言论

那是最美好的时代,那是最糟糕的时代;那是智慧的年头,那是愚昧的年头;那是信仰的时期。那是怀疑的时期;那是光明的季节,那是黑暗的季节;那是希望的春天,那是失望的冬天;我们面前什么都     

健康家居 选择会“呼吸”的材料

家庭环境的好坏不是表面的金碧辉煌或单纯的奢侈豪华,更不是昂贵材料的堆砌。尊重材料本身的特性和天然的美感并结合富有创意的设计,方能制造空间的独特个性。     

肝脓肿199例临床分析

肝脓肿(liver abscess,LA)是肝脏外科常见的严重疾病,随着超声、CT的广泛应用和外科治疗技术的不断发展,以及公共卫生、健康条件的改善,抗生素的普遍应用等,肝脓肿的病死率已由原来的70%下降到近年来的15%以下,同时其临     

37例医疗纠纷技术鉴定案例分析

医疗纠纷,是指医患双方对医疗后果、产生的原因以及如何处理而发生的分歧,或者患者对医疗服务不满意,也可以发生纠纷.医疗纠纷的发生不仅直接关系到患者的切身利益,也关系到医疗机构的工作秩序、声誉,处置不当将影响社会的安定.如何预防和处置日趋上升的医疗纠纷,已成为卫生行政部门和医院机构所面临的一个严峻的问题.     

巧妙选药不再脱发

不管在什么年代,头发对人所起的作用都不仅仅限于生物学上的保暖、防御作用,更重要的是扮演着美容修饰等重要角色.拥有健康亮丽的头发可使人充满朝气和自信,然而,随着生活节奏的加快、精神压力的增加,脱发的人数也呈上升趋势,且出现年轻化的迹象.脱发,正成为越来越多现代人的烦恼.     

美国可能出台新的"仿制生物药法案"及"FDA审批管理条例"——访Y. Philip Zhang (张引) 博士

写在开“坛”之际： “高端访坛”——本刊一个新的栏目，也是一种新的尝试。 所谓“访坛”，是指本刊编辑部根据当今国际、国内医药界的热点议题，有目的地对有关人士进行访问，并将他们的观点、看法和建议通过这个“讲坛”转达给本刊的广大读者； 而之所以称之为“高端”，是因为在我们的计划中，选择的专访对象将定位在国内医药界那些具有创新意识、有自己独特的研究领域、并已经取得一定成就的学科带头人和近距离接触国际药学研究及管理先进理念的专家和学者。 我们希望从事医药教学、科研和管理的同行能从来到本“坛”、接受采访的嘉宾们独到的视角、缜密的思维、或卓有成效的分析和解决问题的模式中得到启发和帮助，使我国的医药研究和管理水平能跨上新的台阶，使中国的医药事业能更快更好地发展，为全中国乃至全世界的人民造福。     

贯彻对待中医的正确政策

我國醫學有數千年的曆史,有豐富的内容和寶貴的臨床經驗,在我國歷代人民對疾病的鬥爭中發揮了巨大的作用。繼承和發揚這份文化遺産,認真學習和研究它的學理和實踐經驗,用科學方法加以整理和總結,逐步提高它的學術水平和醫療水平,使它更有效地爲人民服務,這是我國醫學界的一項十分光榮的艱巨任務。做好這一工作,不僅大大有助於我國人民的保健醫療事業的發展和提高,而且能使世界醫學的内容更加豐富起來。中國共産黨和人民政府向來是重視自己祖國的文化遺産的;黨和人民政府對中醫的政策向來是明確的。黨     

浅谈如何加强医疗器械的管理

医疗器械的应用在疾病的诊断、治疗及预防等各个环节都发挥着不可替代的作用,其质量的好坏直接关系到人民群众的身体健康和生命安危.2000年国务院颁布了第一部医疗器械监管法规-<医疗器械监督管理条例>,标志着我国医疗器械监管正式走上了法制化轨道,但是由于种种原因,目前我国在医疗器械的生产、经营以及使用等各个环节都存在着较为普遍和严重的问题,其监管已显得相对滞后,成为食品药品部门监管中的一个"软肋",以至于频频出现像钢板等植入性器械断裂现象和发生举国震惊的"眼球事件".本文就我县医疗器械的经营、使用现状和如何加强对医疗器械的监管作以下分析和探讨.     

心血管疾病发病情况与肾脏移植排斥反应相关性的研究

肾移植的历史从某种意义来说,就是同排斥反应进行斗争的历史。肾移植后的排斥反应主要是由抗原识别,淋巴细胞的增值、分化,靶细胞的损伤这样一连串的免疫反应引起的。随着免疫抑制剂的不断进步,移植排斥反应的发生率降低,长期存活率提高,使得肾移植成为终末期肾病患者的最有效的治疗手段。本文主要探讨了肾移植前心血管疾病与移植后慢性排异反应(CVR)相关性做了细致研究。     

2008年新年寄语

伴随着新年的钟声，我们依依告别了硕果累累的2007年，迎来了充满希望的2008年。在这辞旧迎新之际，我谨代表《中国药物依赖性杂志》编委会和编辑部全体工作人员向关心、支持和帮助我们的读者和朋友致以节日的祝福和诚挚的问候!向所有关心和支持禁、戒毒事业发展并为之奋斗的朋友表示衷心的感谢和崇高的敬意!     

Emerging drug treatments for cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common life-shortening inherited disorders. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene disrupt the localisation and function of the cAMP-mediated chloride channel. Most of the morbidity and mortality arise from the lung disease which is characterised by excessive inflammation and chronic infection. Research into the mechanisms of wild-type and mutant CFTR biogenesis suggest that multiple drug targets can be identified. This review explores the current understanding of the nature of the different mutant CFTR forms and the potential for repair of the chloride channel defect. High-throughput screening, pharmacogenomics and proteomics bring recent technological advances to the field.     

Differential effects of serotonergic and catecholaminergic drugs on ingestive behavior

The serotonergic agonists fenfluramine and fluoxetine and the catecholaminergic agonists amphetamine and phenylpropanolamine are well known to cause a reduction in intake in rats. In the studies reported here we investigated the effects of these drugs on the microstructure of licking behavior of the rat ingesting 0.4 M sucrose. The purpose was to examine the similarities in the behavioral effects within and between these two classes of anorectic agents. The serotonergic agonists fenfluramine and fluoxetine caused a reduction in intake primarily by reducing the size of bursts and clusters of licking within the test meal without affecting the duration of the meal, suggesting a reduction in the palatability of the test solution. The catecholamine agonists amphetamine and phenylpropanolamine reduced intake primarily by reducing the number of bursts and clusters without affecting their size, suggesting a fractionation in the organization of the normal pattern of ingestion. The differences between the two serotonin and the two catecholamine agonists on the microstructure of the licking behavior suggest a different effect of the two neurotransmitters on the motor system that controls ingestive behavior. The similarities between the two different agonists within each class suggests a common neurotransmitter mechanism responsible for these two different effects on the behavior of the animals.Supported by NIH Grant DK41563 (JDD).     

Environmental modulation of the response to amphetamine: dissociation between changes in behavior and changes in dopamine and glutamate overflow in the rat striatal complex

Rationale: We have previously shown that environmental novelty enhances the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine and amphetamine-induced expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the striatal complex, particularly in the most caudal portion of the caudate. In contrast, we found no effect of novelty on the ability of amphetamine to induce dopamine (DA) overflow in the rostral caudate or in the core of the nucleus accumbens. Objectives: The twofold aim of the present study was to determine the effect of environmental novelty on (1) amphetamine-induced DA overflow in the shell of the nucleus accumbens and in the caudal portions of the caudate, and (2) glutamate and aspartate overflow in the caudal portions of the caudate. Methods: Two groups of rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the mesostriatal dopaminergic system received amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) in physically identical cages. For one group, the cages were also the home environment, whereas, for the other group, they were a completely novel environment. In vivo microdialysis was used to estimate DA, glutamate, and aspartate concentrations. Results: Environmental novelty enhanced amphetamine-induced rotational behavior (experiments 1–3) but did not alter amphetamine-induced DA overflow in either the shell of the nucleus accumbens (experiment 1) or the caudate (experiment 2). In addition, the ability of environmental novelty to enhance amphetamine-induced behavioral activation was not associated with changes in glutamate or aspartate efflux in the caudate (experiment 3). Conclusions: The present data indicate that the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine can be modulated by environmental context independent of its primary neuropharmacological actions in the striatal complex. Received: 27 July 1999 / Accepted: 30 November 1999     

Recent developments in the treatment of sepsis

Despite advances in supportive care, septic shock remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With the identification of the systemic inflammatory response as a major component in the pathogenesis of the septic shock syndrome, much of the recent work has focused on modulating this response. This includes antiendotoxin therapies in patients with Gram-negative sepsis, and therapies to modulate the pro-inflammatory mediators produced in response to infection, such as TNF-α, platelet-activating factor and complement. High-flow haemofiltration has the potential advantage of clearing both endotoxin and pro-inflammatory mediators. Antithrombotic strategies have been investigated and have yielded the first major success in the treatment of sepsis with activated protein C. Nitric oxide produces the cardiovascular features of sepsis and investigators have looked at both reducing its production and mopping up the excess. Attempts to reduce apoptosis have been a new focus in the treatment of sepsis. There have also been recent developments in supportive care suggesting a role for vasopressin and replacement corticosteroid therapy.     

3种药品不同加菌时机对菌回收率的影响

目的:对2005年版中国药典微生物限度检查法中,细菌、霉菌及酵母菌计数方法验证试验中不同加菌时机对菌回收率的影响进行考察,使得验证结果更加准确、可靠。方法:收集了不同剂型、不同抑菌性的样品共3个,比较了不同加菌时机与菌回收率的关系。结果:这3种药品不同加菌时机的菌回收率结果存在显著性差异,将现行标准中的加菌时机提前,可能存在回收率偏低的情况。结论:这3种药品不同加菌时机对菌回收率存在显著影响。     

Extrapyramidal and mesolimbic involvement with the stereotypic activity of D- and L-amphetamine

The electrolytic brain lesion technique was use to investigate the role of the dopamine-containing areas and pathways of the extrapyramidial and mesolimbic systems in the mediation of the stereotyped behaviour patterns induced by D- and L-amphetamine in the rat.Interruption of the ascending dopaminergic neurones from the mesencephalon at the level of the lateral hypothalamus did not modify the dose-dependent stereotypy induced by D- or L-amphetamine, whilst a lesion placed in the rostral hypothalamus to interrupt the dopaminergic innervation to the mesolimbic brain areas was shown to abolish the wearker intensity component of stereotypy (sniffing and repetitive head movements). Of the areas innervated by this pathway, lesion of the tuberculum olfactorium, but not the nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis or nucleus accumbens septi, also abolished sniffing behaviour. Lesions placed in the neostriatal area of the extrapyramidal system were without significant effect whilst lesion of the paleostriatum abolished all components of stereotypy. Lesion of the central amygdaloid nucleus only abolised the more intense components of both D- and L-amphetamine stereotypy (bitting, gnawing and licking).The brain studies demonstrate a differential involvement of the dopamine-containing areas of the mesolimbic and extrapyramidal brain regions, and the associated dopaminergic neurones which ascend from the mesencephalon, with the stereotyped behaviour patterns induced by both D- and L-amphetamine.     

The debate on DDT

The paper reviews the early toxicologic and pharmacologic studies carried out by the author and his associates from 1943 to 1947, which were largely responsible for launching DDT as an agent for the control of typhus, malaria, yellow fever, and related vector-borne diseases. After reviewing recent studies conducted at the University of Miami, which dealt with organochlorine pesticides in human tissues, the tumorigenicity of aldrin, dieldrin and endrin (rat), six-generation mouse and three-generation dog reproduction studies, synergism of DDT and aldrin (dog), and the fate of DDT and aldrin during a period of severe starvation (rat), it is pointed out that it is primarily the overuse and misuse of DDT in pest control that have caused the pollution in our ecology. It is emphasized that the requirements for pest control differ the world over and that it must therefore be left to the national regulatory agencies to legislate the safe use of DDT and related pesticides. It is recommended that future human and animal studies with DDT and its derivatives give consideration to: (a) the balance and metabolism of the various hormones, (b) reproduction (estrus, libido, mammary development, milk production, (c) hepatic microsomal enzyme activities, (d) cancer prevention and cancer production, (e) excessive body weight changes induced by disease, unbalanced diet or starvation, and (f) the effects of DDT and its derivatives when absorbed in combination with other related and even unrelated compounds.Presented at the joint meeting of the Scandinavian and German Pharmacological Societies, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 20–23, 1971.     

母亲肥胖对后代的影响

摘要： 近年来母亲肥胖发病率明显增加, 母亲肥胖可导致慢性炎症、 氧化应激、 细胞因子内稳态的改变, 增加妊娠不良结局的危险。怀孕前和怀孕过程中母亲肥胖的代谢状态能够改变胎盘 DNA 甲基化水平, 且会引起胎儿 “程序化” 改变, 影响妊娠结局, 增加后代发生肥胖相关的代谢综合征等慢性病风险。积极预防和干预母亲肥胖, 可降低不良妊娠结局, 提高后代生存质量。     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.