阴道超声和宫腔镜检查在绝经后子宫内膜病变中诊断价值

目的：探讨阴道超声和宫腔镜检查诊断绝经后子宫内膜病变的临床价值。方法：160例绝经后子宫内膜病变患者行阴道超声及宫腔镜检查;以病理结果为标准,评价阴道超声和宫腔镜检查对诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果：经阴道超声检查48例正常,其中40例病理证实子宫内膜无异常;112例诊断为宫腔病变,其中96例经病理证实。宫腔镜检查52例正常,其中1例病理证实为子宫内膜单纯型增生;108例诊断为宫腔病变,其中103例经病理证实。宫腔镜检查宫腔内病变、子宫内膜癌和癌前病变的特异性、阳性预测值均高于经阴道超声检查(P＜0.05).结论：经阴道超声检查是一种筛查子宫内膜病变较好的方法;阴道超声联合宫腔镜检查对诊断绝经后子宫内膜病变有重要价值。     

宫腔镜对绝经后出血宫腔病因的诊断价值探讨

目的探讨宫腔镜对绝经后子宫出血(PMB)诊断效果。方法对我院2004年1月至2006年12月门诊收治绝经后子宫出血患者,妇科检查局部阴道及宫颈未发现明显异常,考虑出血来自宫腔的共125例,宫腔镜检查后常规刮宫,未能刮出组织者在直视下取活检。所有刮出物或活检组织均送病理检查。结果宫腔镜诊断宫腔异常病变的敏感性为97.8%(90/92),特异性为81.8%(27/33),阳性预测值为93.8%(90/96),阴性预测值为93.1%(27/29)。其中子宫黏膜下肌瘤100%,子宫内膜息肉90.0%,子宫内膜炎87.0%,子宫内膜癌73.3%,子宫内膜增生70.6%。结论对于绝经后阴道出血患者,行宫腔镜检查,全面观察宫腔情况,全面诊刮,必要时在直视下取活检,可以大大提高宫腔病变确诊率。     

宫腔镜与阴道超声诊断绝经后妇女子宫内膜病变的比较研究

[目的]比较宫腔镜与阴道超声对绝经后妇女子宫内膜病变的诊断价值.[方法]2006年3月至2009年3月诊治243例绝经后妇女,平均年龄61.4岁,平均绝经后时间为11.3年,对其子宫内膜宫腔镜及阴道超声结果进行分析.[结果]6.6%的病例经病理确诊为子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌.阴道超声的诊断灵敏度为95.6%,特异度为7.4%,阳性预测值为53.3%,阴性预测值为60%,诊断准确率为53.7%.宫腔镜的诊断灵敏度为95.7%,特异度为83%,阳性预测值为82.2%,阴性预测值为95.9%,诊断准确率为88.7%.[结论]宫腔镜较阴道超声诊断子宫内膜疾病的准确性更高.     

阴道超声和宫腔镜在诊断绝经后子宫出血中的应用

目的 比较阴道超声和宫腔镜检查在诊断绝经后子宫出血中的应用。方法 回顾性分析2030年1月至2003年12月来我院行阴道超声和宫腔镜检查的绝经后阴道出血妇女63例。全部在宫腔镜检查后刮取子宫内膜送病理检查。结果 组织取样不足2例(3.1％)；萎缩子宫内膜18例(28.57％)；正常子宫内膜4例(14.29％)；子宫内膜炎1例(1.59％)；子宫内膜息肉11例(17.46％)；子宫粘膜下肌瘤9例(14.29％)；子宫内膜单纯增生3例(4.76％)；子宫内膜非典型增生2例(3.17％)；子宫内膜癌13例(20.63％)。阴道超声诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为69.23％，特异性为88％，阳性预测值为60％，阴性预测值为91.67％；宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为76.92％，特异性为98％，阳性预测值为90.91％，阴性预测值为94.23％；二者联合诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为100％，特异性为89.7％，阳性预测值为92.3％，阴性预测值为100％。阴道超声诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性为94.29％，特异性为39.28％，阳性预测值为66％，阴性预测值为84.62％；官腔镜诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性为94.29％，特异性为92.86％，阳性预测值为94.29％，阴性预测值为92.86％；二者联合诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性为96.5％，特异性为93.4％，阳性预测值为91.86％，阴性预测值为95.62％。结论 绝经后子宫出血是子宫内膜癌的一个危险信号。子宫内膜厚度大于4mm，宫腔镜直视下活检或诊断性刮宫，是最佳诊断手段。     

超声检测绝经后阴道出血子宫内膜病变

目的 :探讨绝经后阴道出血妇女应用超声检测子宫内膜病变的价值。方法 :对 132例绝经后阴道出血妇女行阴道超声检查 ,测量其子宫大小及内膜厚度 ,然后行分段诊刮术 ,标本送病理检查。结果 :5 3例子宫内膜厚度≤ 4mm ,其中 5 2例 (98.1% )内膜属生理性改变 ,1例为内膜癌 (1.9% ) ;79例为内膜厚度≥ 5mm ,其中 6 5例 (82 .35 % )内膜病理性改变 ,2 3例为内膜癌 (2 9.1% )。结论 :子宫内膜厚度≤ 4mm者 ,可免于诊刮。高分辩阴道超声检查可作为绝经后阴道出血妇女的常规检查方法和子宫内膜癌高发群的筛查手段     

绝经后妇女经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断宫腔病变的临床分析

目的:对绝经后妇女经阴道彩色多普勒超声在宫腔病变中的诊断价值进行分析。方法:取我院2016年1月份到2017年1月份收治的1000例绝经后妇女为研究对象。1000例妇女均应用经阴道彩色多普勒超声实施诊断,对可疑宫腔病变患者实施宫腔镜手术以及病理诊断,结合病理检查对妇女宫腔病变情况进行分析。结果:经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查显示,有220例女性存在宫腔积液,占22%。120例女性疑似存在宫腔病变,经病理检查显示,有93例患者确诊为宫腔病变,其中子宫内膜息肉有76例,内膜增生患者有11例,内膜癌患者有5例,子宫内膜间质肉瘤有1例。绝经后宫腔积液患者有220例,占22%。其中单纯宫腔积液患者173例。结论:对绝经后妇女实施经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查,诊断符合率较高,是绝经后女性检查的有效措施,为患者的尽早发现以及诊治提供了丰富信息以及重要依据。     

宫腔镜与经阴道超声检查对绝经后子宫出血的诊断价值

目的比较宫腔镜与经阴道超声检查诊断绝经后子宫出血患者宫腔内病变的准确性。方法对有绝经后子宫出血病史的67例患者行阴道超声检查后,进行宫腔镜检查,记录检查结果,所有病例均行病理组织检查,最后将两种检查结果与病理组织检查结果进行比较,分别计算出敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率及阴性预测率。结果67例患者中29例经阴道超声检查为正常,其中16例(55.17%)病理证实子宫内膜无异常。38例经阴道超声检查诊断为宫腔病变的患者中有35例(92.11%)经病理组织检查证实。经阴道超声检查宫腔病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率、阴性预测率分别为72.92%、84.21%、92.11%和55.17%。67例患者中18例宫腔镜检查为正常,其中1例(5.56%)病理组织检查证实有宫腔病变。49例宫腔镜检查诊断宫腔病变的患者中,46例(93.88%)经病理组织检查证实。宫腔镜检查的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率、阴性预测率分别为97.87%、85.00%、93.88%和94.44%,其敏感性及阴性预测率显著高于阴道超声检查。结论经阴道超声检查是诊断绝经后子宫出血的首选检查方法;子宫内膜厚度大于4mm,宫腔镜直视下活检或诊断性刮宫是绝经后子宫出血的最佳诊断手段。     

宫腔镜及三维超声造影对子宫内膜器质性病变的诊断价值

目的评价宫腔镜及三维超声宫腔造影检查方法对子宫内膜器质性病变的诊断价值.方法回顾性分析54例子宫不正常出血的病人,应用经阴道三维超声宫腔内注液后扫查,再行宫腔镜检查,以病理结果为确诊依据对照不同检查结果间的差异.结果 23例诊断为子宫内膜息肉,15例诊断为黏膜下肌瘤,6例诊断为子宫内膜癌,10例诊断为子宫内膜增殖症.宫腔镜检查敏感度100%,特异度98.1%.三维超声造影检查敏感度为100%,特异度94.4%.结论宫腔镜为诊断子宫内膜占位病变的首选方法,结合三维超声宫腔造影,对确定治疗方案有很大辅助作用.     

经阴道超声对绝经后妇女子宫内膜癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨经阴道越声对绝经后妇女子宫内膜癌的诊断价值。方法 用logiq200型实时超声诊断仪对我院1998年1月～2003年8月门诊绝经后妇女不规则阴道流血489例进行盆腔检查。结果 超声拟诊子宫内膜瘟45例，诊断准确率(38／45)84.4%。结论 经阴道B超对子宫内膜癌具有较高的诊断价值，可作为子宫内膜癌高发人群的筛查方法及绝经后妇女阴道流血的常规检查方法。     

经阴道超声对绝经后子宫腔内病变的鉴别诊断价值

经阴道超声是绝经后妇女阴道出血的首选检查方法，并把子宫双层内膜厚度≥5mm或6mm作为筛查子宫内膜病变的临界点已被大多数学者公认。但要进一步鉴别内膜息肉、内膜增生、内膜癌等内膜病变仍有一定困难。本研究分析绝经后宫腔内病变的超声特征，并与病理结果进行对照，以提高经阴道超声对绝经后宫腔内病变的诊断价值。     

Sonohysterography is superior to transvaginal sonography for the diagnostic approach of irregular uterine bleeding in women of reproductive age

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the accuracy of transvaginal sonography (TVS) and sonohysterography (SHG) in the investigation of women of reproductive age presenting with irregular uterine bleeding (IUB). METHODS: This prospective study included 104 women presenting with IUB. All patients underwent TVS, SHG, and hysteroscopy, during which endometrial biopsies were obtained and any endometrial mass was treated with hysteroscopic surgery. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of TVS and SHG in diagnosing endometrial polyp, submucous myoma and all endometrial pathologies (polyp, submucous myoma, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma) with the histopathological report of the tissues obtained by hysteroscopy serving as the end point for the analysis. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, respectively of TVS were 61.2%, 90.9%, 85.7%, and 72.5% for diagnosing endometrial polyps; 75.0%, 92.0%, 63.1%, and 95.3% for diagnosing submucous myomas; and 75.0%, 80.6%, 87.9%, and 63.0% for diagnosing any kind of pathology. The corresponding diagnostic values of SHG were 83.7%, 96.4%, 95.3%, and 86.9% for polyps; 87.5%, 98.9%, 93.3%, and 97.8% for submucous myomas; and 88.2%, 91.7%, 95.2%, and 80.5% for any kind of pathology. CONCLUSIONS: SHG showed superior sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values compared with TVS in diagnosing intrauterine lesions in women of reproductive age with IUB.     

Comparison of transvaginal ultrasonography and saline infusion sonography for the detection of intracavitary abnormalities in premenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography (TVS) and saline infusion sonography (SIS) for detecting intracavitary abnormalities in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. METHOD: Consecutive premenopausal women who underwent hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding were included. All women underwent TVS and SIS before their hysterectomy. The findings at TVS and SIS were compared with the findings of the hysterectomy specimen. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated. RESULTS: The results of 50 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding were evaluated. Histological examination revealed normal endometrial histology in 27 patients, submucous myomas in 13 patients and intracavitary polyps in 10 patients. The sensitivity of TVS in directly visualizing intracavitary abnormalities was 61% for a specificity of 96%. The likelihood ratio of presence of an intracavitary abnormality was 16 and the likelihood ratio of absence of such a finding was 0.41. When defining abnormality at TVS as direct visualization of an intracavitary abnormality or an increased endometrial thickness (cut-off level 5 mm), the sensitivity of TVS was 87% for a specificity of 56%, with corresponding likelihood ratios of 2 and 0.23, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of SIS was 100% and 85% with likelihood ratios of 6 and 0.0, respectively. No intracavitary abnormality was missed by SIS. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of SIS is higher than the accuracy of TVS. A combined approach using endometrial thickness measurement by TVS and, reserving SIS for patients with increased (> 5 mm) endometrial thickness, or endometrium inadequately visualized on TVS, is the optimal method of reducing the hysteroscopy rate.     

经阴道超声与宫腔镜检查诊断绝经后服用他莫昔芬妇女子宫内膜病变的比较

目的 该研究比较了经阴道超声（transvaginal ultrasonography,TVS）与宫腔镜检查（hysteroscopy,HS）在诊断绝经后服用他莫昔芬（tamoxifen,TAM）对子宫内膜病变的价值,以探讨与其相关的监测方法.方法 随诊了46例绝经后因乳腺癌服用TAM（20mg/d）超过6个月的妇女.所有患者均施行了TVS、HS以及内膜组织病理学检查.TVS以子宫内膜厚度≥5mm为阳性判断标准.结果 TVS检查结果阳性21例（45.7%）中,经HS及病理诊断证实内膜息肉14例,单纯增殖型内膜2例,萎缩型内膜5例;TVS检查结果阴性25例（54.3%）中,内膜息肉8例,单纯增殖型内膜3例,萎缩型内膜14例.TVS检查的特异性为70.8%,敏感性为63.6%,阳性预测值为66.7%,阴性预测值为68.0%.而HS分别为100%、96.0%、95.7%和95.7%.息肉病人的TVS结果与非息肉病人比较差异有显著性（P=0.019）.结论 由于TAM对绝经后的子宫内膜具有雌激素样作用,能够引起内膜基质水肿,产生类似增生内膜的超声影像,导致TVS的检查结果与HS下所见以及内膜病检不相符.服用TAM的绝经后乳腺癌患者,单纯以TVS作为其内膜病变的筛选方法具有一定诊断价值,但存在较高的假阳性率且特异性较差.在确诊子宫内膜息肉方面HS具有特殊优势.     

宫腔声学造影诊断子宫内膜息肉的价值

目的：评价宫腔声学造影（SHG）对子宫内膜息肉的诊断价值。方法：对临床拟诊宫内膜息肉的76例患者进行TVS、SHG及官腔镜手术-病理检查,并对结果进行分析。结果：以手术病理结果作为诊断金标准,内膜息肉48例,黏膜下肌瘤9例,内膜增生10例,官腔内机化血凝块3例,正常内膜6例。SHG对子宫内膜息肉诊断的准确性为93．4％,敏感性为93．7％,特异性为92．8％。TVS对子宫内膜息肉诊断的准确性为59．2％,敏感性为81．2％,特异性为21．4％。两种方法对内膜息肉的诊断准确率比较有显著差异（χ^2=5．45,P=0．019）。结论：官腔声学造影准确率高,是诊断子宫内膜息肉的可靠方法。     

Errors in the measurement of endometrial depth using transvaginal sonography in postmenopausal women on tamoxifen: random error is reduced using saline instillation sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The endometrium in women on tamoxifen is often made irregular by small cysts. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and precision of the measurement of endometrial depth by transvaginal sonography. METHODS: The endometrial depth from endometrial biopsies obtained with the resectoscope in 15 women receiving tamoxifen was compared to the endometrial depth measured by TVS. The inter-observer variability was measured in 58 women. RESULTS: In those biopsies of sufficient quality to allow a measurement, the corresponding depth measurement obtained by ultrasound was up to 3 mm greater than the histological measurement. The interobserver variability for the measurement of endometrial depth using TVS was assessed in 58 postmenopausal women on tamoxifen. The interobserver variability deteriorated as the mean endometrial depth increased, probably because the increase in depth resulted from greater morphological changes within the endometrium such as cyst formation which resulted in an irregular endometrial/myometrial boundary. This may, however, be improved by performing saline instillation sonography. In a prospective study of 10 postmenopausal women, the interobserver variability was significantly greater during tamoxifen treatment compared to pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the above, if uterine surveillance using TVS were to be offered to postmenopausal women on tamoxifen, then the procedure should be augmented by saline instillation sonography if the endometrial depth is > 4 mm, as this will improve the measurement precision and also identify intrauterine pathology.     

基于超声标准化描述联合多元分析建立预测子宫内膜良恶性病变模型

目的筛选有助于鉴别绝经后且子宫内膜厚度(ET)≥5 mm女性子宫内膜良恶性病变的超声及临床指标,建立子宫内膜癌个体患病风险的Logistic回归模型。方法回顾性分析261例绝经后且ET≥5 mm子宫内膜病变患者标准化超声声像图特征及临床信息,根据病变性质分为良性组(n=157)及恶性组(n=104),组内按2∶1比例分为建模亚组和验证亚组,以单因素分析筛选鉴别子宫良恶性病变具有价值的指标,利用Logistic回归建立模型预测良恶性病变。结果良性组与恶性组患者年龄、绝经年限、体质量指数(BMI)、高血压史、绝经后阴道出血症状、ET、内膜回声不均且不伴小囊、内膜线不规则或显示不清、内膜-肌层交界中断及CDFI显示存在多支血流信号情况差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。最终采用BMI>24 kg/m 2、阴道出血症状、ET>8 mm、内膜-肌层交界中断及多支血流信号5个指标建立回归分析模型,其受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)为0.905;以0.33为最佳截断值,模型预测良恶性病变准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及约登指数分别为82.18%、92.80%、75.20%、71.11%、94.05%及68.00%。结论应用临床及超声特征建立了预测绝经后女性子宫内膜癌发病风险模型,可为个性化诊疗提供帮助。     

Ambulatory hysteroscopy in evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding]

INTRODUCTION: Diagnostic hysteroscopy is the most precise procedure to evaluate diseases involving the uterine cavity. There is, however, only limited data concerning the use of hysteroscopy carried out as an outpatient procedure in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study we report on 360 postmenopausal patients with erratic bleeding, who were referred to our outpatient hysteroscopy clinic. 185 women had frank postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) and another 175 had abnormal uterine bleeding while taking hormone replacement therapy (AUB). The mean age was 57.9 years (range: 42-86). All hysteroscopies were performed using a standard 5-mm hysteroscope with a 30 degrees fore-oblique lens; the uterine cavity was generally distended with normal saline. RESULTS: Outpatient hysteroscopy was performed successfully in 339 patients (94.2%). In 166 cases (46.1%) cervical dilatation was necessary, and 138 required (38.3%) intracervical anaesthesia. Intrauterine pathology was diagnosed in 49.6% of cases, with endometrial polyps (20.9%) and fibroids (15.9%) being the most common abnormalities. While there was no difference in the incidence of intrauterine lesions between patients with AUB and those with PMB, endometrial carcinoma was more common in the latter group (PMB: n = 11 vs. AUB: n = 1; p < 0.002). CONCLUSION: Due to its high accuracy and patient acceptance, outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy should become a first line investigation in postmenopausal patients with bleeding disorders.     

Sonohysterography for distinguishing endometrial thickening from endometrial polyps in postmenopausal bleeding.

Sonohysterography, or sonographic uterine cavity visualization by uterine cavity distension, may help to distinguish true endometrial thickening from other intracavitary pathological conditions, assuming the same sonographic appearance. We examined 1.5 women with a thickened endometrium (range 10-25 mm) in sonography performed for postmenopausal bleeding. Sonohysterography revealed a polypoid structure in seven women, a normal uterine cavity in four women, and a thickened endometrium in four women. All the women underwent hysteroscopic evaluation of the uterine cavity. Hysteroscopy confirmed the sonohysterographic findings in 14 women (93.3%). Hysteroscopic resection of the polypoid structure was performed while the other patients underwent diagnostic curettage. Histological examination of the seven polypoid structures revealed benign endometrial polyps in six patients, and one pedunculated submucous fibroid. In the patients undergoing diagnostic curettage, histological examination revealed three cases of glandular hyperplasia, one of cystic (atrophic) hyperplasia, and one of papillary endometrial adenocarcinoma. Two cases were inadequate for diagnosis. The advantage of sonohysterography in distinguishing endometrial thickening from intracavitary polyps or fibroids was clearly demonstrated. This technique can help in tailoring the correct treatment in various conditions presenting as postmenopausal bleeding.     

Comparison of transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonography, and hysteroscopy in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding

PURPOSE: Saline infusion sonography (SIS) is a relatively new technique in the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of SIS with that of transvaginal sonography (TVS) in the detection of intracavitary abnormalities in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. METHODS: In this prospective study, consecutive premenopausal women who underwent a hysteroscopy for abnormal uterine bleeding also underwent TVS and SIS. The findings at TVS and SIS were compared with the hysteroscopic and histologic findings. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the performance of endometrial thickness measured using TVS. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were included in the study. TVS demonstrated 60% sensitivity in directly visualizing intracavitary abnormalities and 93% specificity. The likelihood ratio of the presence of an intracavitary abnormality was 8, and the likelihood ratio of the absence of an intracavitary abnormality was 0.43. Defining an abnormality at TVS as direct visualization of an intracavitary abnormality or an endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm, TVS had an 85% sensitivity and a 21% specificity, with corresponding likelihood ratios of 1.1 and 0.71, respectively. For SIS, the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of the presence and absence of intracavitary abnormalities were 88%, 95%, 10, and 0.13, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SIS is more accurate in the diagnosis of intracavitary abnormalities in premenopausal women than is TVS. An approach using endometrial thickness measurement by TVS and reserving SIS for patients who have an endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm or an intracavitary abnormality visualized by TVS would be the most effective method to reduce the number of hysteroscopies.     

经阴道三维超声诊断子宫内膜病变的临床应用

目的 探讨经阴道三维超声诊断子宫内膜病变的价值。方法 对经阴道二维超声检查疑似宫腔内病变的46例已婚妇女进行经阴道三维超声检查，其结果与宫腔镜及病理相对照。结果 46例患者中子宫内膜增生16例，子宫内膜息肉12例．黏膜下子宫肌瘤9例，子宫内膜癌3例．余6例为正常子宫内膜分泌期改变；二维经阴道超声、三维经阴道超声诊断子宫内膜增生的特异性、敏感性、准确性分别为66．7%、93．7%、76．1%和90．0%、100％、93.5%；诊断内膜．息肉的特异性、敏感性、准确性分别为88．2%，58．3%、80．4%和100%、83．3％、95.7％，结论 三维经阴道超声提高了子宫内膜病变的诊断水平．与二维经阴道超声结合是诊断子宫内膜病变的首选方法。