大学生社交焦虑的羞耻感等因素影响模型

目的：建构青少年社交焦虑的羞耻感模型，探索以羞耻感为主的各种心理因素之间的关系，及对社交焦虑的影响。方法：对327名大学生进行量表测评，包括羞耻感、社交焦虑、自尊、父母教养方式、艾森克人格简式量表(中国版，EPQ—RSC)。使用结构方程模型来验证羞耻感对社交焦虑重要影响作用的假设。结果：模型中羞耻感对社交焦虑的回归权重为0．6，在社交焦虑的各种影响因素中占首要地位，其次为人格因素，权重为-0.35，教养方式、自尊通过羞耻感、人格间接影响社交焦虑。结论：羞耻感对社交焦虑的重要作用得到结构方程模型的有力支持。     

大学生社交焦虑易感性的回归分析

目的：探讨大学生社交焦虑易感性与各种可能因素之间的关系。方法：对200名大学本科生施测了社交焦虑量表、羞耻量表、艾森克人格问卷简式量表、应付方式问卷、贝克抑郁量表、特质焦虑问卷。结果：大学生的社交焦虑易感性主要与羞耻感、人格中的精神质、内外向等因素相关；社交焦虑易感性高的个体更易对自己的行为感到羞耻，且缺乏消极的应对方式；而易感性低的个体在人格的精神质、外向方面表现更明显、突出。结论：羞耻感和人格因素中的精神质、内外向是对大学生个体的社交焦虑易感性产生影响的主要因素，对自己行为的羞耻，且不善于使用消极的应对方式，加剧了个体的焦虑体验；个性中的精神质、外倾的特征可以降低大学生的社交焦虑易感性。     

大学生羞耻感、人格与心理健康的结构模型初步研究

目的：探讨大学生羞耻感与人格，心理健康的关系。建立大学生羞耻感，人格与心理健康的结构模型。方法：178名大学生参加了本研究，其中男生86人，女生92人，平均年龄21岁。所有被试填写了羞耻量表，艾森克人格问卷简式量表和症状自评量表，运用结构方程模型对数据进行拟合，结果：初步建立了人格，羞耻感与心理健康的理论关系模型。同时通过模型比较确定了羞耻感在人格和心理健康关系模型中的部分中介地位。     

大学生社交焦虑、依恋与心理健康的关系研究

目的探讨大学生社交焦虑、依恋水平和心理健康的关系,建立三者关系的结构方程。方法采用社交焦虑量表(SAS-A)、亲密关系体验问卷(ECR)和一般健康问卷(GHQ-12),对广州地区325名大学生进行问卷调查,并进行统计分析。结果1社交焦虑的新环境社交回避、一般环境社交回避维度与依恋回避呈显著正相关关系;社交焦虑的3个维度与依恋焦虑都呈显著正相关关系;2大学生依恋通过影响社交焦虑,进而影响到个体的心理健康水平。社交焦虑起着部分中介的作用。结论大学生社交焦虑与依恋水平相关显著,社交焦虑在依恋水平和心理健康之间起部分中介作用。     

大学生内隐自尊、外显自尊与社交焦虑的关系

目的:探讨大学生内隐、外显自尊状况与社交焦虑的关系,为大学生心理健康辅导提供理论依据。方法:选择新乡医学院在校大学生67名,对其施测内隐联想测验(IAT),测评其内隐自尊水平;并分别采用Leary交往焦虑量表(IAS)、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)评价大学生社交焦虑水平和外显自尊水平。结果:筛选出有效被试58名,有效率为86.6%。大学生外显自尊与社交焦虑水平存在显著的负相关(r=-0.427,P0.01),内隐自尊与社交焦虑无显著相关,内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度(ZIAT-ZSES)与社交焦虑水平之间有显著正相关(r=0.375,P0.01)。结论:大学生内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度对社交焦虑有重要影响,外显自尊对社交焦虑有缓冲作用。可以通过提高大学生外显自尊水平对社交焦虑进行干预。     

社交焦虑与大学生自尊、自我接纳的关系

目的 探索社交焦虑与大学生自尊、自我接纳的关系。方法 以“交往焦虑量表（ＩＡＳ）”、“自尊量表（ＳＥＳ）”和“自我接纳问卷（ＳＡＱ）”，对４８７名大学新生进行调查分析。结果 ＩＡＳ有５个条目和阳性率在４０以上，ＩＡＳ与ＥＳＳ、ＳＡＱ呈显著性负相关（Ｐ〈０．００１）。结论 大学生在社交方面存在一定程度的社交焦虑，自尊与自我接纳是影响大学生社交世的重要因素之一。     

大学生社交焦虑与自我接纳的关系研究

目的 探讨大学生社交焦虑与自我接纳的关系.方法 对392名大学生施测了社交焦虑量表、自我接纳量表.结果 大学生社交焦虑与自我接纳呈极显著负相关.结论 自我接纳是影响大学生社交焦虑水平的重要因素.     

自尊在大学生人格、羞耻感与心理健康关系模型中的作用研究

目的考察自尊在大学生人格、羞耻感与心理健康的关系模型中的直接效应和干扰效应,在以前研究的基础上进一步拓展大学生人格、羞耻感与心理健康的关系模型.方法365名大学生参加了本研究,其中男生196人,女生169人,平均年龄20.65±1.59岁.所有被试填写了自尊量表、羞耻量表、艾森克人格问卷简式量表和症状自评量表.运用结构方程模型对数据进行拟合.结果在大学生人格、羞耻感与心理健康的关系模型中(1)自尊对心理症状和羞耻感有显著的直接影响;(2)自尊在神经质人格影响心理症状路径中的干扰效应显著;(3)精神质作为一个独立的影响心理症状的因素得到验证.本研究最后对自尊与羞耻感的关系提出了一个新的互动观点.     

The Correlations between Locus of Control and Social Anxiety of Medical College Students

目的 探讨心理控制源与大学生社交焦虑之问的关系,为大学生的心理健康保健提供依据,以便改善大学生的社交焦虑状况.方法 采用多维度心理控制源量表(MHLC)与社交焦虑量表(IAS)对我院101名2008级医学专升本学生进行问卷调查.结果 ①大学生心理控制源个性因子分值均低于常模(t =-11.913,-5.847,2.258),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01或＜0.05);②101例被试中,存在社交焦虑59人,占58.4％;③家庭所在地及父母文化程度不同的大学生社交焦虑情况均存在显著差异(F=5.095,3.468;P＜0.01,P＜0.05);④心理控制源3个变量中,内控性与大学生社交焦虑呈负相关(r=-0.220,P＜0.05).结论 大学医学生普遍存在社交焦虑,社交焦虑受家庭所在地及父母文化程度的影响;社交焦虑与心理控制源内控因子呈负相关.     

从羞耻感角度对社交焦虑大学生的团体干预

研究发现,55．7％的个体在青春期有社交焦虑的体验,社交焦虑障碍的发病率也达到1％左右。高特质焦虑组大学生占总人数20．3％,其中社交焦虑个体占了较大的比重。国内外一些学者认为羞耻感可能是     

Social anxiety in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: the mediating role of shame

Objective: The close relationship between social anxiety and eating disorders has attracted considerable scholarly attention in recent years. Shame has been identified as the key emotional symptom in the link between social anxiety and social phobia. While shame is commonly recognized as a meaningful construct for understanding eating disorders, empirical research into this issue has been lacking. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the strength of influence shame and social anxiety have in the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa compared with other clinical groups. Furthermore, the issue of whether shame can account for clinical group differences in the experienced levels of social anxiety was examined. Method: The sample consisted of 120 female inpatients, divided into four groups of 30 according to individual diagnoses: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, anxiety disorders and depression. The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Internalized Shame Scale (ISS) were used to measure the target constructs for this investigation. Results: Patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa have higher scores in internalized global shame than patients with anxiety disorders and depressions. In contrast to anorectic patients, however, patients with bulimia also have higher scores than the other two groups in the area of social performance anxiety; they also differ significantly from the anxiety disorders in terms of interaction anxiety. Once shame was partialled out, group differences of social anxiety were shown to disappear. Discussion: Both shame and social anxiety have to be regarded as important influencing factors in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, with shame making a significant contribution to the explanation of social anxieties. The interaction between shame and social anxiety as well as its relevance for eating disorders are discussed. With regards to the therapeutic implications, it would seem reasonable not only to focus on treating shame affect but also to specifically adopt a therapeutic strategy targeting social anxiety fears. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An investigation into the experience of self‐conscious emotions in individuals with bipolar disorder,unipolar depression and non‐psychiatric controls

There has been little research into the association of shame and other self‐conscious emotions in bipolar disorder, although there is evidence linking shame to various psychopathologies. Objectives: This research investigates the levels of shame in individuals with bipolar disorder. Design and Methods: A cross‐sectional design was used to compare 24 individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder to a clinical control group of 18 individuals with unipolar depression, and 23 age‐matched non‐psychiatric controls on measures of mood (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] and Self Report Manic Inventory [SRMI]) and of self‐conscious emotions (Internalized Shame Scale and Test of Self‐Conscious Affect). Results: Higher levels of trait shame and lower guilt‐proneness were found in the bipolar group. Higher levels of shame‐proneness were found in the unipolar group in comparison to the bipolar and control groups. BDI scores positively correlated with trait shame and shame‐proneness, and accounted for a large proportion of the variance in these scores. SRMI scores positively correlated with trait (internalized) shame and negatively correlated with guilt‐proneness. Conclusions: There was evidence for the presence of shame within bipolar disorder, but this differed to the evidence for shame in individuals with unipolar depression. Clinical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: ? Evidence suggests that cognitive–behavioural therapy is not effective in individuals with bipolar disorder with more than 12 illness episodes. ? Shame has been elucidated as a factor is some chronic mental health problems, including depression. ? Compassionate mind training has recently been developed to address experience of shame and is designed as an adjunct to cognitive–behavioural approaches. ? This paper finds evidence for the presence of shame within bipolar disorder, but with a different manifestation than that found in individuals with depression. ? This suggests that clinicians should consider shame as a factor for exploration within therapy, possibly using compassionate mind therapy, and its inclusion may improve on therapeutic outcome.     

Shame and guilt in women with eating-disorder symptomatology

The relationship of shame and guilt to eating-disorder symptomatology was investigated in a sample of 97 Australian women. In terms of the objective of predicting the severity of eating disturbance, the study explored the predictive utility of proneness to shame and guilt in a global sense, shame and guilt associated specifically with eating contexts, and shame associated with the body. The study also sought to determine if shame is a more prominent emotion than guilt among women who have eating difficulties. Shame associated with eating behavior was the strongest predictor of the severity of eating-disorder symptomatology. Other effective predictors were guilt associated with eating behavior and body shame. Eating disturbance was unrelated to proneness to shame and guilt in a global sense. Discussion of these findings focuses on the issue of determining whether self-conscious affects are best regarded as causes or as consequences of eating disturbance.     

Additional validity evidence for the harder personal feelings questionnaire-2 (PFQ2): A measure of shame and guilt proneness

The present study sought to provide additional evidence for the construct validity of the Harder (Harder & Zalma, 1990) Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ2), a recently revised measure of shame and guilt proneness. Seventy university students, 35 male and 35 female, completed the PFQ2 and scales that assess self-derogation, instability of self-concept, shyness, social anxiety, public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness, and locus of control. The correlational results were generally consistent with validity predictions. As in previous studies, however, the discriminant validity of the shame and guilt scales was supported, but not strongly.     

Guilt‐ and shame‐proneness and the grief of perinatal bereavement

This longitudinal cohort study explored the relationship of guilt‐ and shame‐proneness to grief in women (N= 86) and men (N = 72) 1 month (‘early’) and 13 months (‘late’) after a stillbirth or neonatal death. Hierarchical regression showed that shame‐proneness explained a small but statistically significant proportion of the variance in early grief in women (9%) and men (19%), whereas guilt‐proneness did not contribute further to the variance in early grief. Conversely, shame‐proneness explained a statistically significant and substantial proportion of the variance in late grief in women (27%) and men (56%), and guilt‐proneness made a significant further contribution to the variance in women (21%) and men (11%). Overall, shame‐ and guilt‐proneness explained 45% of the variance in late grief in women and 63% of the variance in men. Moreover, early shame‐proneness predicted late grief in men. Personality guilt‐ and shame‐proneness showed important relationships with late grief in both women and men, but there were notable sex differences.     

Guilt, shame/embarrassment, and empathy

This study examined the relationship between empathic responsiveness and the proneness to 'zaiakukan' (guilt) and 'shuchishin' (shame and embarrassment). Two hundred and thirty five Japanese undergraduates completed a questionnaire of Situational Guilt Inventory (Arimitsu, 2002), Situational Shyness Questionnaire (Narita, Terasaki, & Niihama, 1990), and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983). As predicted, other-oriented empathic responsiveness, which measured perspective taking and empathetic concern, had a positive correlation with zaiakukan proneness, with shame and embarrassment controlled. On the other hand, self-oriented personal distress had a positive correlation with proneness to 'kihazukashisa', a component of shame and embarrassment, with guilt controlled. Inspection of correlations suggested that zaiakukan emerged from other-oriented empathy, and shuchishin in men from personal distress, because women's experience of shuchishin was less negative than men. Results on private shame were different from those in the previous studies (Leith & Baumeister, 1998; Tangney, 1991), and were discussed in terms of cultural differences.     

大学生羞耻感的现象学研究

目的：通过对大学生羞耻感的现象学评定，研究羞耻感在现象学上的表现。方法：147名大学生本科生参加了本研究，其中男生53人，女生94人，平均年龄为20．2岁，所有的被试填写了羞耻体验量表（ESS）、羞耻感现象学评定量表。结果：羞耻感在现象学上的表现，符合羞耻感的“自我取向”性理论。对于不同羞耻倾向组的对比研究发现；高羞耻组倾向于更强烈的自我否定，表出更多的对行为的掩饰和对现实的逃避。作者进一步对上述结果进行了讨论，认为羞耻是一种指向自我的负性的评价，当其产生时，会伴随着强烈的负性情感体验，易羞耻表现得更为严重，更加否定自已和逃避现实。     

Affective predictors of dissociation II: Shame and guilt

As a contribution to an understanding of the psychodynamics of dissociative disorders this study investigated proneness to shame and to guilt as predictors of dissociative tendencies. One hundred and three Australian university students completed self-report measures of dissociative tendencies, proneness to shame and to guilt, gender, and age. Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and age were found to contribute significantly to the prediction of dissociative tendencies. The data provide further support for the view that common affective consequences of childhood trauma may mediate between such trauma and the development of a dissociative coping style. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 237–245, 1998.