Safety evaluation of phosphodiesterase produced from Penicillium citrinum: summary of toxicological data

The toxicity of Enzyme RP-1, an enzyme preparation used to hydrolyze yeast RNA to produce flavor enhancers for use in the food industry, was evaluated in a series of studies. A 5-week dietary toxicity study in Wistar rats was conducted in which animals received Enzyme RP-1 in feed at concentrations of 0, 500, 2000, or 8000 mg/kg body wt/day. A 13-week dietary toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats was conducted in which animals received RP-1 concentrate at 0, 0.125, 0.5, or 2% in their diets. At the highest dose levels in both studies, submandibular glands in the oral cavity were enlarged, an effect attributed to protease activity of the enzyme preparation. The no-observed-effect level in rats in the 13-week study was 0.5%, equivalent to 317 mg/kg body wt/day for males and 346 mg/kg body wt/day for females. Based on estimated dietary exposure to the enzyme preparation, the margin of exposure is estimated to be greater than 38,000. Lack of genotoxic potential was demonstrated by an in vitro reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and in Escherichia coli strain WP2uvr and by an in vitro chromosome aberration test in CHL/IU cells derived from fibroblasts from the lungs of Chinese hamsters. Finally, the particular strain of Penicillium citrinum, the fungal strain used to prepare Enzyme RP-1, was shown to have low pathogenicity upon a single injection into the tail vein of rats of viable spores at doses up to 2.8x10(5) colony-forming units per animal. The results of these studies demonstrate that the enzyme preparation may be considered safe to workers and consumers when employed in the production of flavor enhancers from yeast.     

盐酸多巴酚丁胺注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:研究盐酸多巴酚丁胺注射液细菌内毒素检查法的可行性。方法:采用鲎试剂法根据《中国药典》2005年版(二部)附录细菌内毒素检查法进行样品预干扰试验和正式干扰试验,确定样品的试验浓度及内毒素限值。结果:将样品浓度稀释到0.8mg·mL-1时,不干扰细菌内毒素试验,其细菌内毒素限值定为1.2EU·mg-1。结论:采用鲎试剂法检查盐酸多巴酚丁胺注射液中的细菌内毒素是可行的。     

己酮可可碱葡萄糖注射液内毒素检测法探讨

目的 :探讨细菌内毒素法对己酮可可碱葡萄糖注射液进行检测的可行性。方法 :按照《中国药典》2 0 0 0版收载的细菌内毒素检查法的要求进行干扰试验。结果 :将己酮可可碱葡萄糖注射液稀释 2倍后对鲎试剂凝集反应没有干扰作用 ,用标示灵敏度为 0 .2 5EU/mL的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素是有效的。结论 :细菌内毒素法可用于己酮可可碱葡萄糖注射液的检测 ,控制其质量     

维D2果糖酸钙注射液细菌内毒素检查法的实验研究

目的建立维D2果糖酸钙注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法按照《中华人民共和国药典》2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法1和2005年版《中国药品检验标准操作规范》细菌内毒素检查法2,确定维D2果糖酸钙注射液细菌内毒素限值,用3个厂家鲎试剂对两个厂家5个批次的维D2果糖酸钙注射液进行干扰试验考察。结果维D2果糖酸钙注射液的浓度稀释到300倍时进行细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。结论维D2果糖酸钙注射液采用细菌内毒素检查法检查是可行的。     

注射用肌萎灵细菌内毒素检查方法的研究

目的:建立注射用肌萎灵细菌内毒素的检查方法。方法:按照2010年版《中国药典》(一部)细菌内毒素检查法,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的样品进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查。结果:注射用肌萎灵供试品初始浓度稀释40倍对细菌内毒素的检测无干扰作用。结论:所建立的方法可用于注射用肌萎灵的细菌内毒素检查。     

替硝唑注射液的细菌内毒素检查研究

目的 想建立替硝唑注射液的细菌内毒素检查法最佳方法,研究以细菌内毒素检查法代替家兔法对替硝唑注射液进行热原检查的可行性.方法 本实验根据鲎试剂在不产生干扰条件下能对样品进行细菌内毒素检查的原理,按照〈中国药典〉2005年版附录XIE细菌内毒素检查法要求进行实验,采用凝胶法鲎试验法,用两个厂家生产的鲎试剂,对连续生产的3批替硝唑注射液按有效浓度范围稀释后,进行干扰实验观察,然后进行细菌内毒素检查,所得结果与家兔法检查热原的结果进行对比.结果 使用灵敏度为0.25 EU/ml的鲎试剂,替硝唑注射液的2倍稀释液对两个厂家的鲎试剂均不产生干扰,3批替硝唑注射液的细菌内毒素检查结果与家兔法所得结果一致.结论 细菌内毒素检查法代替家兔法对替硝唑注射液进行热原检查是可行的.     

烟酸占替诺注射液细菌内毒素检查法初探

目的建立烟酸占替诺注射液的细菌内毒素检查法．方法按中国药典2000年版细菌内毒素检查法和细菌内毒素检查法应用指导原则要求进行试验。结果样品经稀释后无干扰作用,且与兔法热原检查结果一致。结论细菌内毒素检查法可用于烟酸占替诺注射液热原检查。     

盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素检查法建立及方法学研究

目的建立盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法按照《中华人民共和国药典》2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法〔1〕和2005年版《药品标准操作规范》细菌内毒素检查法〔2〕,确定盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素限值,用2个厂家鲎试剂对3个批次的盐酸法舒地尔注射液进行干扰试验考察。结果盐酸法舒地尔注射液的浓度稀释到0.05mg·mL-1时进行细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。结论盐酸法舒地尔注射液采用细菌内毒素检查法检查是可行的。     

三磷酸腺苷二钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的初步实验研究

目的建立三磷酸腺苷二钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法按《中国药典》2005年版（二部）附录收载的细菌内毒素检查方法进行实验。结果在3．33mg·mL^-1稀释浓度时对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。用细菌内毒素检查法检查三磷酸腺苷二钠注射液的细菌内毒素是可行的。结论可以用细菌内毒素检查法代替家兔法来控制三磷酸腺苷二钠注射液的质量。     

Involvement of a heat-stable and heat-labile component of Bordetella pertussis in the depression of the murine hepatic mixed-function oxidase system

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the decrease in ethylmorphine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities and in the levels of cytochrome P-450 observed after injection of Bordetella pertussis to mice was related to an activity of the well-characterized 80°-heatlabile bacterial component (HSF) which causes an increased sensitivity to histamine. Temporal studies over 10–15 days following B. pertussis inoculation of mice suggested a possible correlation between the development of histamine sensitivity and the decrease in both in vivo and in vitro activities of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system. Treatment of mice with unheated or 56°-heated vaccine produced a decrease in microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and an increased sensitivity to histamine at both 24 hr and 5 days after injection. In contrast, mice injected with an 80°-heated vaccine did not show an increased sensitivity to histamine at either time point or a decrease in drug-metabolizing activity at 5 days. There was, however, a significant loss of microsomal enzyme activity determined at 24 hr post-injection of the 80°-heated vaccine. Injection of B. pertussis into a strain of mice insensitive to HSF activity was shown to produce a decrease in the drug-metabolizing activity at both 24 hr and 5 days without the concomitant increase in histamine sensitivity. On the other hand, injection of partially purified HSF into a susceptible strain of mice produced histamine sensitization without the loss of hepatic enzyme activity. These studies suggest that HSF per se is not the bacterial component responsible for the reduction in the hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. The results would indicate that two separate bacterial components may be involved. One is stable to heat of 80° and may cause the acute (24 hr) loss of activity. The second is labile to heat between 56 and 80° and may be responsible for the prolonged (5–10 days) loss of enzyme activity. The identity of the heat-labile component is unknown but the former, heat-stable component may be bacterial endotoxin. This conclusion is based on the similarity between the transient reduction in drug-metabolizing activity produced by injection of 500 μmg/kg of endotoxin and that produced by the 80°-heated vaccine.     

注射用萘普生钠细菌内毒素检查法建立及方法学研究

目的建立注射用萘普生钠的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法参照中国药典2000年版附录中细菌内毒素检查法和细菌内毒素检查法应用指导原则要求进行试验,确定注射用萘普生钠的细菌内毒素限值,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对注射用萘普生钠进行干扰试验。结果注射用萘普生钠经稀释至0.5mg·mL-1浓度时可有效地排除其对鲎试验的干扰作用。结论注射用萘普生钠可用细菌内毒素检查法进行检测。     

注射用头孢尼西钠细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的研究注射用头孢尼西钠的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法参照《中国药典》2000年版收载的细菌内毒素检查方法及指导原则进行干扰试验。结果注射用头孢尼西钠在药液稀释浓度为1.67mg.ml-1时,对鲎试剂的凝集反应无干扰作用。采用灵敏度为0.25 EU.ml-1的鲎试剂可进行细菌内毒素检查。结论可用细菌内毒素检查法控制注射用头孢尼西钠的质量。本品细菌内毒素限值为0.15EU.mg-1。     

注射用兰索拉唑细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立注射用兰索拉唑的细菌内毒素检查法。方法:按照2010年版《中国药典》(二部)附录细菌内毒素检查法,采用2个厂家的鲎试剂对5个厂家的5批样品,通过预干扰和干扰试验确定样品最大无干扰质量浓度,并进行细菌内毒素检查。结果:将供试品溶液稀释到质量浓度为0.1 mg/ml时,不干扰细菌内毒素试验,其细菌内毒素限值为5 EU/mg。结论:采用细菌内毒素检查法检查注射用兰索拉唑中的细菌内毒素方法可行。     

注射用夫西地酸钠细菌内毒素检查方法研究

目的:建立注射用夫西地酸钠的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:参照《中国药典》2010年版附录中的凝胶法,通过干扰试验确定样品最大无干扰浓度,并进行方法学验证。结果:样品稀释至浓度0.50mg·mL-1时对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论:所建方法可用于检查注射用夫西地酸钠中的细菌内毒素。     

肾康注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的建立肾康注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法按2010年版《中国药典(二部)》附录Ⅱ细菌内毒素检查法,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对3批肾康注射液分别进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查。结果肾康注射液稀释6倍时对细菌内毒素检查无干扰,细菌内毒素限值为4 EU/mL。按照拟订标准,3批样品的细菌内毒素检查均符合规定。结论所建立的细菌内毒素检查法可用于肾康注射液的细菌内毒素检查。     

动态浊度法测定注射用高纯度尿促性素中细菌内毒素的含量

目的建立注射用高纯度尿促性素中细菌内毒素定量的检查方法。方法采用动态浊度法考察注射用高纯度尿促性素对鲎试剂的干扰作用。结果注射用高纯度尿促性素进行10～80倍稀释即可以有效地消除其对鲎试剂的干扰。结论动态浊度法和凝胶法都可以用于检测注射用高纯度尿促性素中的细菌内毒素。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的：建立盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法：根据《中华人民共和国药典（二部）》（2005版）细菌内毒素检查方法,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的样品分别进行干扰试验,建立盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。结果：盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液稀释至质量浓度为0.5mg·mL-1时对细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论：可用细菌内毒素检查法检查盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素。     

促肝细胞生长素注射液细菌内毒素检查可行性研究

目的 :研究促肝细胞生长素注射液细菌内毒素检查法的可行性 ,以替代热原检查法。方法 :按《中国药典》(二部 )2000年版规定 ,用2个厂家生产的鲎试剂 (TAL)对促肝细胞生长素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查法干扰试验。结果 :促肝细胞生长素注射液经10倍稀释后对细菌内毒素与鲎试剂的反应无干扰作用。结论 :用凝胶法进行细菌内毒素检查是可行的。     

盐酸尼卡地平葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素检查

目的:建立盐酸尼卡地平葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:根据2005年版《中国药典》(二部)附录细菌内毒素检查法进行试验。结果:当水为溶剂时,样品对细菌内毒素检查法有干扰作用;改用稀释剂Ⅰ作为溶剂,干扰预试验和干扰试验结果表明,样品在4倍以上稀释浓度时可排除干扰。结论:盐酸尼卡地平葡萄糖注射液按限值L=0.5EU.mL-1进行细菌内毒素检查是可行的,可以用细菌内毒素检查法取代热原检查法检测盐酸尼卡地平葡萄糖注射液。     

注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按照2010年版《中国药典》(二部)附录细菌内毒素检查法,采用2个厂家的鲎试剂对5个厂家的5批样品,通过预干扰和干扰试验确定样品最大无干扰质量浓度,并进行细菌内毒素检查。结果:将供试品溶液稀释至质量浓度为50 mg/ml时,不干扰细菌内毒素试验;确定其细菌内毒素限值为0.5 EU/mg。结论:采用细菌内毒素检查法检查注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷中的细菌内毒素是可行的。