Efficacy of Single-Shot Adductor Canal Block Combined With Posterior Capsular Infiltration on Postoperative Pain and Functional Outcome After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective,Double-Blind,Randomized Controlled Study

BackgroundAdductor canal block (ACB) may preserve muscle strength and promote faster recovery than other methods of analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, there are contradictory reports on the efficacy of ACB. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of single-shot ACB combined with posterior capsular infiltration (PCI) vs multimodal periarticular infiltration analgesia in treating postoperative pain.MethodsThis study involved patients undergoing unilateral primary TKA at our institution from January 2018 to January 2019. Patients were randomized into 2 groups, one of which was treated with ACB combined with PCI, and the other with periarticular infiltration analgesia. Primary outcomes included postoperative pain as assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS) and consumption of morphine hydrochloride. The secondary outcome was functional recovery, as assessed by range of knee motion, quadriceps strength, and daily ambulation distance. Tertiary outcomes included the duration of hospital stay and postoperative adverse effects.ResultsPatients treated with ACB and PCI had lower resting VAS scores at 8 and 24 hours after surgery, and lower VAS scores during motion within 48 hours after surgery. Patients treated with ACB and PCI also consumed less morphine. There was no difference in functional recovery, duration of hospitalization, or incidence of adverse events.ConclusionThe ACB combined with PCI can reduce postoperative pain sooner after TKA without affecting postoperative functional recovery and increasing complications.     

Additional Peripheral Nerve Block to Periarticular Injection Has No Benefit for Patients Undergoing TKA: A Factorial Propensity Score–Matched Analysis Comparing Four Multimodal Analgesic Techniques

BackgroundControversy remains over what and how many analgesic techniques are required as the most effective multimodal pain regimen in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of additional analgesic methods combined with periarticular injection (PAI) analgesia for TKA.MethodsUsing retrospective cohort data, patients undergoing TKA with spinal anesthesia and PAI were divided into 4 groups. Group A (control) comprised 66 patients; group B (73 patients) had additional adductor canal block; group C (70 patients) obtained additional femoral nerve block, and group D (73 patients) received additional adductor canal block and intrathecal morphine. Propensity score matching was applied to compare visual analog scale (VAS) for pain intensity, cumulative morphine use (CMU), knee flexion angle, straight leg raise, length of hospital stay, and postoperative nausea and vomiting.ResultsThere was no significant difference regarding VAS and morphine use, when either group B or C was compared with group A. Group D had significantly lower VAS than groups A, B, and C during the first 24 hours after surgery and required significantly less CMU than groups A and B. However, the pain score of group D increased afterward, with significantly longer length of hospital stay than groups A and B. There was no difference in straight leg raise among the groups.ConclusionAdditional peripheral nerve block to PAI provides no benefit for patients undergoing TKA. Adjuvant intrathecal morphine could significantly reduce the VAS and CMU in the acute postoperative period; however, rebound pain with prolonged hospital stays was observed.     

Liposomal Bupivacaine in Adductor Canal Blocks Before Total Knee Arthroplasty Leads to Improved Postoperative Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundThis study compares the use of liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel) versus ropivacaine in adductor canal blocks (ACB) before total knee arthroplasties (TKAs).MethodsFrom the months of April 2020 to September 2021, 147 patients undergoing unilateral primary TKA were asked to participate in this prospective, double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Each patient received an iPACK block utilizing ropivacaine and was additionally randomized to receive an ACB with Exparel or Ropivacaine. For each patient, demographic information, inpatient hospital information, postoperative opioid use, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire scores were collected.ResultsOverall, 100 patients were included (50 in each cohort). The Exparel group had a lower hospital length of stay compared to the Control group (36.3 vs 49.7 hours, P < .01). Patients in the Exparel group reported an increased amount of Numerical Rating Scale pain score improvement at all postoperative timepoints. These patients also used a lower amount of inpatient opioids (40.9 vs 47.3 MME/d, P = .04) but a similar amount of outpatient opioids (33.4 vs 32.1 MME/d, P = .351). Finally, the Exparel group had increased improvements in all WOMAC subscores and total scores at most timepoints compared to the Control group (P < .05).ConclusionExparel peripheral regional nerve blocks lead to decreases in pain levels, shorter hospital lengths of stay, inpatient opioid usage, and improved WOMAC scores. Exparel can be safely used in ACB blocks before TKA to help in controlling postoperative pain and decrease length of stay.     

Adductor Canal Block Combined With iPACK (Interspace Between the Popliteal Artery and the Capsule of the Posterior Knee) Block vs Periarticular Injection for Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial

BackgroundThe combination of adductor canal block (ACB) and infiltration between the popliteal artery and the posterior capsule of the knee (iPACK) block may provide sufficient motor-sparing anterior and posterior knee analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. This study aimed to determine if ACB with iPACK block was noninferior to ACB with periarticular injection (PAI) when combined with postoperative multimodal analgesia regimen.MethodsSeventy-six patients were randomized to receive either ACB + iPACK block and continuous ACB (CACB) (ACB + iPACK group) or PAI and CACB (ACB + PAI group). Noninferiority was concluded for the primary outcome if the adjusted mean between-group difference in pain on movement at 12 postoperative hours was within 1.3 points on a visual analog pain scale. Pain scores, morphine consumption, functional performance, and adverse events were the secondary outcome measures assessed for superiority.ResultsAdjusted mean differences, (ACB + iPACK) ? (ACB + PAI), in anterior and posterior knee pain scores on movement at 12 postoperative hours were ?0.66 (?1.86, 0.54) and ?0.19 (?1.36, 0.99), respectively. The upper limit of 95% confident interval was lower than the prespecified noninferiority limit. The mean visual analog scale pain scores were low and no clinically significant differences between groups. However, morphine requirement at 48 postoperative hours was significantly higher (P < .05) and showed greater reduced quadriceps strength at 0 and 45 degrees on postoperative day 0 (P = .006 and .04, respectively) in the ACB + iPACK group.ConclusionsACB with iPACK block provides a noninferior analgesia compared with PAI when combined with CACB. However, patients who received ACB + iPACK block may require higher amounts of opioids and have worse immediate functional performance.Level of evidenceTherapeutic level I.     

收肌管阻滞技术在初次全膝置换术后早期镇痛中的应用研究

目的探讨收肌管阻滞术在全膝关节置换术术后疼痛管理及早期康复中的作用。 方法前瞻性选取于哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院骨科行初次行单侧全膝关节置换术(TKA)的患者40例,随机分为收肌管阻滞联合帕瑞昔布镇痛组20例及单纯帕瑞昔布镇痛组20例。纳入初次单侧TKA患者,排除严重感染和精神疾病等患者。收肌管阻滞置管术后立即执行。两组患者围手术期观察术后不同时间点的静息与活动状态下视觉模拟评分、股四头肌肌力、膝关节活动范围、住院天数及有无并发症发生。所得数据通过独立样本t检验、非参数Wilcoxon秩和检验以及卡方检验进行分析。 结果与单纯应用帕瑞昔布相比,联合应用收肌管阻滞技术能够有效地降低患者术后早期VAS评分(术后6 h～72 h活动VAS：Z＝－3.124、－2.157、－2.044、－2.467、－2.471,P <0.05;术后6 h～24 h静息VAS：Z＝－2.310、－2.409、－2.208,P<0.05)。在膝关节活动度与术后住院时间上两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。且收肌管阻滞组患者体现出更好的康复依从性,未出现因操作引起的并发症。 结论全膝关节置换术术后辅助收肌管阻滞术能够有效地缓解患者术后疼痛,有助于患者早期开展功能锻炼与快速康复。     

Effect of Methylprednisolone in Periarticular Infiltration for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty on Pain and Rehabilitation

BackgroundOptimal pain management after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is important to ensure timely rehabilitation and patient satisfaction. This study examines the efficacy of adding corticosteroid in periarticular infiltration cocktail with relation to postoperative pain management and rehabilitation in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral TKA.MethodsFifty patients with symptomatic end-stage bilateral knee osteoarthritis undergoing bilateral TKA under the same anesthetic were recruited. More painful knee was operated first, and the study solution containing ropivacaine, clonidine, epinephrine, and ketorolac with methylprednisolone was infiltrated in one knee and an identical mixture but without methylprednisolone was infiltrated in the second knee. Outcome measures included comparison of visual analogue scale on movement of each knee and range of motion achieved during the first three days after surgery.ResultsDifferences in visual analogue scale score and range of motion at day one and three between the two groups of knees were significant (P < .05). Postoperative inflammation and the ability to straight leg raise showed better trends in the knees receiving prednisolone although this did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionAddition of methylprednisolone to periarticular infiltration cocktail for patients undergoing TKA has significant influence on reduction of pain in the early postoperative period and patients are able to regain knee flexion more quickly.     

收肌管阻滞术联合经皮穴位电刺激用于全膝关节置换术后的临床效果

目的 :探讨收肌管阻滞术(addcutor canal block,ACB)联合经皮穴位电刺激(transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,TEAS)在全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术后镇痛及对早期功能锻炼的效果。方法:选取2019年1月至2020年8月初次单侧行TKA的患者84例,其中男45例,女39例;年龄66～77(72.8±8.9)岁;身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI) 19～25(23.6±3.5) kg/m~2。按照随机数字表法将患者分为收肌管阻滞术联合经皮穴位电刺激组(TEAS+ACB组)和单纯收肌管阻滞术组(ACB组),每组42例。ACB组术中实施ACB,TEAS+ACB组在ACB基础上于术后第1～7天行双下肢TEAS。记录并比较两组术后6,12,24,48,72 h的疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),术后第1,2,3,7天的膝关节功能,术后第7天膝关节活动度与住院天数。结果:TEAS+ACB组VAS评分在静息、活动状态下术后6,12 h与ACB组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在术后24,48,72 h均低于ACB组(P0.05)。TEAS+ACB组膝关节活动度在术后第1天与ACB组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在术后第2,3,7天均大于ACB组(P0.05)。TEAS+ACB组住院天数小于ACB组,术后第7天膝关节活动度大于ACB组(P0.05)。结论:TEAS联合ACB较单纯的ACB有更好的术后镇痛效果,促进患者早期功能锻炼,对TKA术后镇痛是安全、有效的。     

Efficacy of adductor canal block protocol implementation in a multimodal pain management protocol for total knee arthroplasty

ObjectivePostoperative pain relief for total knee arthroplasty is an important concern for clinicians who seek to decrease pain, side effects associated with narcotics, increase mobility, and decrease hospital length of stay for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. In today's day in age where patients and clinicians are looking to decrease length of stay and desire to take total knee replacement to the ambulatory surgery setting, appropriate and safe analgesia is paramount. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of implementing a single shot adductor canal block (ACB) protocol in patients undergoing primary TKA by a single surgeon already using a multimodal analgesia protocol at a high volume community hospital.Methods75 patients who received a single shot ACB were compared to 75 patients that did not receive an ACB with respect to post-operative NRS pain scores and narcotic consumption.ResultsAfter addition of an ACB there was a 90% reduction in NRS pain scores in the PACU and a 38% reduction at 12 and 24-h post-operatively which were all statistically significant. Total post-operative morphine milligram equivalent (MME) decreased by 51%, after addition of an ACB, which was also statistically significant.ConclusionThe administration of an ACB as an adjunct to a multimodal pain protocol for primary TKA patients is effective at minimizing post-operative pain and narcotic consumption, and plays a critical role in facilitating fast track and same day discharge in our practice.     

经Wiltse入路与后正中入路治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的比较Wiltse入路与后正中入路治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症(LDH)的疗效。方法收集2012年1月—2015年12月在本院行手术治疗的LDH患者85例,其中经Wiltse入路43例(A组),传统后正中入路42例(B组)。记录2组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量及住院天数等资料;采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评价患者腰痛和下肢痛,采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价患者功能状况,采用日本骨科学会(JOA)评分评价患者腰椎功能。结果 A组患者在术中出血量、术后引流量、住院天数、术后腰痛VAS评分方面优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组手术时间、术后下肢痛VAS评分、ODI及JOA评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后随访6个月、2年,A组腰痛VAS评分优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用Wiltse入路治疗LDH在降低手术创伤、减少住院天数、减少术后腰痛、减少残留神经功能后遗症等方面均优于传统后正中入路,临床值得推广。     

Additive effect of continuous adductor canal block and liposomal bupivacaine periarticular injection in total knee arthroplasty

Background

Novel methods of postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have demonstrated improved functional outcomes and decreased narcotic consumption. These approaches include continuous adductor canal blocks (CACB) and periarticular injection (PAI). There is a lack of current understanding regarding the effect of these modalities on narcotic usage, functionality, and pain when both PAI and CACB are utilized compared to PAI alone.

Methods

TKAs were performed unilaterally by a single surgeon with a standardized protocol. Patients were divided into two groups: those receiving PAI alone (n = 54) and those receiving PAI and CACB (n = 37). Patient outcomes including, narcotics usage, pain scale, and distance walked, were recorded on postoperative day (POD) zero through three.

Results

When compared with PAI alone, it was identified that concurrent use of PAI and CACB results in a statistically significant decrease in narcotics usage on POD 0, 1, 3, and total narcotic usage while admitted. Patients in the PAI and CACB group walked significantly farther than patients in the PAI only group on POD 1, 2, and 3. On POD 0, patients in the PAI and CACB reported significantly less pain with activity when compared to the PAI only group.

Conclusion

Here we identify an additive effect when utilizing both PAI and CACB for postoperative TKA analgesia. Our findings demonstrate significant decrease in patient total narcotic usage, pain scores, and an increase in walking distance when utilizing PAI and CACB compared with PAI alone. This analgesic technique may help reduce patients’ narcotic use while also increasing functional outcomes.

     

Is Adductor Canal Block Better Than Femoral Nerve Block in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty? A GRADE Analysis of the Evidence Through a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with intense postoperative pain with a need for early ambulation to gain function and prevent postoperative complications. Compared with femoral nerve block (FNB), adductor canal block (ACB) can relieve postoperative pain and preserve quadriceps muscle strength. This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate which analgesic method provides better pain relief and functional recovery after TKA.

Peri-articular injections of local anaesthesia can replace patient-controlled analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a randomised controlled study

Purpose

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in peri-articular injections (PAI) to control post-operative pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Previous studies have evaluated the effect of PAI using multimodal analgaesic protocols, but the concomitant use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) may has masked the genuine effects of PAI. We investigated the efficacy of PAI compared with PCA and determined whether conventional PCA can be effectively replaced with PAI after TKA.

Methods

Eighty patients undergoing unilateral TKA were randomised into two groups. The PCA group consisted of patients who used PCA after surgery, while the PAI group included patients who did not use PCA post-operatively but were given PAI during surgery. We measured changes in visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, straight leg raising (SLR), range of motion (ROM) and consumption of antiemetics or analgaesics.

Results

Pain levels in the PAI group were significantly lower than in the PCA group during two weeks post-operatively (p?<?0.05).; functional recovery in the SLR test showed no difference between groups (p?>?0.05).; mean ROM showed no difference; (p?>?0.05) and there was no difference in the number of patients who needed additional analgaesics. However, antiemetic use was significantly lower for the PAI group (p?<?0.05).

Conclusions

PAI offered improved pain control and minimal side effects compared with PCA. Thus, PAI can replace conventional PCA for controlling post-operative pain after TKA.

     

General vs Spinal Anesthesia for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: Do Complication Rates Differ?

BackgroundThe incidence of both primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and revision TKA is increasing. Data from primary arthroplasty patients suggest a risk reduction with the use of spinal anesthesia when compared with general anesthesia. However, the same relationship has not been examined in the revision knee arthroplasty patient.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement database. Patients undergoing revision TKA with either spinal or general anesthesia were identified from the database. Baseline characteristics were compared, and ultimately patients were matched using coarsened exact matching. Multivariate analysis was then performed on matched cohorts controlling for baseline patient and operative characteristics. This model was used to look for any differences in rates of complications, operative time, length of stay, and readmission.ResultsPatients undergoing revision TKA with general anesthesia had increased risk of several postoperative complications, even after controlling for baseline patient characteristics. Specifically, there were significantly increased rates of the following: unplanned readmission (OR = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-1.72, P < .001), nonhome discharge (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.46-1.76, P < .001), transfusion (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.41-1.88, P < .001), deep surgical site infection (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.01-2.03, P = .043), and extended length of stay (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.11-1.34, P < .001). General anesthesia was additionally associated with increased operative time.ConclusionGeneral anesthesia is associated with increased risk of numerous postoperative complications in patients undergoing revision TKA. This study is retrospective in nature, and while causality cannot be definitively determined, the results suggest that spinal anesthesia is preferential to general anesthesia in the revision TKA patient.     

Adductor Canal Block or Local Infiltrate Analgesia for Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Total knee arthroplasty is a treatment option for debilitating arthritis. In the postoperative period, patients experience moderate to severe pain affecting the rehabilitation, hospital stay, and patient satisfaction. This study aims at utilizing current best evidence to determine whether adductor canal block (ACB) or periarticular injection (PAI) is a better modality for managing short-term postoperative pain and opioid consumption.

经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定与开放手术治疗胸腰椎骨折临床疗效比较

目的:比较微创经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定与开放椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的疗效。方法 :回顾性分析2014年6月至2014年12月收治的61例需手术治疗的胸腰椎单纯骨折患者,其中29例采用经皮微创椎弓根钉棒系统治疗(微创组),32例采用传统切开暴露椎板椎弓根置钉内固定术治疗(开放组)。分别比较两组患者手术切口总长度、术中透视次数、手术时间、术中出血量、术前及术后疼痛视觉模拟评分、术后卧床及住院时间,并通过影像学检查比较治疗前后椎体前缘高度及后凸Cobb角变化。结果:与开放组相比,微创组手术切口总长度小、手术时间短、术中出血少、术后伤口疼痛缓解快、术后卧床及住院时间短。两组患者治疗后椎体前缘高度恢复明显,后凸Cobb角明显减小,但组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经皮微创椎弓根螺钉与开放手术具有相同的内固定效果,但可减小手术切口,避免开放手术广泛剥离腰背肌,缩短术后疼痛、卧床及住院时间,值得临床推广使用。     

Intraoperative Surgeon Administered Adductor Canal Blockade Is Not Inferior to Anesthesiologist Administered Adductor Canal Blockade: A Prospective Randomized Trial

BackgroundControlling postoperative pain and reducing opioid requirements after total knee arthroplasty remain a challenge, particularly in an era stressing rapid recovery protocols and early discharge. A single-shot adductor canal blockade (ACB) has been shown to be effective in decreasing postoperative pain. The purpose of the present study is to compare the efficacy of an anesthesiologist administered ACB and a surgeon administered intraoperative ACB.MethodsPatients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty were prospectively randomized to receive either an anesthesiologist administered (group 1) or surgeon administered (group 2) ACB using 15 mL of ropivacaine 0.5%. Primary outcomes were pain visual analog scale, range of motion, and opioid consumption.ResultsThirty-four patients were randomized to group 1 and 29 to group 2. Opioid equivalents consumed were equal on postoperative day (POD) 0, 1, and 2. Patients in group 1 had statistically less pain on POD 0, but this did not reach clinical significance and there was no difference in pain on POD 1 or 2. Patients in group 1 had significantly increased active flexion POD 1, but there was no difference in active flexion on POD 0 or 6 weeks postop. There was no difference in patient satisfaction with pain control or short-term functional outcomes.ConclusionSurgeon administered ACB is not inferior to anesthesiologist administered ACB with respect to pain, opioid consumption, range of motion, patient satisfaction, or short-term functional outcomes. Surgeon administered ACB is an effective alternative to anesthesiologist administered ACB.     

Evolution of an Opioid Sparse Pain Management Program for Total Knee Arthroplasty With the Addition of Intravenous Acetaminophen

BackgroundPerioperative pain management for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) improves patient outcomes and facilitates recovery. In this study, we compared the effects of preoperative oral acetaminophen vs intravenous (IV) acetaminophen administered once intraoperatively and once postoperatively.MethodsTwo standardized, multimodal analgesia protocols were compared in patients undergoing primary, unilateral TKA. The oral acetaminophen cohort (OA) received doses of oral acetaminophen preoperatively and an as-needed basis postoperatively (n = 698). The IV acetaminophen cohort (IA) received 2 doses of IV acetaminophen, one intraoperative and one 6 hours postoperatively, with no oral acetaminophen given (n = 318). No other variables were significantly changed during the study period.ResultsThe IV acetaminophen group demonstrated less narcotic usage on postoperative day 0 (OA: 13.3 mme [morphine mg equivalents], IA: 6.2 mme, P < .001) and overall usage (OA: 66.1 mme, IA: 48.5 mme, P < .001). Pain scores were statistically and clinically significantly decreased in the immediate postoperative (the first 8 hours) for the IA group (OA: patient-reported pain scores of 4.0; IA: patient-reported pain scores of 2.0, P < .001). Both groups progressed and completed their physical therapy similarly for each postoperative day. Length of stay and percent discharge home were slightly improved in the IA group as well, however did not reach statistical difference.ConclusionAn iterative approach to multimodal pain management after TKA led to improvements in narcotic usage, pain scores, and several quality measures. IV acetaminophen is an integral and effective part of our opioid-sparing multimodal pain regimen in TKA.     

Efficacy of unilateral combined (superficial and deep) cervical plexus block as a preemptive analgesia for unilateral neck dissection surgery

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were designed to evaluate the intra- and postoperative analgesic efficacy of unilateral superficial and deep cervical plexus block for unilateral neck dissection surgery.Patients and methodsTwenty eight patients were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either saline (control group) or bupivacaine (study group), hemodynamic monitoring. Bispectral index (BIS) monitor and MAC of isoflurane were recorded. Postoperative visual analogue score were recorded, operative time and postoperative first time to take analgesic were recorded.ResultsCompared to the control group, patients received bupivacaine for unilateral superficial and deep cervical plexus block showed lower intraoperative isoflurane concentration and bispectral index, decreased postoperative visual analogue score, longer duration of analgesia, decreased plasma cortisol level. No patients developed adverse effects.ConclusionUnilateral combined superficial and deep cervical plexus block is an effective technique to reduce intraoperative anesthetics and reduce postoperative analgesic requirements in patients undergoing unilateral block neck dissection surgery without any adverse effects.     

Topical Cannabidiol (CBD) After Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Decrease Pain or Opioid Use: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial

BackgroundMultimodal analgesia has become the standard of care for pain management following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly utilized in the postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the analgesic benefits of topical CBD following primary TKA.MethodsIn this randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, 80 patients undergoing primary unilateral TKA applied topical CBD (CBD; n = 19), essential oil (EO; n = 21), CBD and essential oil (CBD + EO; n = 21), or placebo (PLA; n = 19) thrice daily around the knee for two weeks postoperatively. This supplemented a standardized multimodal analgesic protocol. Outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) pain and numeric rating scale (NRS) sleep scores (collected on postoperative day [POD] 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 42), and cumulative postoperative opioid use (42 days).ResultsDemographic characteristics were similar among the four cohorts. Preoperative VAS and NRS scores were similar among groups. The CBD cohort had a higher mean VAS pain score on POD 2 compared to the EO cohort (CBD: 69.9 ± 19.3 versus. EO: 51.0 ± 18.2; P = .013). No statistically significant differences existed for VAS scores at other times, and no statistically significant differences were observed for postoperative NRS sleep scores or postoperative opioid use at any time point.ConclusionUtilization of topical CBD in supplement to multimodal analgesia did not reduce pain or opioid consumption, or improve sleep scores following TKA. These results suggest that the local effects of topical CBD are not beneficial for providing additional pain relief after TKA.