增城市2000—2009年艾滋病疫情分析

目的分析增城市2000—2009年艾滋病流行病学特点和流行趋势,为制定有效可行的防治措施提供科学依据。方法收集和整理增城市2000—2009年HIV感染者和AIDS病人疫情监测和哨点监测资料,进行流行病学统计分析。结果增城市2000—2009年累计报告HIV/AIDS59例,其中HIV43例,AIDS16例,死亡8例。增城市艾滋病疫情呈逐渐上升趋势,病例主要集中在新塘镇占49.15%,以流动人口为主占71.19%,20～49岁男性青壮年占89.80%,初中及以下占76.27%;感染途径由以静脉吸毒感染为主转变为以性接触感染为主。结论增城市艾滋病流行形势较为严峻,但疫情相对集中,病例特征较为明显,应重点加强对流动人口和暗娼等高危人群的行为干预。     

2006-2008年重庆市男男性服务工作者HIV和梅毒感染率及其高危行为分析

目的了解重庆市男男性服务工作者（MB）在男男性接触者中艾滋病和梅毒感染率及其高危行为状况,为开展该人群的干预提供科学建议。方法分析2006-2008年男男性服务工作者调查资料,比较分析该人群HIV、梅毒感染率及其高危行为状况。结果 2006-2008年分别调查了男男性服务工作者47、71和54人,最近1次与男性肛交时安全套使用率由2006年的66.0%上升至2008年的75.9%;最近1次因金钱与男性发生肛交性行为时安全套使用率由2006年的70.2%上升至2008年的79.6%;2006-2008年最近6个月因金钱与男性发生无保护性肛交的比例分别为42.6%、40.8%、50.0%。2006-2008年HIV感染率分别为12.8%、9.9%、7.4%;梅毒感染率分别为19.1%、8.5%、5.6%。结论重庆市男男性服务工作者HIV感染率高,高危行为普遍存在,应加强该人群的干预工作。     

2006-2009年重庆市男男性行为人群性行为特征及HIV和梅毒感染率分析

目的了解男男性行为（MSM）人群性行为特征及HIV和梅毒感染率与趋势变化,为开展该人群艾滋病综合防治提供建议。方法收集2006-2009年MSM人群调查资料,比较分析该人群性行为特征和HIV、梅毒感染率,以及估计HIV发病率的趋势变化。结果 2006-2009年分别调查了1000、1044、743和604名MSM,最近1次与男性发生性行为时安全套使用率由2006年的56.2%上升至2009年的66.1%,最近6个月与男性发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例低于40%。2006-2009年梅毒感染率分别为9.3%、8.5%、8.5%和11.9%,梅毒感染率2009年较2008年有上升的趋势,差异有统计学意义（P=0.04）;HIV感染率分别是10.4%、12.5%、16.6%和19.0%,2008年与2007年相比HIV感染率差异有统计学意义（P=0.01）;〈23岁年龄组MSM估计HIV发病率分别为2.4%、2.8%、4.8%和5.2%,2008年较2007年估计发病率差异有统计学意义（P=0.03）。结论重庆市MSM人群HIV感染率和估计发病率均呈逐年上升的趋势,安全套使用率低,MSM人群的艾滋病防治工作应引起高度重视。     

深圳市暗娼、吸毒人群和货柜司机HIV及梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解暗娼、吸毒人群和货柜司机人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）及梅毒感染的情况,为制订预防措施提供依据。方法对深圳市2007年和2008年某妇教所收容的暗娼、戒毒所吸毒人员和货柜司机分别抽取静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）进行HIV1＋2抗体检测和梅毒甲苯胺红不加热血清试验（TRUST）初筛,梅毒阳性者用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集确证试验（TP2PA）进一步确证,HIV-1确证实验用蛋白印迹法。结果 2007年和2008年暗娼人群均未发现HIV感染者,梅毒感染率分别为7.63%和5.14%;吸毒人群的HIV感染率分别为1.63%、2.67%,梅毒感染率分别为9.32%、2.94%;货柜司机的HIV感染率分别为0、0.31%,梅毒感染率分别为1.05%、0.92%。结论暗娼和吸毒人员的梅毒感染率明显高于货柜司机,是感染性病和艾滋病的高危人群,加强对暗娼和吸毒人群的行为干预和监测至关重要。     

广东省2009年高危人群HIV哨点综合监测结果分析

目的通过对吸毒人群（DUs）、暗娼（FCSWs）、男男性行为者（MSMs）和男性性病门诊就诊者（MSTDs）四类艾滋病（AIDS）主要高危人群的综合监测,了解他们的艾滋病病毒（HIV）流行情况及其高危行为。方法按照艾滋病行为和血清学监测方案的操作程序及调查方法对四类人群进行行为及血清学监测。结果 13620例DUs、5309例FCSWs、970例MSMs、4273例MSTDs的HIV阳性率分别为3.7%、0.2%、4.7%、0.3%,梅毒阳性率分别为4.5%、3.1%、12.0%、6.5%,丙肝阳性率分别为34.5%、0.6%、0.5%、0.7%,注射吸毒率分别为68.1%、0.7%、0.3%、3.7%,商业性交率分别为23.3%、100.0%、17.2%、41.4%,艾滋病知识知晓率分别为73.4%、69.4%、82.9%、66.4%,干预覆盖率分别为40.8%、47.0%、74.7%、31.5%。结论四类高危人群中均检出HIV感染者,感染率以MSMs最高,其次为DUs,FCSWs感染率最低,各高危人群均存在感染HIV的诸多危险因素,应加大综合干预力度。     

重庆市男男性行为人群干预效果评估

目的评估针对男男性行为人群（MSM）的干预效果,为调整干预策略提供建议。方法比较分析2006、2007和2008年3次横断面调查的MSM人群知识、行为、HIV和梅毒感染率变化趋势。结果2006、2007和2008年分别调查了1000、1044和743名MSM,研究结果显示干预后MSM人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率无明显变化,过去1年接受过咨询检测服务的比例明显上升,最近一次与男性发生肛交时安全套使用率也由2006年的56.4%上升至2008年的64.4%（χ^2=9.25,P=0.002）,HIV感染率呈逐年上升的趋势,由2006年的10.4%上升至2008年的17.0%（χ^2=15.95,P〈0.001）,梅毒感染率2007年较2006年有所下降,但差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0.38,P=0.54）。结论干预后MSM人群艾滋病防治知识认知水平较高,安全套使用率有所提高,但仍处于较低水平,与HIV感染率快速上升的趋势相比,防治形势严峻,开展针对MSM人群的持续有效的综合干预至关重要。     

自贡市富顺县2007～2009年HIV抗体检测结果分析

目的 分析富顺县不同人群HIV监测结果,为防止HIV的传播制定有效的防控措施.方法 2007～2009年对富顺县自愿咨询检测者、公共娱乐场所从业人员、孕产妇、吸毒及监管人员、健康体检人员等重点人群进行HIV.抗体初筛检测.对HIV初筛呈阳性的样品,再次复检并送血到自贡市疾控中心艾滋病确认实验室进行确认.结果 2214人中检测出HIV阳性人数48人.富顺县重点人群HIV感染率为2.17%(48/2214);自愿咨询检测者感染率为:6.82%(21/308);吸毒及监管人员HIV感染率为:4.72%(22/466);孕产妇HIV感染率为:0.56%(4/718);公共娱乐场所从业人员HIV感染率为:0.75%(1/133).结论 富顺县处于艾滋病高流行期,感染者已由重点人群向一般人群扩散.自愿咨询检测者、吸毒及监管人员和公共娱乐场所从业人员感染率较高,是防控工作的重点.     

2006年顺德区艾滋病防制工作回顾

目的了解佛山市顺德区HIV流行情况，评价已采取的预防控制措施，为今后开展防治工作提供策略和依据。方法对2006年顺德区哨点和常规HIV监测资料进行综合分析。结果2006年顺德区共发现HIV感染者84例，感染人数有逐年上升趋势。HIV感染者主要以青壮年男性和外省籍人员居多。主要传播途径为经血传播，静脉注射吸毒传播31例（占36．90％）；性接触传播29例（占34．52％），其中异性性接触传播25例（占29．76％），同性性接触传播4例（占4．76％）。结论顺德区目前正处于艾滋病流行初期，建议加大综合防治措施，认真落实“四免一关怀”政策，才能控制疾病的传播和蔓延。     

自贡市富顺县2007～2009年HIV抗体检测结果分析

目的分析富顺县不同人群HIV监测结果 ,为防止HIV的传播制定有效的防控措施。方法 2007～2009年对富顺县自愿咨询检测者、公共娱乐场所从业人员、孕产妇、吸毒及监管人员、健康体检人员等重点人群进行HIV抗体初筛检测。对HIV初筛呈阳性的样品,再次复检并送血到自贡市疾控中心艾滋病确认实验室进行确认。结果 2214人中检测出HIV阳性人数48人。富顺县重点人群HIV感染率为2.17%（48/2214）;自愿咨询检测者感染率为：6.82%（21/308）;吸毒及监管人员HIV感染率为：4.72%（22/466）;孕产妇HIV感染率为：0.56%（4/718）;公共娱乐场所从业人员HIV感染率为：0.75%（1/133）。结论富顺县处于艾滋病高流行期,感染者已由重点人群向一般人群扩散。自愿咨询检测者、吸毒及监管人员和公共娱乐场所从业人员感染率较高,是防控工作的重点。     

清远市高危人群HIV感染状况及艾滋病相关知识知晓情况调查

目的了解清远市高危人群HIV感染流行趋势和艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为采取有针对性的行为干预措施和开展宣传教育工作提供准确的信息。方法于2005-2008年采用横断面调查的方法对强制戒毒者、暗娼和性病门诊就诊者等高危人群进行监测,并调查吸毒者和暗娼的艾滋病相关知识知晓情况。结果吸毒人群HIV抗体阳性率介于2.58%～4.15%之间;吸毒者中注射吸毒的比例为82.05%,其中共用注射器吸毒的比例为57.26%;吸毒者中42.39%有商业性行为,而且从未使用安全套的比例为52.53%。在227名暗娼中未发现HIV抗体阳性者,暗娼中最近1个月与客人发生性行为时坚持每次使用安全套的比例为39.43%。性病门诊就诊者HIV抗体阳性率介于0.20%～0.42%之间;34.56%的性病门诊就诊者最近3个月有非婚性伴,而且从未使用安全套的比例为16.25%。调查人群的艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率为57.17%,其中吸毒者和暗娼艾滋病相关知识总知晓率分别为53.05%、61.73%。结论清远市高危人群中以吸毒者HIV抗体阳性率较高,注射吸毒及共用注射器的比例较高,性乱人群中HIV流行水平较低,但存在不安全性行为;高危人群中艾滋病相关知识知晓率低,需采取有效的行为干预措施,加大宣传力度和覆盖面。     

Assessing the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Burma

OBJECTIVES: Estimates of the HIV/AIDS burden in Burma (Myanmar) are uncertain. Using data from the 1999 national HIV sentinel surveillance and available population data, we generated estimates of Burma's HIV burden in 1999. METHODOLOGY: The 1999 sentinel surveillance included women attending antenatal clinics, male military recruits, blood donors, injecting drug users, patients of sexually transmitted disease clinics, and sex workers. We used data for women attending antenatal clinics and male recruits aged 20-29 years to estimate HIV prevalence among women and men, respectively. Data points were merged to give five regional estimates of prevalence for men and women. Census figures were used to obtain national population estimates of the numbers of Burmese living with HIV infection, along with confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: HIV prevalence varied by region, with the lowest rates in the West, intermediate rates in the central region, and highest rates in the North, East, and South. The highest rates were in the East (Shan State), with female prevalence of 3.0% (95% CI, 1.9-4.5). The total number of infected women nationwide was 218,300 (95% CI, 159,400-277,100), and that of men was 468,700 (95% CI, 343,300-594,200). We estimated HIV prevalence of at least 3.46% (95% CI, 2.72-4.19) among adults aged 15-44 years; 5700 infants were born with HIV infection in 1999. DISCUSSION: Burma has a generalized epidemic of HIV-1 in reproductive age adults. We estimated that there were 687,000 (95% CI, 541,100-832,900) Burmese adults living with HIV infection in 1999, or about one of every 29 adult citizens. This estimate is higher than the UNAIDS estimate for the same year of 530,000 adults and children living with AIDS, or a population prevalence of about one in 50 adults. HIV prevention and care programs are urgently needed in Burma.     

HIV in Vietnam: the evolving epidemic and the prevention response, 1996 through 1999

OBJECTIVES: To describe epidemiologic patterns and trends in HIV infection in Vietnam from 1996 through 1999, and to summarize the national response to the epidemic. METHODS: We reviewed nationwide HIV case reports, and we analyzed annual seroprevalence among different sentinel populations in 21 provinces, using the chi2 test for linear trend to assess trends in HIV prevalence. HIV prevention efforts were also reviewed. RESULTS: Through 1999, 17,046 HIV infections, including 2947 AIDS cases and 1523 deaths had been reported in Vietnam. The cumulative incidence rate for the country was 22.5 per 100,000 population. Injection drug users (IDUs) represented 89.0% of all those for whom risk was reported before 1997 and 88.0% in the period 1997 to 1999. In 1999, HIV prevalence rates among IDUs ranged by province from 0% to 89.4%. Significantly increasing HIV trends among IDUs (p <.05) were found in 14 of the 21 sentinel provinces during 1996 to 1999. HIV prevalence among commercial sex workers (CSWs) ranged from 0% to 13.2%, increased significantly in 6 of 21 provinces. In 1999, prevalence among pregnant women, blood donors, and military recruits were 0.12%, 0. 20% and 0.61%, respectively. Major prevention activities include mass information; peer education and outreach among groups at increased risk; availability of low-cost syringes and condoms through pharmacies; needle exchange pilot projects; widely available treatment for sexually transmitted diseases; antibody screening of blood for transfusion; and free medical treatment at government hospitals. DISCUSSION: The HIV epidemic continues to evolve rapidly, intensifying among IDUs and increasing among CSWs. Serosurveillance indicators of HIV in the population at large continue to indicate the relatively slow extension beyond those at highest risk. Immediate, intensive preventions in high-risk groups may decelerate expansion to the broader population.     

Trends in AIDS incidence and survival among racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men,United States, 1990-1999

OBJECTIVES: We describe trends in AIDS incidence, survival, and deaths among racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: We examined AIDS surveillance data for men diagnosed with AIDS from 1990 through 1999, survival trends from 1993 through 1997, and trends in AIDS incidence and deaths from 1996 to 1999, when highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced. RESULTS: The percentage of racial/ethnic minority MSM with AIDS increased from 33% of 26,930 men in 1990 to 54% of 17,162 men in 1999. From 1996 through 1998, declines in AIDS incidence were smallest among black MSM (25%, from 66.2 to 49.5 per 100,000) and Hispanic MSM (29%, from 39.3 to 27.8), compared with white MSM (41%, from 17.9 to 10.5). Declines in deaths of MSM with AIDS were also smallest among black MSM (53%, from 39.7 to 18.6 deaths per 100,000) and Hispanic MSM (61%, 21.6 to 8.4), compared with white MSM (63%, 12.3 to 4.5). Survival improved each year for all racial/ethnic groups but was poorest for black MSM in all years. CONCLUSIONS: Since the introduction of HAART, a combination of factors that include relatively higher infection rates in more recent years and differences in survival following AIDS diagnosis contribute to observed differences in trends in AIDS incidence and deaths among racial/ethnic minority MSM. Increased development of culturally sensitive HIV prevention services, and improved access to testing and care early in the course of disease are needed to further reduce HIV-related morbidity in racial/ethnic minority MSM.     

HIV/AIDS surveillance in Denmark: the challenges ahead

In Denmark, AIDS has been a mandatory reportable disease since 1983, and confirmed HIV infection has been the same since August 1990. The annual AIDS incidence increased initially and peaked in 1993 (4.6 per 100,000 inhabitants), then decreased to 1.2 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1998 and further to 0.9 in 2000. Most AIDS cases occur among men who have sex with men (MSM), representing 92% in 1980-1985 and 31% in 2000. Recently, AIDS incidence and mortality has decreased due to the new antiretroviral drugs. In 1995, 43 per million inhabitants died of AIDS, compared with 5 per million in 1998. HIV reporting in Denmark is anonymous. The annual number of new identified cases has been fairly stable at approximately 5.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. Immigrants represent 24% of identified HIV-infected persons and represent nearly 50% of all heterosexually acquired cases. Estimates show that HIV prevalence as of 2000 is 0.1% of the total population, distributed at 0.03% among heterosexuals and 4.8% among MSM. Estimated annual HIV incidence is around 5.6 per 100,000 inhabitants; three times higher among men than women, and as high as 220 per 100,000 among MSM. The spread of HIV is limited in Denmark but the prevalence is increasing due to the effect of antiretroviral therapy. This is a challenge to the existing HIV/AIDS surveillance and prevention strategy.     

2008-2010年深圳市艾滋病自愿咨询检测结果比较分析

目的调查深圳市艾滋病自愿咨询检测（VCT）人群的社会人口学特征和感染状况,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法对2008-2010年深圳市VCT人群的调查结果进行比较分析。结果 44239名求询者接受了咨询和血清HIV抗体检测,以20～40岁青壮年为主,占82.4%;男女比例为0.89∶1,文化程度以初、高中或中专为主,占62.6%;咨询类型主要为危险性行为28948例,占65.4%;HIV阳性428例,阳性率为0.97%。2008-2010年男男性行为（MSM）感染率分别为9.2%、9.8%和14.6%。结论深圳市MSM感染率逐年升高,应加强对MSM人群的行为干预,并对高危人群进行艾滋病宣传教育。     

Surveillance sentinelle du VIH chez les femmes enceintes en Mauritanie entre 2001 et 2007

According to the 2008 report on global AIDS epidemic, 33 millions of people are living with HIV/AIDS. Subsaharian Africa is the most affected part of the world. The first case of AIDS in Mauritania was reported in 1987. The national prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the country is estimated at less than 1%. The HIV serosurveillance among pregnant women started in country in 2001. This work has focused on HIV sentinel surveillance among pregnant women in antenatal clinics, attending health centres in different wilayas (regions) of the country in order to assess evolution of prevalence between 2001 and 2007. An anonymous and non-correlated method is used for this survey. A questionnaire was administered and venous sampling made for eligible women. Analyses were performed with an algorithm based on two screening tests (ELISA) and another test for confirmation (New Lav Blot). Despite some disparities between the sites considered, the results have shown a low prevalence rate (between 0.1 and 1.48). The average prevalence of HIV infection samples collected increased from 0.57% [0.34–0.80] in 2001 to 0.61% [0.40–0.82] in 2007 with 95% confidence interval. Statistical analysis showed no significant changes between 2001 and 2007 at all these sites. HIV1 is the most frequent type with a proportion of 93.5% in 2007. After several years of classic HIV sentinel surveillance, and to better understand disparities between sites, we recommend a second generation sentinel surveillance (behavioural and serological) approach.