学、分子生物学技术研究延长骨的愈合机理提供基础。方法：12只成熟雄性大鼠下肢行微型环状外固定器固定，胫骨骨干部位截骨，术后5d开始延长，2次/d、0.25mm/次、延长12d，每周摄X线片观察。分别在不同阶段处死动物进行组织学观察。结果：所有动物都安全度过麻醉、手术及延长愈合期，外固定架对动物未产生明显的不良影响。有一只大鼠在钻入远端克氏针时，由于用力过大致胫骨远端骨折被排除，另外两只针道外轻微红肿，未引起严重感染数天后好转，5只大鼠出现小腿及足部水肿，未采取特殊处置1周后消退。X线片示截骨端对位、对线良好。结论：大鼠动物模型优于其他动物，更有利于从细胞水平、分子水平深入研究骨组织再生的机理。     

Whole body bone mineral accretion in healthy children and adolescents

Data on accretion in bone size and bone mineral content (BMC) are needed to evaluate bone mineralisation during childhood. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) were determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (Hologic 1000/W) with a one year interval in healthy girls (n = 192) and boys (n = 140) aged 6-19 years. Annual accretion in BMC (ΔBMC (g/year)) and BA (ΔBA (cm²/year)) according to sex and pubertal stages were calculated. ΔBA and ΔBMC were highly significantly associated with pubertal stages in girls and boys. Centile curves for ΔBA and ΔBMC according to sex and age were constructed using the LMS method. Peak ΔBA and ΔBMC values were reached earlier in girls (12.3 and 12.5 years, respectively) than in boys (13.4 and 14.2 years, respectively). The ΔBA peak was dissociated in time from the ΔBMC peak, indicating that increase in bone size occurs before increase in bone mineral content. Assuming that 32.2% of BMC consist of calcium, the median (90th centile) annual bone calcium accretion in pubertal stage III was 220 mg/day (302) and 317 mg/day (386) for girls and boys, respectively. To obtain an average bone calcium accretion, a high calcium absorption is needed during puberty. This may have implications for dietary calcium requirements at this time.     

Bone mineral acquisition in low calcium intake children following the withdrawal of calcium supplement

Our recent 18-month calcium supplementation trial demonstrated a significant increase in radial bone mineral mass in 7-year-old children with calcium intake ∼ 300 mg/day (Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 744-50). The persistence of higher bone mass after cessation of calcium supplementation is unknown. This is a follow-up study to investigate the lasting effect of calcium supplementation on bone acquisition. Subjects were 159 Chinese children aged 8.7 years. Distal one-third radial bone mineral content (BMC) and bone width (BW) were measured by single-photon absorptiometry. After 12 months, the significant difference in mean ± SD percentage radial BMC disappeared between the study and control groups (7.34 ± 6.77% vs 8.67 ± 6.46%. p > 0.05). Dietary calcium intakes were similar between the groups. During the supplementation phase, the study group had 17.9% greater BMC gain than that of controls. In the follow-up phase, however, the study group had 16.1% less BMC gain than that of controls. It appears that an increased acquisition rate during the supplementation phase was almost balanced by a reduced acquisition rate during follow-up phase. Moreover, throughout the entire 30-month period, the overall BMC acquisition rates of the study and control groups were 25% and 23.8%, respectively. Hence, the overall acquisition rate of the study group was only 5% higher than that of controls. Therefore, the effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral gain appears to reflect a transient reduction in bone turnover rate. Longer-term calcium trials are necessary to confirm whether a sustainable higher calcium intake throughout childhood will enhance peak bone mass.     

Whole body bone mineral accretion in healthy children and adolescents.

Data on accretion in bone size and bone mineral content (BMC) are needed to evaluate bone mineralisation during childhood. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) were determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (Hologic 1000/W) with a one year interval in healthy girls (n = 192) and boys (n = 140) aged 6-19 years. Annual accretion in BMC (DeltaBMC (g/year)) and BA (DeltaBA (cm2/year)) according to sex and pubertal stages were calculated. DeltaBA and DeltaBMC were highly significantly associated with pubertal stages in girls and boys. Centile curves for DeltaBA and DeltaBMC according to sex and age were constructed using the LMS method. Peak DeltaBA and DeltaBMC values were reached earlier in girls (12.3 and 12.5 years, respectively) than in boys (13.4 and 14. 2 years, respectively). The DeltaBA peak was dissociated in time from the DeltaBMC peak, indicating that increase in bone size occurs before increase in bone mineral content. Assuming that 32.2% of BMC consist of calcium, the median (90th centile) annual bone calcium accretion in pubertal stage III was 220 mg/day (302) and 317 mg/day (386) for girls and boys, respectively. To obtain an average bone calcium accretion, a high calcium absorption is needed during puberty. This may have implications for dietary calcium requirements at this time.     

Importance of lean mass in the interpretation of total body densitometry in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Most studies that use total body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in children rely on areal bone mineral density (BMD=bone mineral content [BMC]/bone area [BA]) and compare the output with age- and sex-specific normative data. Because this approach is prone to size-related misinterpretation, this study focuses on the interrelations among BMC, body size (height), and lean tissue mass (LTM). STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study presents normative total body LTM data in relation to height and BMC for 459 healthy white subjects (249 female), 3 to 30 years of age. Guidelines for DEXA interpretation in children are provided and illustrated for patients with growth hormone deficiency (n=5) and anorexia nervosa (n=5). RESULTS: LTM/height tended to be greater in male than in girls. The BMC/LTM ratio was greater in female than in boys (P<.001), even after adjustment for age and height. Sex-specific reference curves were created for LTM/height, the BMC/LTM ratio, BA/height, and BMC/BA. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that total body DEXA in children should be interpreted in 4 steps: (1) BMD or BMC/age, (2) height/age, (3) LTM/height, and (4) BMC/LTM ratio for height. This allows differentiation of the origin of a low BMD or BMC/age, for example, short stature and primary, secondary, and mixed bone defects.     

肥胖儿童瘦素水平的变化及其与骨密度的关系

目的：探讨长沙市肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平的变化及与骨密度（BMD）、身体成分的关系,为预防和治疗儿童肥胖及骨质疏松提供科学依据。方法：从长沙市5所小学随机抽取119例肥胖儿童和103例正常儿童,采用双能X线骨密度仪（DEXA）进行全身扫描,测定骨密度及身体成分;采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定血清瘦素水平。结果：①肥胖儿童的身高、体重、体重指数（BMI）、腰围和腰臀比均显著高于正常儿童（P<0.01）。②肥胖儿童的全身骨密度、骨矿物质含量、瘦组织含量、脂肪组织含量、体脂百分比(%BF)及血清瘦素水平均显著高于正常儿童（P<0.01）。③血清瘦素水平与儿童全身骨密度、骨矿物质含量、瘦组织含量、脂肪组织含量均呈显著正相关（r=0.528~0.903）,其中瘦素水平与脂肪组织含量呈高度正相关（男：r=0.883,女：r=0.903）。多元逐步回归分析显示,BMI及%BF是儿童血清瘦素水平的独立影响因素。结论：肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平升高,血清瘦素水平与骨密度及身体成分显著相关,BMI、%BF是儿童血清瘦素水平的独立影响因素。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（9）：745-748］