格列美脲对细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的心肌样细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究

摘 要 目的：探讨格列美脲对细颗粒物空气动力学直径<2.5 μm（PM2.5）诱导的心肌样细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究。 方法: 采用噻唑蓝（MTT）确定PM2.5的干预浓度;将大鼠心肌样细胞H9c2分为对照组（含血清1640培养基）、PM2.5组（800 mg·L-1）、格列美脲低、中、高剂量组（10,20,40 μmol·L-1的格列美脲＋800 mg·L-1的PM2.5）。培养24 h后检测H9c2细胞中肿瘤坏死因子 α（TNF α）和白细胞介素 1β（IL 1β）含量,同时检测细胞中活性氧（ROS）和细胞凋亡率,检测B淋巴细胞瘤 2（Bcl 2）、Bcl 2 Associated X的蛋白质（Bax）和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶 3（caspase 3）mRNA表达水平。 结果: 随着PM2.5浓度的增加,H9c2细胞增值率降低,在800 mg·L-1时H9c2细胞增值率降到46.28%,故选800 mg·L-1作为PM2.5的干预浓度;与PM2.5组比较,格列美脲各剂量组细胞中TNF α、IL 1β含量、ROS荧光强度、细胞凋亡率、Bax和caspase 3 mRNA的相对表达量显著降低（P<0.05）,Bcl 2 mRNA的相对表达量显著升高（P<0.05）,且呈剂量相关性（P<0.05）。 结论: 格列美脲对细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的心肌样细胞损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与格列美脲减轻炎症反应和氧化应激、抑制心肌细胞凋亡有关。     

阿托伐他汀联合法舒地尔治疗慢性肺源性心脏病心力衰竭的临床观察

摘 要 目的：探讨阿托伐他汀联合法舒地尔治疗慢性肺源性心脏病心力衰竭的疗效,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法: 130例慢性肺源性心脏病合并心力衰竭患者随机分为对照组和他汀组,每组65例。对照组实施常规对症治疗,并给予法舒地尔注射液30 mg,ivd,bid。他汀组在对照组基础上加用阿托伐他汀片20 mg·d-1。两组均连续治疗12周。观察两组临床疗效和药品不良反应,比较两组治疗前后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、肺动脉收缩压(SPAP)、右心室射血分数（RVEF）、右心室 Tei 指数及血浆内皮素 1（ET 1）、一氧化氮（NO）、脑钠肽（BNP）水平变化。结果: 他汀组治疗后总有效率为89.23％,明显高于对照组的75.38％（P＜0.05）。治疗后,他汀组PaO2、SaO2、RVEF、NO较治疗前明显增高（P＜0.05）,PaCO2、BNP、SPAP、Tei指数、ET 1则较治疗前明显下降（P＜0.05）,且以上指标均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组药品不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论: 阿托伐他汀联合法舒地尔治疗慢性肺源性心脏病心力衰竭的疗效肯定,可有效降低患者的肺动脉压、改善右心功能。     

基于AMPK/Sirt1通路延龄草总皂苷对脑缺血再灌注继发肺损伤大鼠的保护作用

摘 要 目的：探讨延龄草总皂苷（TST）对脑缺血再灌注大鼠肺组织的影响及其可能机制。 方法: 选取80只雄性大鼠随机分为8组：假手术组、模型组、阳性对照组（尼莫地平,200 mg·kg-1）、TST低（50 mg·kg-1）、中（100 mg·kg-1）、高（200 mg·kg-1）剂量组、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）/沉默信息调节因子1（Sirt1）通路抑制剂组(1 mg·kg-1)、TST+AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组(200 mg·kg-1+1 mg·kg-1),每组10只。苏木精 伊红（HE）染色检测大鼠肺组织病理变化;检测各组大鼠氧分压（PaO2）;酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测各组大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中炎性因子水平;检测各组大鼠肺组织氧化应激水平。蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）法检测肺组织AMPK、磷酸化AMPK（p AMPK）、Sirt1蛋白表达水平。 结果: 模型组大鼠肺损伤评分较假手术组高,而阳性对照组与TST不同剂量组均较模型组低（P＜0.05）;模型组大鼠PaO2、氧合指数（OI）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、p AMPK及Sirt1蛋白表达水平均较假手术组低,而阳性对照组与TST组（高剂量）较模型组高,AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组与TST+AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组较TST组低,AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组较TST+AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组低（P＜0.05）;模型组IL-18、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL 6、肺组织湿干质量比、MDA、ROS、Ac NF κB p65蛋白表达水平均较假手术组高,而阳性对照组与TST组（高剂量组）较模型组低,AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组与TST+AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组较TST组高,AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组较TST+AMPK/Sirt1通路抑制剂组高（P＜0.05）;阳性对照组与TST组比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论: TST可通过激活AMPK/Sirt1通路并减轻肺组织炎性反应及氧化应激反应进而减缓脑缺血再灌注继发肺损伤。     

芪防鼻敏颗粒对变应性鼻炎大鼠炎性因子表达的影响研究

摘 要 目的：观察芪防鼻敏颗粒对变应性鼻炎（AR）大鼠血清白介素 4(IL 4),白介素 17(IL 17）,肿瘤坏死因子（TNF α）及鼻黏膜γ干扰素（IFN γ）、白介素 6（IL 6）、TNF α表达的影响。方法: SD大鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,氯雷他定组（1.17 mg·kg^-1）,鼻炎康组（0.6 g·kg^-1）,芪防鼻敏颗粒高（26.48 g·kg^-1）、中（13.24 g·kg^-1）、低（6.62 g·kg^-1）剂量组。采用卵蛋白（OVA）建立AR大鼠模型。造模成功后分别灌胃给药,连续14 d。酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测AR大鼠血清IL 4、IL 17、TNF α水平,免疫组化染色法（IHC）检测鼻黏膜IFN γ、IL 6、TNF α表达。结果:与正常组相比,模型组大鼠血清IL 4、IL 17水平明显上升（P<0.01）;鼻黏膜IFN γ阳性表达明显降低（P<0.05）,IL 6、TNF α阳性表达显著升高（P<0.01）。与模型组相比,氯雷他定组、芪防鼻敏颗粒中剂量组大鼠血清IL 4水平显著下降（P<0.05）,芪防鼻敏颗粒低剂量组大鼠血清IL 17水平明显下降（P<0.05）,氯雷他定组、鼻炎康组、芪防鼻敏颗粒高、中剂量组大鼠血清TNF α水平显著下降（P<0.05或P<0.01）;高、低剂量组大鼠鼻黏膜IFN γ阳性表达显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,高、中剂量组IL 6阳性表达显著降低（P<0.01）,高剂量组TNF α阳性表达显著降低（P<0.01）。与氯雷他定组相比,鼻炎康组、芪防鼻敏颗粒高剂量组大鼠血清IL 17水平明显上升（P<0.05）,鼻炎康组、芪防鼻敏颗粒低剂量组大鼠血清IL 4水平明显上升（P<0.05）,芪防鼻敏颗粒高、中、低剂量组TNF α阳性表达显著升高（P<0.05）;与鼻炎康组比较,芪防鼻敏颗粒中剂量组大鼠血清IL 4水平明显下降（P<0.05）;与芪防鼻敏颗粒低剂量组相比,芪防鼻敏颗粒高剂量组大鼠血清IL 17水平明显上升（P<0.05）,芪防鼻敏颗粒中剂量组大鼠血清IL 4水平明显下降（P<0.05）。结论:芪防鼻敏颗粒可增加AR鼻黏膜IFN γ表达,降低血清IL 4、TNF α、IL 17水平及鼻黏膜TNF α、IL 6表达。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定参茸固本片中7个成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定参茸固本片中7个成分含量的方法。 方法: 采用Waters Sunfire C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,柱温30 ℃,以乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.9 ml·min-1, 检测波长分别为330 nm（毛蕊花糖苷、马替诺皂苷）、230 nm（芍药内酯苷、芍药苷）和203 nm（人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1）。 结果:毛蕊花糖苷、马替诺皂苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1 质量浓度分别在6.38～159.50 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、3.19～79.75 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、4.37～109.25 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、14.26～356.50 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）、1.95～48.75 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 8）、2.21～55.25 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、2.09～52.25 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;平均加样回收率（RSD）分别为98.24%（1.11%）、97.64%（1.43%）、99.23%（0.80%）、100.13%（0.65%）、96.99%（1.56%）、98.10%（1.24%）和97.75%（1.37%）。结论:本文所建立的方法实现了同时测定参茸固本片中毛蕊花糖苷、马替诺皂苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1的含量,可用于参茸固本片的质量控制。     

地佐辛与芬太尼、舒芬太尼在纤维支气管镜引导清醒气管插管中的效果比较

摘 要 目的：观察等效剂量的地佐辛、芬太尼、舒芬太尼在纤维支气管镜引导清醒气管插管中的镇痛镇静效果及其对血流动力学的影响。方法: 选择术前预计困难气道拟行纤维支气管镜经鼻插管患者90例,随机分为地佐辛组（D组）、芬太尼组（F组）、舒芬太尼组（S组）。插管前10 min,各组分别静脉给予地佐辛0.15 mg·kg^-1、芬太尼3μg·kg^-1、舒芬太尼0.2 μg·kg^-1等镇痛药。比较3组患者入室后安静5 min（T0）、纤支镜置入前（T1）、气管插管成功后即刻（T2）及插管后5 min（T3）的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、氧饱和度（SpO2）,及插管前Ramsay镇静评分,同时观察记录插管过程中药品不良反应发生情况。结果: 与T0时比较,F组和S组在T1时HR明显减慢,MAP明显降低（P＜0.05）;三组在T1时SpO2明显降低,T2时MAP明显升高（P＜0.05）;T1时F组和S组HR、MAP和SpO2明显低D组（P＜0.05）;T2时F组HR、MAP明显高于D组和F组,F组和S组SpO2明显降低（P＜0.05）;T3时S组HR明显降低且明显低于D组和F组,F组MAP明显高于D组和S组（P＜0.05）。T1时3组Ramsay镇静评分明显升高,S组明显高于F组（P＜0.05）。F组恶心、躁动和呼吸抑制发生率明显高于D组（P＜0.05）;F组躁动发生率明显高于S组（P＜0.05）;S组呼吸抑制发生率明显高于D组和F组（P＜0.05）。结论: 地佐辛联合充分的表面麻醉在困难气道患者经纤支镜引导的清醒气管插管过程中对血流动力学影响程度小,插管不良反应事件发生率低于芬太尼和舒芬太尼,安全性更高。     

布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂联合常规治疗稳定期支气管扩张症患者的疗效及对炎症因子和CAT评分的影响

摘 要 目的：观察布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂联合常规治疗对稳定期支气管扩张症的临床疗效,及对患者血清炎症因子白细胞介素17(IL 17)、干扰素γ(IFN γ）及慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试(CAT)评分的影响。方法: 稳定期支气管扩张患者120例随机分为对照组和观察组各60例。对照组采用常规治疗方法,观察组在常规治疗基础上加用布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂,两组疗程均为3个月。比较两组患者治疗前后急性加重次数、临床症状评分、呼吸困难评分、动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量(FVC)、呼气峰值流速(PEF)、6 min 步行试验（6MWT）、肺泡灌洗液细胞分类比例、CAT评分、血清IL 7、IFN γ水平。结果: 治疗后,观察组患者的临床症状评分、呼吸困难评分均较治疗前显著下降（P<0.05）,且观察组的临床症状评分、呼吸困难评分、呼吸加重次数均显著低于对照组治疗后（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者 PaO2、FEV1、6MWT均较前显著升高,CAT评分、IL 7、TNF γ浓度则较前显著降低,中性粒细胞比例明显下降,巨噬细胞比例明显上升（P<0.05）;且观察组上述指标均明显优于对照组（P＞0.05）。两组PaCO2、FVC、PEF,以及淋巴细胞比例等指标无显著变化（P>0.05）。结论: 布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂对稳定期支气管扩张症疗效确切,可有效缓解临床症状,减少炎性反应。     

喷他佐辛对全身麻醉上肢手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

摘 要 目的：观察喷他佐辛对全麻上肢手术苏醒期躁动的影响。方法: 全麻下行择期上肢手术患者60例随机分为两组。Ⅰ组（观察组,n=30）患者在手术结束缝皮前以喷他佐辛0.25 mg·kg-1稀释至10ml缓慢静注（超过3 min）;Ⅱ组（对照组,n=30）在手术结束缝皮前以同样速度静注0.9%氯化钠注射液10 ml。监测比较两组患者诱导前（T0）、拔管前（T1）、拔管即刻（T2）、拔管后5 min（T3）、拔管后10 min（T4）、拔管后15 min（T5）等时点的血压、心率变化;比较两组患者的苏醒时间、拔管时间,拔管后15 min的躁动情况和躁动评分,以及患者恶心呕吐发生情况等。结果: Ⅱ组在T3～T5时点血压、心率明显高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）;两组间苏醒时间和拔管时间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;Ⅰ组患者拔管后15 min躁动情况和躁动评分均明显低于Ⅱ组（P <0.05）,Ⅰ组患者恶心呕吐发生率和严重程度明显高于Ⅱ组（P <0.05）。结论: 在缝皮前应用喷他佐辛0.25 mg·kg-1可维持拔管时患者循环稳定,减少全麻苏醒期躁动发生,使患者安全、舒适地度过苏醒期。     

黄连总生物碱对溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠肠黏膜损伤及p38 PPARγ/NF-κB通路的影响

摘 要 目的：黄连总生物碱对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）模型大鼠肠黏膜损伤的保护作用,并初步探究其可能的作用机制。 方法: 将60只大鼠随机分为6组：正常对照组、模型组、黄连总生物碱低（0.1 g·kg-1）、中（0.2 g·kg-1）、高（0.3 g·kg-1）剂量组、阳性对照组（柳氮磺吡啶,0.6 g·kg-1）组,每组10只。建立UC大鼠模型,造模4 d后各组灌胃给药,1次/d,给药容积为每只10 ml,正常对照组和模型组给予等量生理盐水,连续给药2周。观察大鼠一般情况,评估大鼠结肠组织大体形态学损伤情况;HE染色观察结肠组织病理损伤情况;Elisa法检测结肠组织匀浆液中白介素 6（IL 6）、白介素 10（IL 10）、肿瘤坏死因子 α（TNF α）水平;Western blot检测结肠组织中p38、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）、核因子κB（NF-κB）蛋白表达;免疫组化法检测结肠组织中PPARγ、NF-κB蛋白阳性表达情况。 结果: 正常对照组大鼠无异常性改变;模型组大鼠毛发干枯、精神倦怠、肛周污秽、大便黏腻、体型明显消瘦,经黄连总生物碱干预后,大鼠体质量升高,精神状态好转,饮食增加,大便粘腻、出血情况得到有效改善。与正常对照组相比,模型组结肠组织大体形态损伤评分、肠黏膜损伤评分、IL 6和TNF α水平、p p38 MAPK和NF-κB蛋白表达水平、NF-κB蛋白表达阳性率显著升高,IL 10水平、PPARγ蛋白表达水平和阳性率显著降低（P＜0.05）。与模型组相比,黄连总生物碱各剂量组和阳性对照组结肠组织大体形态损伤评分、肠黏膜损伤评分、IL 6和TNF α水平、p p38 MAPK和NF-κB蛋白表达水平、NF-κB蛋白表达阳性率显著降低,IL 10水平、PPARγ蛋白表达水平和阳性率显著升高（P＜0.05）,黄连总生物碱组的作用呈剂量依赖性（P＜0.05）。 结论: 黄连总生物碱能够缓解溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠肠黏膜损伤,激活PPARγ,抑制p38/NF-κB通路,减轻结肠组织炎症反应。     

丁苯酞抑制趋化因子样因子1表达对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后脑水肿的影响

摘 要 目的：探究丁苯酞对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后脑水肿的影响,并初步探讨相关分子机制。方法: 建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,再灌注6 h后,假手术组和模型组右侧脑室注射生理盐水（均为5 μl）,阳性对照组注射抗趋化因子样因子1（CKLF1）抗体（5 μl）,丁苯酞组注射丁苯酞（5 μl）。再灌注24 h后检测脑组织含水量;免疫组织化学染色法观察缺血右侧半球中性粒细胞浸润情况;采用ELISA、蛋白免疫印迹、实时定量PCR检测缺血半球肿瘤坏死因子（TNF α）、白细胞介素1（IL 1β）、趋化素样因子1（CKLF1）、细胞间黏附分子 1（ICAM 1）、血管细胞黏附分子 1（VCAM 1）表达。结果: 与左侧脑组织相比,模型组、阳性对照组、丁苯酞组大鼠右侧脑组织含水量显著增加（P＜0.05）,阳性对照组与丁苯酞组大鼠右侧脑组织含水量比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠右侧脑组织含水量、CKLF1表达、TNF α和IL 1β含量、ICAM 1和VCAM 1表达、嗜中性粒细胞数目、MPO活性均显著增加（P＜0.05）。与模型组相比,阳性对照组和丁苯酞组大鼠右侧脑组织含水量、CKLF1表达、TNF α和IL 1β含量、ICAM 1和VCAM 1表达、嗜中性粒细胞数目、MPO活性均显著降低（P＜0.05）。与阳性对照组相比,丁苯酞组大鼠TNF α、IL 1β含量、嗜中性粒细胞数目、MPO活性均显著降低（P＜0.05）;而阳性对照组和丁苯酞组大鼠ICAM 1和VCAM 1 表达比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论: 丁苯酞可能通过抑制脑缺血大鼠脑组织中趋化因子CKLF1表达,降低脑缺血炎性损伤,改善缺血后脑水肿,从而发挥脑保护作用。     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.