卡氏肺孢子虫感染大鼠血清中蛋白及血液中嗜酸粒细胞的变化分析

卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,PCP）是由卡氏肺孢子虫（pneumocystis carinii,PC）引起的一种呼吸系统机会性感染,多见于免疫功能低下患者。据报道,未经药物预防的爱滋病（AIDS）患者约80％感染PCP。     

系统性红斑狼疮并发肺孢子虫肺炎的临床病例报告

目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮并发肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）的诊断和防治措施。方法研究1例系统性红斑狼疮并发肺孢子虫肺炎患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果、影像学资料以及诊断和治疗的方法。结果患者出现发热、干咳、无痰、胸闷、伴阵发性呼吸困难等症状,血氧饱和度下降,胸部CT显示两肺部毛玻璃状改变,肺泡灌洗液找到肺孢子虫。给予复方新诺明、卡泊芬净、调整免疫抑制剂及其它支持对症治疗,痊愈出院。结论免疫功能抑制患者有发热、干咳、呼吸困难等临床症状,应考虑PCP并及时做病原学检查。     

加味补中益气汤治疗大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎的疗效观察

目的探讨加味补中益气汤治疗大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）的疗效。方法按国内公认的PCP造模方法，建立大鼠PCP动物模型。设中药治疗组和预防组，同时建立西药对照组、PCP模型对照组及正常对照组。通过观察各组大鼠存活率、体重、肺内肺孢子虫包囊的数量和肺组织病理学变化考核药物疗效。结果中药组大鼠存活率高于PCP模型组，但低于正常组；中药治疗组和预防组大鼠平均体重高于PCP模型组，包囊数低于PCP模型对照组；中药治疗组和预防组大鼠肺组织炎症反应明显轻于PCP模型对照组。结论加味补中益气汤对大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎，有一定的疗效。     

卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠血清中TNF—α、IL-8和sICAM-1水平的变化

目的检测卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-8和sICAM-1水平。方法建立清洁级SD大鼠PCP动物模型,同时设正常对照组,检测血清中TNF-α、IL-8和sICAM-1含量。并观察肺脏病理学的变化。结果PCP模型组血清中TNF-α、IL-8和sICAM-1含量分别是（3．65±0．73）ng／mL、（0．65±0．12）ng／mL和（1247．39±288．57）pg／mL,正常对照组的含量分别是（0．70±0．21）ng／mL、（0．14±0．10）ng／mL和（261．40±53．21）pg／mL,并且PCP模型组肺组织炎症反应明显。结论卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-8和sICAM-1的含量均升高,并且肺组织炎症反应明显。     

双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

目的：检测双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡的影响。方法：以醋酸可的松皮下洲Wistar大鼠建立PCP动物模型，对60mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠，杀鼠取肺，用胶原酶消化法分离肺泡巨噬细胞，可PI和TUNEL法检测其凋亡，同时设有正常大鼠对照组。结果：感染组和治疗组大鼠肺泡巨噬．细胞凋亡率显著高于正常对照组，治疗组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率明显低于感染组。结论：卡氏肺孢子虫感染引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞发生凋亡，经双氢青蒿素治疗后PCP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡降低。     

人源肺孢子虫纯培养株的建立及基因鉴定

目的建立人源肺孢子虫（PneUmOCySaSj／rovec／，Pj）纯培养株。方法从肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中分离巧，用改良IMDM培养基做原代、传代和冻存复苏培养；以四胺银染色计数法观察虫体增殖情况；以线粒体rRNA大亚基特异引物扩增培养物中的目的基因，与基因库中的鼠源和人源肺孢子虫基因做序列比较。结果用添加S-腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAM）等辅助剂的IMDM培养基从2例PCP患者的BALF中分离出2个巧纯培养株。分离培养的巧可进行冷冻保存和复苏培养。培养120h的巧包囊可增殖3．2倍。基因序列分析证实分离出的巧株与鼠源性肺孢子虫的线粒体rRNA大亚基同源性为67．8％，与GenBank中巧的同源性为93．2％。结论用本法建立了2个Pj纯培养株。     

卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大、小鼠低死亡率动物模型的建立

为建立低死亡率卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (PCP)SD大鼠和ICR小鼠动物模型 ,本试验将雌性SD大鼠和ICR小鼠分别随机分为实验组和对照组 ,实验组采用按体重定量皮下注射地塞米松的方法 ,免疫抑制诱导建立PCP动物模型 ,对照组注射与地塞米松等体积的生理盐水。分别制作肺印片 ,经瑞 姬氏复合染色后 ,检查卡氏肺孢子虫包囊。制作肺组织病理切片 ,经HE染色后观察肺组织病理变化。用地塞米松诱导后 ,实验组SD大鼠和ICR小鼠死亡率均为 0 ,肺印片阳性率均为 76 7% (2 3 30和 2 3 30 )。肺组织出现典型的病理变化 ,并可观察到Pc包囊。实验组SD大鼠体重下降明显 ,与对照组体重比较具有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。ICR小鼠经诱导后 ,体重变化不显著。采用按体重定量皮下注射地塞米松的方法可建立低死亡率PCP动物模型     

肾移植后合并卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎：10年同一机构378例中的12例

背景：在肾移植后早期,由于免疫抑制剂用量较大,患者的免疫功能明显受到抑制,卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎在此期间相对高发。 目的：分析肾移植后并发卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的临床特点、诊治及预防。 方法：收集佛山市第一人民医院肾内科2000-11/2010-07肾移植378例中并发卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎12例患者的临床资料,分别对其发病时间、易感因素、诊断方法、临床表现及治疗方案、预防效果进行回顾性分析。 结果与结论：发病时间为移植后5.3(3~11)个月。12例患者均有发热,体温达38.0~40.2 ℃,气促及紫绀。9例轻微咳嗽,5例少量白痰,1例红色泡沫痰。5例合并细菌感染,2例合并真菌感染,2例合并巨细胞病毒感染,1例合并结核。服用他克莫司患者感染发生率为7.8%(7/89),服用环孢素A患者感染发生率为1.7%(5/289)。9例使用呼吸机,2例使用呼吸机无创性连续鼻或口鼻面罩治疗。8例痊愈,2例治疗中出现血小板减少致脑出血死亡,1例合并真菌感染死亡,1例合并血气胸死亡。治疗期间,无排斥反应发生。说明早期诊断,联合用药,减少免疫抑制剂用量是提高卡氏肺孢子虫肺感染治愈率的关键。     

卡氏肺孢子虫的分类、命名、体外培养及其动物模型的建立

以往所称的“卡氏肺孢子虫” (Pneumocystiscarinii,Pc)能感染包括人和实验动物在内的多种哺乳动物 ,免疫力低下的宿主感染后能引起致命的卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (Pneumocystiscariniipneumonia,PCP )或称肺孢子虫病(Pneumocystosis)。国际上已将原感染人体的卡氏肺孢子虫 (Pneumocystiscarinii)更名为Pneumocystisjeroveci,国内张瑞娟、朱淮民( 2 0 0 3)将其译为耶氏肺孢子虫 ,然尚未被广泛应用。其生物学分类也由原来动物界的原虫定为真菌界的真菌类。重新命名和跨界的分类归属具有重要意义 ,然而 ,国内有关“卡氏肺孢子虫”的报道 ,尚未启…     

AITD合并肾小球肾炎自身抗体检测及临床病理分析

目的：观察自身免疫性甲状腺疾病合并肾小球肾炎的甲状腺自身抗体表达及临床病理特点。方法：自1998年～2007年行肾活检的肾小球肾炎合并AITD患者20例,分析其甲状腺自身抗体表达及临床与病理特点。结果：AITD 20例（男6,女14）,平均年龄（35.7±9.4）岁,Graves’病9例,桥本氏甲状腺炎5例,甲减6例。甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGA）、甲状腺微粒体抗体（TMA）、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPO-Ab）三种自身抗体中,TPO-Ab阳性率较高。肾损害表现为隐匿性肾炎3例,慢性肾小球肾炎8例,肾病综合征6例,急进性肾炎3例。病理提示膜性肾病9例,4例为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,3例为坏死性肾小球肾炎,2例为局灶节段硬化,2例为系膜毛细血管性肾炎。结论：自身免疫性甲状腺疾病合并肾小球肾炎肾损害主要表现为慢性肾炎和肾病综合征,肾脏病理类型多为膜性肾病,TPO-Ab阳性率较高。大多数患者预后较好。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.