鼻尖低垂畸形的整复

因鼻翼软骨先天形态异常而产生的鼻尖低垂畸形是一种较常见的只尖畸形。其主要临床表现是鼻尖突出不明显且低垂。鼻背下段呈弧形隆起，全鼻过长。整复手术在局麻下进行，Ｒｅｔｈｉ切口入路，暴露整个鼻翼软骨外侧脚、穹窿部及鼻中隔软骨下端，根据要求条状及楔形切除部分软骨，缝合固定使一翼软骨外侧脚内旋和推进以提高鼻翼软骨内侧脚的高度。用该术式共行１２例手术，其中男性７例，女性５例，术后随访６天～３个月，１０例对手术效果满意，２例认为效果一般。该术式主要适用于一尖低而突出不明显并伴有下垂，但鼻中隔软骨下端形态与高度正常的病例，手术简便，不需要组织移植，鼻尖外形改善明显，长期效果稳定。     

Calibrated alar base excision: A 20-year experience

Conflicting guidelines for excisions about the alar base led us to develop calibrated alar base excision, a modification of Weir's approach. In approximately 20% of 1500 rhinoplasties this technique was utilized as a final step. Of these patients, 95% had lateral wallexcess (tall nostrils), 2% had nostril floor excess (wide nostrils), 2% had a combination of these (tall-wide nostrils), and 1% had thick nostril rims. Lateral wall excess length is corrected by a truncated crescent excision of the lateral wall above the alar crease. Nasal floor excess is improved by an excision of the nasal sill. Combination noses (e.g., tall-wide) are approached with a combination alar base excision. Finally, noses with thick rims are improved with diamond excision. Closure of the excision is accomplished with fine simple external sutures. Electrocautery is unnecessary and deep sutures are utilized only in wide noses. Few complications were noted. Benefits of this approach include straightforward surgical guidelines, a natural-appearing correction, avoidance of notching or obvious scarring, and it is quick and simple.     

Simultaneous Open Rhinoplasty and Alar Base Excision for Secondary Cases

Background: Simultaneous open rhinoplasty and alar base excision are a very safe procedure for protecting the vascular supply of the nasal dip and the columellar skin in primary cases when surgical dissection is performed below the musculoaponeurotic layer of the nose. Major arteries of the external nose lie above the musculoaponeurotic layer. However, secondary cases may pose increased risks to the blood supply of the nasal tip and columella skin because of the decreased vascular supply and increased scar tissue from the previous rhinoplasty. We studied our secondary cases of simultaneous open rhinoplasty and alar base excision, to assess the real risk for necrosis of the nasal tip and columellar skin.Methods: A total of 12 secondary patients (6 men and 6 women) underwent simultaneous open rhinoplasty and alar base excision in the past 3 years. Their average age was 27 years (range, 21–35 years). The average follow-up period was 15 months (range, 1–35 moths). A modified grading system, originally described by Bafaqeeh and Al-Qattan, was used for assessment of the blood supply in the nasal tip and the columellar skin.Results: Satisfactory results were obtained for our patients, with the exception of one case. Grade 3 vascular compromise to the nasal tip and the columella was observed in one case, but the patient healed well with wound care treatment.Conclusion: Simultaneous alar base excision and open rhinoplasty can be performed safely in secondary cases. However some surgical maneuvers such as subcutaneous pocket preparation for the tip graft in closed rhinoplasty and subdermal defatting in the first rhinoplasty as well as previous scarring on the nasal lobule can disrupt the vascular supply of the nasal tip and columella skin. Under these conditions, alar base excision should be deferred and then performed as an isolated excision procedure.     

内窥镜鱼尾纹除皱术的颞额区应用解剖学

目的探讨单侧唇裂鼻畸形鼻翼软骨周边连接组织的病理解剖变化。方法对40例正常成人尸体鼻标本和30例(大于14岁)单侧唇裂鼻畸形Ⅱ期手术患者进行了解剖、组织学及术中病理解剖、组织学比较观察。结果发现单侧唇裂鼻和正常鼻在鼻翼软骨与临近皮肤、软骨、骨组织间,存在有6种特性不同的连接组织,两者间并无组织学质的区别和明显分布差异,但唇裂鼻翼软骨各段扭曲与移位的程度与特点却不同,各段畸形特点与其周边连接组织的组织学特性有一定关系。结论单侧唇裂形成时这些周边连接组织的组织学差异可能对鼻翼软骨各段扭曲与移位施加了不同的影响,是形成单侧唇裂鼻畸形特征性形态的内在病理解剖学基础。本研究结果对采用合理手段彻底矫正单侧唇裂鼻畸形有一定启示。     

婴幼儿先天性唇裂早期修复同期行鼻畸形矫正初步报告

目的 探讨婴幼儿先天性唇裂早期修复,同期矫正鼻畸形,以避免唇裂术后继发鼻畸形而再次手术的可行性。方法,采用Millard I式或II式唇裂修复法修复唇裂,同期矫正鼻畸形,使移位的鼻翼软骨,鼻中隔软骨复位,以恢复正常的解剖关系,结果 1998－1999共矫治30例,年龄3个月至3岁,单侧唇裂24例,双侧唇裂6例,随诊最长18个月,效果良好。结论 唇裂患儿幼小时组织比较薄膜,畸形易于矫正,早期修复唇裂,同期矫正鼻畸形,使畸形的鼻翼软骨,鼻中隔恢复到正常的解剖学位置并在此位置 生长发育,鼻畸形可望明显改善。     

单侧唇裂的鼻整形术

目的 探讨单侧唇裂鼻整形的优良手术方法。方法 采用切开患鼻鼻翼软骨与鼻侧软骨间的粘膜，形成软骨粘膜瓣，使鼻翼软骨外侧脚向上方突出、向内移位，以矫正鼻畸形。结果 52例一期鼻畸形矫正及18例二期矫正均达到较好的手术效果。结论 此术式更接近鼻生理解剖特点则一种值得提倡的手术方法。     

Modified Alar Swing Procedure in Saddle Nose Correction

Reconstruction of the saddle nose may involve the use of different augmentation materials, from autogenous bone and cartilage to alloplastic materials. The most important problems when considering the choice of reconstructive technique, besides underlying pathology and expected result, include: long-term stability, donor morbidity, tendency of the implant to infection, extrusion, and resorption. The use of the lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilages as dorsal onlay was reserved for the corrections of minor supratip depressions (flying wing and alar swing procedure). The authors suggest the use of pedicled flaps of cephalic portions of lateral crura as dorsal septal strut, which may increase the profile line more than dorsal onlay. Reconstruction is performed using open rhinoplasty approach. Pedicled flaps of the cephalic portions of lateral crura are transfixed in the sagittal plane and, following separation of upper lateral cartilages and medial crura, placed on the dorsum of nasal septum. Upper laterals are sutured to newly formed cartilaginous dorsum, or a new bridge is created using conchal cartilage. Columellar strut may be formed of the septal cartilage. Authors have performed such corrections in 15 patients with good long-term functional and aesthetic results.     

Rhinoplasty. The Difficult Nasal Tip: Total Resection of the Alar Cartilages

There are many ways to reconstruct and make nasal tips more attractive. Sometimes we cannot find the best way unless we at least remove all surplus from the tip. This may occur in primary or secondary rhinoplasty. In principle, anything is possible when relocating and reconstructing. However, sometimes we face reality when we uncover the tip: broken or bulging cartilages that are difficult to put right. For this reason, in 1987 we thought of totally resectioning the alar cartilages in a case of secondary rhinoplasty with an unsightly appearance. After a year the result was seen to be correct from an aesthetic and a functional perspective and is still so today. Aesthetically, it kept its shape and did not collapse with nasal respiratory failure. We covered the end of the crus medialis with a small, temporary, one- to two-layered fascia patch. Except in exceptional cases, we now use this procedure: Total sectioning of the alar cartilages including the domes, or maintenance of them by preserving the fibroadipose tip tissue with a suture in the middle of the end of the crus medialis and by covering this with temporary fascia, which usually has two layers depending on the thickness of the skin of the tip. This procedure is indicated mainly in secondary rhinoplasty when the cartilages of the tip are completely destroyed, and in primary rhinoplasty when the tip is excessively wide and bulbous. Our philosophy is, therefore, elegance and beauty of the nasal tip with a solid and equilateral base without prejudices.     

单侧唇裂鼻与正常鼻鼻翼软骨连接组织的解剖组织学比较

目的探讨单侧唇裂鼻畸形鼻翼软骨周边连接组织的病理解剖变化。方法对４０例正常成人尸体鼻标本和３０例（大于１４岁）单侧唇裂鼻畸形Ⅱ期手术患者进行了解剖、组织学及术中病理解剖、组织学比较观察。结果发现单侧唇裂鼻和正常鼻在鼻翼软骨与临近皮肤、软骨、骨组织间，存在有６种特性不同的连接组织，两者间并无组织学质的区别和明显分布差异，但唇裂鼻翼软骨各段扭曲与移位的程度与特点却不同，各段畸形特点与其周边连接组织的组织学特性有一定关系。结论单侧唇裂形成时这些周边连接组织的组织学差异可能对鼻翼软骨各段扭曲与移位施加了不同的影响，是形成单侧唇裂鼻畸形特征性形态的内在病理解剖学基础。本研究结果对采用合理手段彻底矫正单侧唇裂鼻畸形有一定启示     

鼻黏膜软骨瓣Z成形术修复单侧唇裂继发严重鼻畸形

目的 探讨一种单侧完全性唇裂继发严重鼻畸形的修复方法.方法 根据健侧鼻翼饱满度,于患侧鼻翼凹陷区做Z成形术设计,形成上下两鼻翼黏软骨瓣,通过交错换位,整体延长了短缩的患侧鼻翼软骨瓣的长度,再将重组的患侧鼻翼与健侧悬吊,恢复患侧鼻翼正常的解剖形态,以达到鼻畸形修复的目的.结果 12例单侧唇裂继发严重鼻畸形的患者术后两侧鼻翼饱满、对称,两侧鼻孔形态接近,外形满意.结论 患侧鼻翼黏膜软骨瓣Z成形术,对于修复严重的单侧完全性唇裂继发鼻畸形是一种良好的术式选择.     

Alar Batten Cartilage Graft: Treatment of Internal and External Nasal Valve Collapse

Background  The aim of this study was to describe the efficacy of alar batten graft in correcting internal and external nasal valve collapse (i.n.v. and e.n.v.) and evaluate the functional and aesthetic results. Methods  From July 2006 to September 2008, 80 patients (54 females and 26 males) underwent alar batten cartilage grafting. The patients were divided into three groups: (1) 55 patients with iatrogenic nasal valve collapse (80% i.n.v., 20% e.n.v.), (2) 15 patients with posttraumatic nasal valve collapse (45% i.n.v., 55% e.n.v.), and (3) 10 patients with congenital nasal valve collapse (100% e.n.v.). Patients were evaluated at 6, 12, 24, and some at 36 months after surgery. The final follow-up was at least 24 months. Results  The results of this study revealed a significant increase in the size of the aperture at the internal or external nasal valve after the application of alar batten grafts. All the patients noted improvement in their nasal airway breathing and in their cosmetic appearance. No major complication was observed. Conclusion  The alar batten graft is a simple, versatile technique for long-term reshaping, repositioning, and reconstruction of the nasal valve collapse.     

The tripod principle for correction of the nasal tip in aesthetic rhinoplasty

Summary The special anatomy of the supporting alar cartilage is described and compared with a tripod system. By shortening or lengthening the legs of this cartilaginous tripod system, the nasal tip can be changed and adapted to the facial features as desired. Different cases of nasal tip plasties are presented and the application of the tripod principle demonstrated.     

Management of the Overprojecting Nasal Tip: A Review

A critical review of the surgical techniques available to ameliorate the overprojecting nasal tip is presented, with special emphasis on procedures involving the alar cartilage.     

Elegant solutions for complex paramedian forehead flap reconstruction

Nasal reconstruction is one of the most challenging aspects of facial plastic surgery. The authors present reconstructive techniques to maximize the final aesthetic result and minimize scarring. They discuss techniques used in nasal reconstruction with a paramedian forehead flap (PMFF) that help to achieve these goals and minimize the chance of complications, including performing a surgical delay, using generous, supportive cartilage grafts, adding extra length and bulk to the flap at the alar rim and using topical nitroglycerin and triamcinolone injections when indicated. The steps outlined can help to create a more elegant and consistent result in PMFF nasal reconstruction.     

Known and new nasal ala reconstruction techniques

Summary There are various procedures for the reconstruction of alar and nasal tip defects. Apart from the conventional methods, a technique, using a glabellar rotation flap in conjunction with a composite mucosa/cartilage turnover flap and reconstruction with a cheek rotation flap is described.     

上颌Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术后控制鼻翼宽度的两种手术方法效果比较

目的 比较两种鼻翼基底缩窄术(alar base suturing,ABS)控制上颌Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术后鼻翼宽度的效果.方法 55例牙颌面畸形患者,均接受了上颌Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨或分块截骨术,按随机数表分为实验组(27例)和对照组(28例).实验组采用口外入路ABS,对照组采用口内入路ABS.采用3dMD立体照相测量法,于术前、术后3个月拍摄患者面部三维照片,定点测量鼻部形态变化,测量结果进行t检验.结果 术后3个月与术前相比,对照组鼻翼最外侧点间距增加(1.38±1.29) mm,鼻翼基底最外侧点间距平均增加(1.06 ±0.95) mm,鼻翼基底点间距平均增加(0.36±1.13) mm.实验组鼻翼最外侧点间距平均增加(2.66±1.47) mm,鼻翼基底最外侧点间距平均增加(2.20±1.22) mm,鼻翼基底点间距平均增加(1.30±1.33)mm.实验组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ABS两种术式对鼻翼基底缩窄的效果均优于对鼻翼最外侧点缩窄的效果,口内人路法效果优于口外入路法,但两种方法均无法完全控制术后鼻翼增宽的趋势.     

耳郭复合组织瓣修复鼻底部分缺损

目的　灵活运用耳郭复合软骨组织瓣修复鼻底部分缺损畸形。方法　采用耳郭中上部复合软骨组织修复鼻翼缺损 ,下部修复鼻小柱缺损 ,耳垂缘皮肤脂肪复合组织修复鼻尖缺损。结果　随访患者 6个月至 3年 ,除 1例患者鼻翼缺损 ,因加压不彻底 ,复合组织块外侧缘有 1.0mm× 1.5mm坏死外 ,其余复合组织瓣均成活。结论　在牢固掌握血供原则下 ,手术方法简单 ,外形效果较好 ,是该部位修复的首选方法