雷帕霉素激活自噬改善嘌呤霉素氨基核苷诱导的足细胞损伤

目的:通过观察雷帕霉素对PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤及自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,探讨自噬在雷帕霉素保护PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤中的作用及可能机制。方法:构建PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤模型,将足细胞分成对照组(Control 组),PAN 组(加入50 μg/ ml PAN),雷帕霉素组(RAP 组:分别加入100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素),PAN+雷帕霉素组(PAN+RAP组:细胞在用含PAN 的培养液培养前1 h,分别用100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素进行预处理1 h)。采用Annexin V/ PI 双染法检测细胞凋亡,透射电镜观察自噬小体,Western blot 检测LC3、p62、4EBP1、P70S6K、mTOR 蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,PAN组足细胞凋亡增加,自噬体减少,LC3域蛋白表达下调,p62 上调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平上调;与PAN 组比较,PAN+RAP 组足细胞凋亡率下降,自噬体增加,LC3域蛋白表达上调,p62 下调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平下调。结论:PAN 可以抑制足细胞自噬,促进足细胞凋亡;雷帕霉素可通过激活自噬改善PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤,这种作用可能与雷帕霉素抑制mTOR/4EBP1、P70S6K 信号通路有关。     

黄芪总苷通过介导mTOR信号通路抑制H_2O_2诱导的大鼠心肌细胞自噬和凋亡

目的:探讨黄芪总苷(astragalosides)对过氧化氢(H_2O_2)诱导的大鼠心肌细胞H9c2自噬和凋亡作用的影响及作用机制。方法:建立大鼠心肌细胞H_2O_2氧化应激损伤模型,并用20 mg/L的黄芪总苷和0.1 mg/L的雷帕霉素分别处理对应组细胞。采用流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡率;采用吖啶橙染色观察细胞自噬情况;采用Western blot检测p-mTOR蛋白、P70S6K蛋白、自噬蛋白(LC3)和凋亡蛋白(cleaved caspase-3和caspase-3)的表达。结果:与模型组和雷帕霉素组比较,黄芪总苷组的细胞凋亡率显著降低(P0.05);黄芪总苷组的大鼠心肌H9c2细胞形态完整,细胞核染色为黄绿色荧光,染色质分布均匀,细胞形状规则;细胞中p-mTOR蛋白和P70S6K蛋白的表达显著升高(P0.05),LC3-II/LC-3-I和cleaved caspase-3相对表达量显著降低(P0.05)。结论:黄芪总苷可通过mTOR信号通路提高心肌细胞成活率,抑制细胞凋亡和自噬,减轻H_2O_2诱导的大鼠心肌细胞氧化应激损伤。     

自噬与骨髓间充质干细胞放射损伤的关系

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞在造血干细胞致死放射剂量下却能够存活,并且仍能维持典型的干细胞特性,促进放射后的造血恢复,而自噬是细胞在应激状态下重要的适应性调控机制,可能参与骨髓间充质干细胞的放射耐受。目的:探索放射诱导的自噬与人骨髓间充质干细胞在放射损伤过程中的关系。方法:取体外培养的处于对数生长期的第3代骨髓间充质干细胞,随机分为对照组、3-甲基腺嘌呤组、雷帕霉素组、照射组、照射联合3-甲基腺嘌呤组和照射联合雷帕霉素组,3-甲基腺嘌呤组和雷帕霉素组细胞分别使用5 mmol/L自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤和200 nmol/L自噬激活剂雷帕霉素干预12 h,照射组细胞接受单剂量6 Gy X射线照射2 h,照射联合3-甲基腺嘌呤组和照射联合雷帕霉素组分别在接受相应药物干预12 h后,接受6 Gy X射线照射2 h。结果与结论:对照组中自噬泡阳性细胞及凋亡细胞所占比例均较低;照射组中自噬泡阳性细胞及凋亡细胞比例较对照组均明显升高,且可见较高比例的自噬+凋亡细胞;应用3-甲基腺嘌呤后,自噬泡阳性细胞比例明显下降,凋亡细胞比例明显升高,但自噬+凋亡细胞比例与照射组相比无显著差异;而给予雷帕霉素后发现自噬泡阳性细胞显著高于照射组,但凋亡细胞比例与照射组相比无明显差异,并且未观察到自噬+凋亡细胞。对照组与3-甲基腺嘌呤组微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ蛋白表达水平均很低;雷帕霉素组与照射组微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ蛋白表达水平较对照组均明显升高,但照射组低于雷帕霉素组;照射联合3-甲基腺嘌呤组微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ蛋白表达明显低于照射组,但仍高于对照组,照射联合雷帕霉素组微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ蛋白表达较照射组和雷帕霉素处理组均明显升高。提示自噬可能对骨髓间充质干细胞具有放射保护作用。     

巢蛋白在阿霉素肾病模型大鼠肾组织中表达及霉酚酸酯的干预作用

背景：研究证明,足细胞损伤是产生肾小球性蛋白尿的重要机制。而关于足细胞内众多骨架蛋白如何互相调节维持足细胞特有的形态目前尚未完全了解,足细胞骨架的构建和重塑也成为蛋白尿发生机制的研究热点。 目的：构建阿霉素微小病变肾病大鼠模型,以霉酚酸酯进行干预,检测大鼠肾组织中巢蛋白(nestin)的表达。 方法：纳入雄性Wistar大鼠36只,随机均分为肾病模型组、霉酚酸酯组、正常组(n=12)。肾病模型组、霉酚酸酯组大鼠一次性尾静脉注射阿霉素进行造模,正常组尾静脉注射等量生理盐水。霉酚酸酯组大鼠于造模次日给予霉酚酸酯灌胃,20 mg/(kg•d),1次/d;其他两组大鼠每日给予等量生理盐水。各组分别于造模后14,21,28 d各处死4只大鼠,取肾皮质进行苏木精-伊红染色和免疫组化染色,观察大鼠肾组织病理学改变以及nestin表达情况。 结果与结论：正常组大鼠肾小球滤过膜结构完整,上皮细胞足突清晰;肾病模型组大鼠肾小球上皮细胞足突广泛融合,基底膜正常;霉酚酸酯组大鼠肾小球上皮细胞足突部分融合,但病变较轻。免疫组化结果提示从造模第14天开始,肾病模型组和霉酚酸酯组大鼠nestin表达明显增加,与正常组比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);霉酚酸酯组大鼠nestin表达低于肾病模型组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。提示肾小球足细胞损伤时,足细胞内nestin表达增多,随病情加重而表达增高。霉酚酸酯可以减轻足细胞损伤,下调nestin的表达,维持足细胞的正常结构,达到延缓肾脏损害的目的。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程      

自噬对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制

目的：观察大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注( ischemia reperfusion, I/R)损伤中肾小管上皮细胞的自噬激活情况,探讨其对肾脏I/R损伤发挥保护性作用的分子机制。方法将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组：假手术组( Sham)、I/R组、氯喹干预组( I/R+CQ)和雷帕霉素干预组( I/R+Rap)。常规方法建立大鼠肾脏I/R损伤模型,再灌注24 h后留取各组大鼠血和肾脏标本。血标本用于尿素氮( BUN)和血肌酐( Scre)含量检测;肾组织标本行HE染色,观察病理学损伤情况;TUNEL法检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的改变;采用免疫组化法检测Beclin-1和Caspase-3蛋白表达,透射电镜观察大鼠肾脏自噬泡的形成情况。结果与I/R组相比,I/R+CQ组BUN和Scre明显升高(P<0．05,P<0．01),肾组织损伤积分增加(P<0．01),TUNEL阳性细胞数增多(P<0．05),Beclin-1蛋白表达减弱(P<0．01),Caspase-3蛋白表达增强(P<0．01),电镜下自噬泡数量较少(P<0．05);I/R+Rap组BUN和Scre显著降低(P<0．01),肾组织损伤积分减低(P<0．05),TUNEL阳性细胞数减少(P<0．05),Beclin-1蛋白表达增强(P<0．01),Caspase-3蛋白表达减弱(P<0．01),自噬泡数量明显增多(P<0．01)。结论自噬激活在肾脏I/R损伤过程中可通过抑制凋亡而发挥的保护作用,其机制可能涉及Beclin-1及Caspase-3等蛋白的表达调控。     

脂多糖通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路调控巨噬细胞自噬*

 目的： 观察脂多糖对巨噬细胞自噬活化的影响及相关信号通路的探讨。方法: 体外培养巨噬细胞株RAW264.7,分为对照组、饥饿状态激活自噬组、单纯脂多糖（LPS）刺激组、LPS+PI3K抑制剂（hVps34）组和LPS+mTOR抑制剂（雷帕霉素）组。构建荧光真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-GFP-LC3,转染巨噬细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察各组细胞中自噬体形成情况。qRT-PCR方法检测各组中与细胞自噬相关的Atg5、Atg7、LC3-II和Bnip3 mRNA表达水平的改变。利用Western blotting检测LC3-II、p-Akt和p-mTOR蛋白在各组中的表达情况,以评价LPS激活巨噬细胞自噬的分子通路。结果: 成功构建稳定表达GFP-LC3的巨噬细胞,在荧光显微镜下可以观察到自噬在饥饿状态组、LPS+hVps34组和LPS+雷帕霉素组均有明显增强;qRT-PCR检测到Atg5、LC3-II和Bnip3 mRNA的表达在饥饿状态组、LPS+hVps34组和LPS+雷帕霉素组均有明显增强,而在LPS组中略微下降;Western blotting 检测发现p-Akt在饥饿状态组、LPS组和LPS+雷帕霉素组中表达明显升高;p-mTOR在饥饿状态组、LPS+hVps34组和LPS+雷帕霉素组表达明显下降;LC3-II的表达在饥饿状态组、LPS+hVps34组和LPS+雷帕霉素组中表达要高于对照组和LPS组。结论: LPS参与巨噬细胞自噬的调控,其可能的信号通路为PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路,但仍存在其它有效的调控通路。     

TAX1BP1调控B细胞自噬和凋亡的研究

目的 探究TAX1BP1在B细胞自噬与凋亡中的作用。方法 慢病毒感染B淋巴瘤细胞（Raji细胞）,敲低TAX1BP1表达。利用雷帕霉素处理Raji细胞,通过Western blot、细胞免疫荧光染色和流式细胞术,观察自噬流强弱以及细胞凋亡情况。通过检测自噬相关通路P53蛋白表达变化,初步探索调控机制。结果 荧光显微镜观察慢病毒感染阳性率在90%以上。与阴性组比较,shTAX1BP1组细胞中TAX1BP1的m RNA表达水平降低80%、蛋白表达水平降低90%。经10 nmol/L雷帕霉素处理后,与阴性组相比较,shTAX1BP1组LC3II/I比值显著下降（P<0.01）,凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达显著升高,Bax、Caspase-3表达显著下降。敲低TAX1BP1降低Raji细胞自噬水平,减少Raji细胞凋亡。敲低TAX1BP1增加P53蛋白表达,推测TAX1BP1可能通过P53相关通路调控Raji细胞的自噬与凋亡。结论 敲低TAX1BP1可抑制Raji细胞自噬与凋亡,初步预测这一生物学作用可能与P53信号通路有关。本研究为进一步探讨SLE的发病机制奠定了一定的实验基础。     

自噬在乙二醇诱导的大鼠肾内晶体形成中的调控作用

目的:探讨自噬在乙二醇诱导的大鼠肾内晶体形成中的调控作用。方法:健康雄性SPF级SD大鼠40只,分为正常对照组、结石模型组、N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)处理组(0.75%乙二醇+NAC)、雷帕霉素处理组(0.75%乙二醇+雷帕霉素)和氯喹处理组(0.75%乙二醇+氯喹),每组8只。干预4周后,应用Western blot和免疫组化检测各组肾脏组织中自噬关键蛋白LC3-II的表达水平;透射电镜观察各组肾组织中自噬泡的数量;应用试剂盒检测各组24 h尿液中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的水平;全自动生化仪检测各组血清肌酐及尿素氮的水平;ELISA法检测各组24 h尿液中的中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)和肾损伤分子1(Kim-1)的水平。钙盐染色法观测各组肾脏晶体的沉积情况,评价肾组织的病理学变化。结果:与结石模型组相比,雷帕霉素处理组和氯喹处理组中LC3-II的表达水平和自噬泡数量均增加,而在NAC处理组中LC3-II的表达水平和自噬泡数量均减少(P0.05)。与结石组相比,雷帕霉素处理组中T-SOD和GSH-Px水平降低,而氯喹处理组和NAC处理组中T-SOD和GSH-Px的活性增加(P0.05)。与正常组相比,结石组中血清肌酐、尿素氮、NGAL和Kim-1的水平及肾脏内晶体沉积增加(P0.05);在雷帕霉素处理组中肾脏损伤进一步加重,晶体沉积进一步增加,而在氯喹处理组和NAC处理组中肾脏损伤明显减轻,晶体的沉积明显减少。结论:乙二醇激活自噬后可以促进大鼠肾内晶体的形成。应用抗氧化剂和自噬抑制剂不仅可以降低肾脏内的自噬水平,还可以减轻肾脏损伤,减少晶体沉积,降低肾结石的形成率。     

自噬激活如何影响大鼠内皮祖细胞凋亡、增殖和周期的变化?

背景:曾有报道雷帕霉素可以对内皮祖细胞的增殖能力、迁移能力、黏附能力产生影响,但是没有提到自噬在其中所起到的不可忽视的作用,以及自噬与凋亡之间的相互关系。目的:通过雷帕霉素激活自噬探讨自噬激活对大鼠内皮祖细胞增殖、凋亡和周期的影响。方法:采用密度梯度离心法从骨髓获得单个核细胞,将其接种在人纤维连接蛋白包被的培养板上,培养7 d后收集贴壁细胞,即内皮祖细胞。加入不同质量浓度雷帕霉素(0.01,0.1,1,10μg/L)分别培养24 h。Western blot检测LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达监测自噬的诱导情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期进程的变化,MTT比色法观察其增殖能力的变化,同时在透射电镜下观察其超微结构的变化。结果与结论:雷帕霉素质量浓度为0.01μg/L时,内皮祖细胞的LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达与对照组相比并没有明显的增高,当质量浓度为0.1μg/L时LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达处在一个较高的水平,质量浓度为1μg/L和10μg/L时LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达虽然也高于对照组,但却明显低于0.1μg/L时,据此推断雷帕霉素在质量浓度为0.1μg/L时自噬尤为活跃。内皮祖细胞的凋亡率呈现随着雷帕霉素质量浓度的升高而增加的趋势,增殖率呈现随雷帕霉质量浓度增加而降低的趋势。结果说明雷帕霉素激活自噬后能够促进细胞的凋亡,明显改变细胞的周期进程,抑制内皮祖细胞的增殖。     

雷帕霉素通过PI3K/AKT通路改善碘克沙醇致糖尿病大鼠肾损伤

目的观察雷帕霉素对碘克沙醇所致糖尿病大鼠肾损伤的保护作用,探讨其作用机制,为临床药物防治造影剂肾损伤提供理论依据。方法糖尿病大鼠45只,随机分为造影剂组(CM组,n=15)、雷帕霉素组(Rapa组,n=15)与空白对照组(NS组,n=15),SD大鼠被腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病模型,随后给予碘克沙醇制备CIAKI模型,Rapa组给予雷帕霉素进行治疗,分别观察各组大鼠血中肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)的浓度变化;HE染色观察肾脏病理学变化;TUNEL检测肾上皮细胞凋亡情况、Western blot检测Bcl-2、Bax、PI3K、AKT、p-AKT表达情况。结果 CM组大鼠肾功能损伤严重,小管上皮细胞破坏,肾小管空泡变性,细胞脱落至小管腔,肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。雷帕霉素干预后,Rapa组肾功能明显改善,肾小管上皮细胞损伤较轻,肾组织中Bax蛋白的表达较CM组明显降低,Bcl-2、PI3K、AKT、p-AKT表达明显升高,细胞凋亡数减少。结论雷帕霉素改善碘克沙醇导致的糖尿病大鼠肾功能损伤,与下调Bax表达、上调Bcl-2、PI3K、AKT、p-AKT表达相关。     

Podocyte autophagic activity plays a protective role in renal injury and delays the progression of podocytopathies

The progression of podocytopathies is quite variable among patients and the underlying reason for this remains unclear. Here, we report that autophagic activity in podocytes plays a critical role in controlling the progression of podocytopathies. Morphological and biochemical studies on renal biopsies from patients with minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) showed that glomeruli, and in particular podocytes, from MCD patients had higher levels of Beclin1‐mediated autophagic activity than glomeruli from FSGS patients. Repeat renal biopsies of MCD patients enabled tracking of podocyte autophagic activity and confirmed that patients maintaining high podocyte autophagic activity retained MCD status, whereas patients with decreased podocyte autophagic activity progressed to FSGS. Inhibition of autophagic activity, by knocking down Beclin1 or by treating with 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) or chloroquine, enhanced puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)‐induced apoptosis of podocytes. In contrast, rapamycin‐mediated promotion of autophagic activity decreased this apoptosis. In PAN‐treated rats, inhibition of autophagy with 3‐MA or chloroquine resulted in earlier onset and greater proteinuria, more extensive foot‐process effacement, and reduction in podocyte markers, whereas rapamycin‐mediated stimulation of autophagy led to decreased proteinuria and less severe foot‐process effacement, but higher expression of podocyte markers. This study demonstrates that podocyte autophagic activity plays a critical protective role in renal injury and that maintaining podocyte autophagic activity represents a potential therapeutic strategy for controlling the progression of podocytopathies. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases adriamycin-induced podocyte apoptosis and loss

Background: Selective proteinuria is frequently observed in glomerular diseases characterized by podocyte injury. Although, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D₃] has potential therapeutic effects on chronic kidney diseases through decreasing podocyte loss, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on podocytes remains still unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ directly reduced podocyte apoptosis and loss.Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into three groups: Adriamycin (ADR) group (n=15), ADR+1,25-(OH)₂D₃ group (n=16), and control group (n=16). Rats in ADR+1,25-(OH)₂D₃ group were treated with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 8 weeks. The number of podocytes and foot process width (FPW) were detected by transmission electron microscopy. The number of apoptotic podocytes per glomerulus and that of apoptotic nuclei and caspase-3 activity in cultured podocytes were determined by TUNEL staining. The average number of podocytes per glomerulus was quantified by immunohistochemistry. Expressions of p-Smad2/3, p-Smad1/5/8, Fas, Fas-Associated protein with Death Domain (FADD), Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins were examined by Western blot assay.Results: Compared with control group, proteinuria, FPW, apoptotic podocytes, caspase-3 activity, the protein expressions of p-Smad2/3, Fas, FADD, and Bax were significantly increased, podocyte density, p-Smad1/5/8 and Bcl-2 expression were decreased in ADR group. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ significantly reduced proteinuria, FPW, caspase-3 activity, expressions of p-Smad2/3, Fas, FADD, and Bax and apoptosis of podocytes, but increased serum albumin, number of viable podocytes , p-Smad1/5/8 and Bcl-2 expression in ADR treated rats.Conclusion: ADR-induced podocyte apoptosis was associated with the imbalance of p-Smad2/3, p-Smad1/5/8 the activity of caspase-3 and aberrant expressions of, Fas, FADD, Bax and Bcl-2. The beneficial effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on podocytes may be attributable to inhibit podocyte apoptosis and the amelioration of podocytopenia.     

Urinary excretion of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement is a marker of immune disease activity in autologous immune complex nephritis.

The urinary excretion of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement correlates with glomerular deposition of antibody in the passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) model of membranous nephropathy (MN). To determine if this parameter can be correlated with antibody deposition in a model of MN induced by an autologous mechanism and thus more analogous to human MN, the relationship of urinary C5b-9 to ongoing glomerular immune complex formation late in autologous immune complex nephritis (AICN) was studied. Based on urinary C5b-9, the animals were divided into two groups at 12 weeks after induction of AICN, those with persistently high urinary C5b-9 excretion and those in whom urinary excretion of C5b-9 returned to undetectable levels. While all rats developed glomerular deposition of rat IgG and significant proteinuria, high C5b-9 excretors had greater proteinuria and prolonged positive staining for glomerular C3. When normal syngeneic kidneys were transplanted into rats (n = 3) from each group, only those with persistent C5b-9 excretion developed subepithelial immune deposits of rat IgG in the transplanted kidney. As in the PHN model of MN, proteinuria was dissociated widely from urinary C5b-9 excretion, glomerular C3 staining, and evidence of circulating antibody. Thus these findings demonstrate that urinary excretion of C5b-9 serves as an index of on-going immunologic disease activity in the AICN model of MN, while proteinuria does not.     

下调PHLPP1表达通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路改善高糖诱导的人足细胞自噬抑制和凋亡促进作用

目的研究富含亮氨酸重复序列的普列克底物蛋白同源结构域蛋白磷酸酶1(PHLPP1)在糖尿病肾病(DN)肾组织的表达及其对足细胞自噬、凋亡的影响并初步探究其相关作用机制。方法采用免疫组织化学检测DN肾组织及非糖尿病肾组织PHLPP1表达,免疫荧光组织化学染色检测肾病蛋白(nephrin)、 PHLPP1的共表达以确定PHLPP1在足细胞的定位;在正常葡萄糖(NG)及高糖(HG)培养液中培养足细胞,实时荧光定量PCR检测细胞PHLPP1 mRNA表达。采用脂质体瞬时转染技术将靶向沉默PHLPP1的小干扰RNA(si-PHLPP1)转染入足细胞,实时定量PCR检测转染效率;按足细胞处理方式的不同将细胞分为NG组(正常葡萄糖浓度的培养液进行培养的足细胞)、 HG组(高糖培养液培养的足细胞)、 HG联合si-PHLPP1组(高糖培养液培养转染si-PHLPP1后的足细胞组)、羟氯喹(HCQ)处理的HG组(用自噬抑制剂HCQ与HG培养液联合处理的足细胞)。透射电镜观察各组足细胞中自噬小体的形成, Western blot法检测微管相关蛋白1轻涟3(LC3)、 P62、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、磷酸化的mTOR(p-mTOR)、裂解型胱天蛋白酶3(c-caspase-3)、蛋白激酶B (AKT)及磷酸化的AKT(p-AKT)蛋白表达,异硫氰酸荧光素标记的膜联素Ⅴ/碘化丙啶(annexinⅤ-FITC/PI)双标记结合流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果 PHLPP1在DN患者肾组织中高表达,且主要表达于肾小球足细胞内。HG培养液能够促进足细胞中PHLPP1 mRNA表达,并具有时间依赖性;与NG组相比, HG组、 HG联合si-PHLPP1组及HG联合HCQ组的足细胞自噬水平、 PI3K蛋白表达与mTOR的磷酸化水平均显著减低,细胞凋亡率、 c-caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著增加,但HG联合si-PHLPP1组细胞的AKT磷酸化水平明显升高,其余两组AKT磷酸化水平显著降低;与HG组相比, HG联合si-PHLPP1组细胞的凋亡率、c-caspase-3蛋白表达均明显降低,而自噬水平, PI3K蛋白表达与mTOR和AKT蛋白的磷酸化水平均显著增加, HG联合HCQ组细胞的自噬水平明显降低,凋亡率与c-caspase-3蛋白表达均显著增加,其他指标无明显变化。结论 PHLPP1在DN肾组织显著高表达,下调足细胞PHLPP1的表达通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路促进足细胞自噬水平,减少足细胞的凋亡。     

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme nhibition Prevents Glomerular-Tubule Disconnection and Atrophy in Passive Heymann Nephritis, an Effect Not Observed with a Calcium Antagonist

In proteinuric nephropathies tubular atrophy leads to glomerular-tubule disconnection through an unknown mechanism. Here we studied whether proteinuria promoted glomerular-tubule disconnection in individual nephrons and whether this phenomenon was prevented by an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) and control rats were studied at 4 and 8 months. Two additional groups of PHN rats received lisinopril (40 mg/L) or a calcium channel blocker (lacidipine, 3 mg/kg) from day 7 after surgery to 8 months. At sacrifice, kidneys were serially sectioned to identify glomerular- tubule abnormalities in individual nephrons and changes in interstitial volume. In PHN rats, the time-dependent increase in proteinuria was paralleled by tubular atrophy leading to glomerular-tubule disconnection and interstitial volume enlargement. Marked apoptosis was invariably found in atrophic tubules in contrast to the absent or very mild terminal dUTP nick-end labeling staining in tubules normally connected to glomeruli in PHN animals. Treatment with an ACE inhibitor prevented hypertension, proteinuria, the formation of atrophic tubuli, glomerular-tubule disconnection and limited the fractional interstitial volume expansion. Although lacidipine limited hypertension, it did not reduce proteinuria or prevent tubular atrophy and disconnection. Multivariate analysis showed that the appearance of atubular glomeruli and the increase in interstitial volume were better predicted by proteinuria than blood pressure. This study suggests that ACE inhibitors effectively prevent glomerular-tubule disconnection possibly by their ability of reducing proteinuria, which in turn favors proximal tubular cell apoptosis. Agents that only reduced hypertension but not proteinuria do not affect tubular behavior.     

Differential capacity of anti-RAP and anti-megalin antibodies to produce progressive passive Heymann nephritis - implications for the pathogenesis of idiopathic human membranous glomerulonephritis

Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) induced with heterologous antisera has been described according to various criteria, which may or may not include induction of chronic disease and proteinuria. Characteristics of the glomerular immune deposits determined by the antigenic specificities of the antisera presumably account for differences in disease outcome. In this study, the clinical and immunohistological features in the model produced with monospecific antisera were compared against megalin or receptor associated protein (RAP), two proteins that have been implicated as target antigens in PHN. Rats injected with either anti-megalin or anti-RAP antiserum developed typical glomerular immune deposits of PHN when examined after 7 days. Although the deposits stained for complement, none of the animals had abnormal proteinuria in this time frame. Over a longer time course (7-16 weeks), immune deposits persisted and proteinuria increased to pathological levels in all animals injected with anti-megalin serum. By contrast, immune deposits had cleared from the kidneys of rats injected with anti-RAP antiserum when examined at 7-8 weeks post-injection and the proteinuria levels observed up to 13 weeks remained in the normal range. Additional doses of anti-RAP antiserum given 4 and 17 days after the first injection did not prolong the duration of glomerular immune deposits. These results demonstrate a clear divergence in pathogenic potential of antisera generated against the two renal antigens, which suggest differences in the immune deposits linked to a soluble antigen that is non-covalently bound to the podocyte membrane versus those linked to an integral membrane antigen. These observations could provide clues to the nature of the unknown glomerular autoantigen of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in humans.     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体参与雷帕霉素诱导血管内皮细胞功能损伤的体外研究

目的: 探讨雷帕霉素对内皮细胞凋亡和增殖、迁移能力的影响,以及肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)表达水平的变化。方法: 用浓度为0、1、10、100 μg/L 的雷帕霉素孵育内皮细胞24 h,应用CCK8法检测血管内皮细胞的增殖能力,Transwell小室和划痕试验检测细胞迁移能力,DAPI染色观察凋亡细胞核形态改变,Western blotting法检测caspase-3活性以显示血管内皮细胞的凋亡,并用 Western blotting检测TRAIL在凋亡的内皮细胞中的表达。结果: 雷帕霉素(1-100 μg/L)能诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡并抑制其迁移能力(P<0.01)。除雷帕霉素1 μg/L外, 10 μg/L和100 μg/L雷帕霉素均能抑制内皮细胞增殖能力(P<0.01),同时雷帕霉素(10-100 μg/L)使TRAIL蛋白表达增加,两者作用均呈浓度依赖性(P<0.01)。结论: 雷帕霉素能诱导内皮细胞发生凋亡并抑制其增殖和迁移能力。TRAIL表达上调与雷帕霉素诱导血管内皮细胞损伤有一定的相关性。     

Podocytic cytoskeletal disaggregation and basement-membrane detachment in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis.

Puromycin aminonucleoside--(PAN) treated rats develop acute nephrotic syndrome, mimicking human minimal lesion disease. In PAN nephrosis, podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is the most likely cause of massive proteinuria in this model. To elucidate further the mechanisms of PAN-induced cellular dysfunction, new methods were employed to visualize podocyte cytoskeletal aggregation and to measure fibrillar attachment to the GBM. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4/group) received a single tail-vein injection of PAN (75 mg/kg). On days 1, 2, 3, and 5 following injection, 24-hour urine collections were obtained for creatinine clearance, albuminuria, and total proteinuria. Then kidneys from each group were fixed by perfusion. Podocytic cytoskeleton was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Subepithelial GBM staining and attachment fiber number, observed on digitized images of transmission electron micrographs, were quantitated with computer-based density analysis. A significant reduction in attachment fiber number in the GBM lamina rara externa occurred by day 5. On scanning electron micrographs, the secondary and tertiary podocytic processes were observed to be formed by highly aggregated cytoskeleton, which became partially disaggregated by day 3, was totally absent by day 5, and normalized by day 20. Immunogold staining revealed that actin and vinculin localized to the tertiary podocytic processes in the normal state were dispersed into the cell body following PAN. Podocyte cytoskeletal disaggregation precedes, and detachment from the GBM occurs simultaneously with, the onset of massive proteinuria in the PAN model.