功能性颈清扫术在复发性鳃裂畸形治疗中的应用

目的:探讨功能性颈清扫术在复发性鳃裂畸形治疗中的应用。方法:回顾性分析我科采用功能性颈清扫术治疗复发性鳃裂畸形(瘘管和囊肿)患者15例的资料。结果:13例切口一期愈合,2例二期愈合,1例术后饮水呛咳,1个月后自行恢复,1例术后遗留Horner综合征。随访2个月～6年,除2例失访外,无一例复发。结论:功能性颈清扫术对于多次复发的第二、第三鳃裂畸形(瘘管和囊肿)是一种安全有效的治疗手段。     

第三鳃裂瘘管7例诊治体会

目的 探讨第三鳃裂瘘管有效的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月～2011年12月我院及安徽医科大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉科经手术及病理确诊的7例第三鳃裂瘘管患者的临床资料,探讨第三鳃裂瘘管的诊断及手术方法,总结临床经验.结果 7例患者中2例无手术史,5例有2～5次手术史,7例患者根据患者的颈部体征、纤维喉镜检查和影像学检查于术前能确定为第三鳃裂瘘管的有5例,2例行择区性颈清扫术于术中发现瘘管并根据瘘管内口确定为第三鳃裂瘘管,所有病例切口均一期愈合,无并发症.随访3月～5年,无1例复发.结论 对于腮裂瘘管应在术前采取多种检查方法以明确其类型有助于提高治愈率,除了碘油造影,下咽稀钡摄片外CT检查对感染期的第三腮裂瘘管具有较高的诊断价值;对于多次手术导致的术前难以确定腮裂瘘管类型的患者行择区性颈清扫术是较好的选择.     

借鉴分区性颈清扫操作技术切除颈部非肿瘤病变13例

目的探讨分区性颈清扫技术在颈部非肿瘤病例中的应用。方法借鉴分区性颈清扫技术对颈部非肿瘤病变进行切除，其中有脓肿型或溃疡型颈淋巴结核5例、复发鳃裂瘘管7例、颈部肿物经切取活检后形成囊肿1例。所有病例均采取整块切除病变组织。结果颈清扫技术有利于彻底清除与周围组织粘连紧密、分界欠清、范围较广、并且常规治疗效果欠佳的病变。本组病例未出现副神经和喉返神经损伤、切口愈合不良等并发症。术后随访5个月至2年均未见复发。结论参照分区性颈清术的手术技术处理复发型第2、3鳃裂瘘管和有脓肿（≥3cm）或瘘管形成的颈淋巴结核，可取得较好的临床疗效。     

第三、四鳃裂畸形的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨第三、四鳃裂畸形的临床特征、诊断方法以及手术治疗的技巧与疗效.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月～2013年3月间21例第三、四鳃裂畸形的临床资料.左侧19例,右侧2例.年龄9～53岁,其中40岁以下16例（占76.2％）.完全性瘘管10例,不完全性瘘管11例,其中明确存在梨状窝内瘘口者16例.均采用全麻下颈淋巴结清扫方式行手术治疗,同时行同侧甲状腺腺叶切除16例,行甲状腺部分切除5例.结果 病理均证实为鳃裂畸形.术后咽瘘1例,经换药保守治疗愈合.术后暂时性喉返神经麻痹1例,术后1月复查恢复正常.术后随访均1年以上,未见复发.结论 反复发作的左侧颈根部脓肿或化脓性甲状腺炎应考虑到第三、四鳃裂畸形的可能;采用颈清扫的手术方式行病变区域整块切除并注重内瘘口的处理是防止复发的关键。     

先天性第四鳃裂畸形的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨先天性第四鳃裂畸形(congenital fourth branchial anomaly,CFBA)的解剖学特点、临床表现、诊断和外科处理原则.方法 回顾性分析8例CFBA患者的临床资料,年龄27～300个月(中位年龄114个月);男4例,女4例;初治3例,复发5例;病变均位于左颈,其中囊肿型1例,窦道型3例(均为内瘘口),瘘管型4例;3例表现为急性甲状腺炎,4例表现为颈深部脓肿,1例表现为颈部肿块.结果 术前检查包括食管吞钡8例次、直接喉镜4例次、CT 5例次、MRI 5例次.急性期患者采取充分引流、控制感染;静止期患者行病灶完整切除+喉返神经解剖+甲状腺腺叶部分切除,对复发病例采用择区性颈清扫术根除瘢痕、炎性肉芽和病变组织.术后1例患者切口局部感染,经换药后愈合;1例患者出现暂时性声带麻痹,1个月后完全恢复.患者随访13～42个月,中位随访时间21个月,未见复发.结论 CFBA走行与喉返神经和甲状腺关系密切.食管吞钡、直接喉镜检查最具诊断价值,CT和MRI有助于明确诊断.治疗原则为感染静止期行喉返神经解剖和甲状腺腺叶部分切除,必要时切除部分甲状软骨翼板以减少并发症和预防复发,复发病例可采用择区性颈清扫术治疗.     

先天性第四鳃裂畸形的走行探讨和治疗经验

目的 对先天性第四鳃裂畸形的走行进行探讨并总结治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年4月收治的12例第四鳃裂畸形患者的临床资料,对第四鳃裂畸形的走行及其手术方式进行分析.结果 12例患者术中均显露喉返神经,10例行甲状腺腺叶部分切除,其中2例行Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ及Ⅵ区颈清扫术；此10例病变均行于甲状腺后方,其中7例进入梨状窝尖；1例术前检查示内瘘口于梨状窝尖,但术中未探及内瘘口；1例止于颈段食管侧壁；1例开口于颈段食管.另2例患者中1例病变以条索止于甲状腺外侧,1例为甲状腺外侧囊肿.本组无瘘管绕过舌下神经的病例,也没有延伸至纵隔的病例.1例患者术中切断左侧喉返神经,立即行喉返神经端端吻合术,术后左侧声带麻痹.本组患者术后随访8～88个月,中位随访时间24个月,10例无复发,1例复发,1例失访.结论 本组病例的先天性瘘管走行与理论走行不符合.病变大多与甲状腺和喉返神经关系密切,需保护喉返神经,处理甲状腺.对难以辨认瘘管走行的复发病例应行上至二腹肌下的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ及Ⅵ区颈清扫术.术中未找到内瘘口者,应进行长期随访.     

复发性先天性颈侧瘘管及囊肿治疗方式的回顾性分析

目的:总结39例复发性先天性颈侧瘘管及囊肿患者的治疗经验,以期提高颈侧瘘管及囊肿的治愈率。方法:回顾性分析39例手术切除后复发的颈侧瘘管及囊肿患者的诊治过程。其中第一鳃裂来源12例,第二鳃裂来源6例,第三鳃裂来源21例。结果:所有患者经历瘘管或囊肿切除手术2～5次。最后1次术后随访9个月～17年,6例失访;6例复发(第一鳃裂瘘管1例,第二鳃裂瘘管3例,第三鳃裂瘘管1例、囊肿1例);1例第一鳃裂瘘管患者第3次术后发生癌变,第4次术后1年死亡。2例第三鳃裂瘘管穿过甲状腺,术中切除瘘管穿行的甲状腺组织。所有术中找到明确内口并进行有效结扎的颈侧瘘管患者术后在随访期间均未见复发。结论:提高对颈侧鳃裂畸形的认识,合理选择手术时机,制定有效的手术方案是复发性颈侧瘘管治愈的关键。     

第四鳃裂畸形的诊断和手术治疗

目的:分析第四鳃裂畸形的临床特点,探讨其诊断和手术治疗方法。方法:对10例第四鳃裂畸形患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献对诊断、鉴别诊断及手术治疗方法进行探讨;全部患者均经手术彻底切除病变组织,妥善处理内窦口。结果:随访1～3年,10例均无复发。1例术后即出现声音低沉及饮水呛咳,2周后恢复正常;1例术后即出现伸舌左偏,3个月后复诊恢复正常。结论:反复发作的颈前区中下部的颈深部脓肿及慢性感染窦道,应考虑第四鳃裂畸形的诊断。颈部增强CT扫描及钡餐检查可辅助诊断,病理检查可确诊。手术彻底切除病变组织是治疗第四鳃裂畸形的有效方法,明确内窦道的走行特点及其感染扩散途径,采用选择性颈清扫术的手术原则,是保证彻底切除病变的关键。     

瘘管衬里外翻法治疗颈侧第3鳃裂瘘管1例

颈侧第 3鳃裂瘘管的外口通常在胸锁乳突肌中 1 /3段前缘皮肤内 ,内口在同侧梨状隐窝顶部。行瘘管造影时 ,可能因窦道内有反复感染等原因造成阻塞而不易获得成功 ,术后尚有 3%～ 2 1 %的复发率〔3〕。我们采用瘘管衬里外翻法治疗 1例复发性颈左侧第 3鳃裂瘘管 ,效果满意。现报告如下。　　患者 ,男 ,2 2岁。于 1 980年 3月 1 1日入院。平素体健。 5年前在外院手术摘除颈左侧第 3鳃裂瘘管 ,术后约 2年颈左侧出现肿痛、化脓并破溃 ,排脓后疮口可暂时愈合 ,但不久又复发。入院时见颈左胸锁乳突肌中段下方的皮肤有一约 3ｃｍ× 4ｃｍ破溃感染区 ,…     

第一鳃裂瘘管切除术中面神经解剖的临床意义

目的探讨面神经解剖在第一鳃裂瘘管切除术中的意义。方法回顾性分析我科2005～2010年收治的23例第一鳃裂瘘管患者的临床资料。所有病例均在明视面神经的情况下完整切除病变及周围瘢痕组织。10例无手术史的患者行面神经总干解剖法;13例有术前切开引流及瘘管切除史的患者行面神经下颌缘支解剖法。结果所有患者手术切口均I期愈合。1例患者术后出现一过性面瘫,术后1周时完全恢复。5例行外耳道部分皮肤和软骨切除的患者术后均无外耳道狭窄及听力下降。随访9个月～6年,23例患者均未见复发。结论第一鳃裂瘘管与面神经关系密切,面神经解剖在第一鳃裂瘘管切除术中可有效防止面神经不可逆损伤。     

Resection of recurrent branchial cleft deformity using selective neck dissection technique

ObjectivesThis study explores application of selective neck dissection technique in recurrent second, third, and fourth branchial cleft deformities.MethodsA total of 19 cases of recurrent second, third, and fourth branchial cleft deformities were treated using the selective neck dissection technique, during which the sternocleidomastoid muscle, cervical anterior muscle, and carotid sheath were contoured. The lesion above the prevertebral fascia was then resected en bloc. Finally, the opening of the internal fistula was ligated and sutured using the purse-string approach.ResultsPatients in this study had no injures to their internal carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. There were also no complications such as poor wound healing. The patients were monitored for 7–73 months and showed no recurrences.ConclusionsUsing selective neck dissection to treat second, third, and fourth branchial cleft deformities resulted in en bloc lesion resections and reduced the chance of recurrence. Contouring the sternocleidomastoid muscle, strap muscle, and carotid sheath is key to the surgical procedure, as it leads to en bloc lesion resection while retaining the recurrent laryngeal nerve and carotid sheath.     

Diagnosis and treatment of branchial cleft anomalies in UKMMC: a 10-year retrospective study

Branchial cleft anomalies result from abnormal persistence of branchial apparatus, which is located at the lateral part of the neck. These occur due to failure of obliteration of the branchial apparatus during embryonic development. Differential diagnoses of lateral neck mass are salivary gland or neurogenic neoplasms, paragangliomas, adenopathies, cystic hygroma or cystic metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma or thyroid papillary carcinoma. Clinically, a branchial cyst is smooth, round, fluctuant and non-tender, and usually occurs over the upper part of the neck, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Sometimes, it may present as infected cyst (or abscess), a sinus or fistula. Surgical excision is the definitive treatment for branchial anomalies. The objective of the work was to study the demographic data, clinical presentation, definite diagnostic workup and treatment of patients diagnosed with branchial anomalies. This is a retrospective study of 26 patients who were diagnosed with branchial anomalies (branchial cyst and fistula), of which only 12 patients had data available between July 1999 and June 2009 at the Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. Twelve cases of branchial anomalies were seen, in which 10 patients had second branchial cyst anomalies, 1 had third branchial fistula and 1 had bilateral branchial lesion. There were seven females and five males. The age of the patients varied over a wide range (4–44 years), but the majority of the patients were in their second and third decade of life. All branchial anomalies occurred at the classical site; eight patients had left-sided neck lesion. Correct clinical diagnosis was made only in five patients (41.6 %). All patients underwent surgical excision with no reported recurrence. Branchial anomalies are frequently forgotten in the differential diagnosis of lateral neck swelling. Diagnosis is usually delayed, leading to improper treatment. The diagnosis of patients who present with lateral neck cystic swelling with or without episodes of recurrent neck abscess should be considered with a high suspicion for branchial anomalies. FNA cytology is a good investigative tool in reaching toward a diagnosis of branchial lesion, with the concurrent assistance of radiological modalities. Surgical excision is the gold standard treatment of lesions of branchial anomalies.     

Fourth branchial cyst presenting with right-sided vocal cord paralysis

Fourth branchial anomalies are rare entities. Despite this, they must be considered when presented with a low lateral neck mass, recurrent lower neck abscesses, or recurrent suppurative thyroiditis. The truly unique presentation of this case highlights the importance of including these anomalies in the differential diagnosis for all neck lesions.     

Congenital fistula of the fourth branchial pouch

Between 1986 and 1995, 128 patients were treated for various head and neck congenital malformations at Saint-Luc University Hospital, Louvain. We report three cases of fourth branchial pouch cysts requiring surgical removal. One of these cases presented with a third branchial pouch remnant on the same side and subsequently a fourth branchial pouch sinus. To our knowledge, this is the first case published in the literature. A fourth branchial pouch sinus tract can become manifest clinically by recurrent episodes of neck abscess or acute suppurative thyroiditis (especially in infants). The tract can be identified with a barium swallow during the period of latency and hypopharyngeal endoscopy under general anesthesia. Total excision of the fistula with dissection up to the pyriform sinus with or without a left thyroid gland lobectomy and isthmectomy is the treatment of choice. Received: 13 June 1997 / Accepted: 18 September 1997     

Fourth branchial cleft cyst with no identifiable tract: case report and treatment approach

We describe a rare case of a fourth branchial cleft cyst that had no identifiable tract. The patient was a 23-year-old man who presented with recurring neck abscesses. After six similar episodes, computed tomography finally demonstrated that the most recent abscess had extended into the thyroid gland, a finding that led to the correct diagnosis. Extensive surgical extirpation of the cyst with an adjacent neck dissection was performed, and the patient remained symptom-free at 25 months of follow-up. The occurrence of a fourth branchial cleft cyst with no clear tract presents a surgical dilemma, as complete dissection cannot be guaranteed. Consequently, such patients are predisposed to recurrence. We propose that definitive management of a fourth branchial cleft cyst with no identifiable tract focus on eliminating the likely embryologically based path of bacterial seeding. This includes a hemithyroidectomy in conjunction with a selective neck dissection to cover all areas where a fourth branchial tract may lie within the neck.