中国脑血管病影像应用指南的更新

为了将新的影像技术及时地应用于临床,中华医学会神经病学分会及其脑血管病学组更新了中国脑血管病影像应用指南。指南主要新增加了平扫CT预测早期血肿扩大、一站式多模态CT在急诊脑血管病诊疗中的应用、磁共振成像在血管源性白质损伤诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用、血管壁磁共振成像技术临床应用价值、磁敏感加权成像在各种出血以及血栓的早期诊断中的应用等。指南还对具有临床应用前景的一些技术(如动脉自旋标记)进行了介绍。希望能与时俱进、不断更新,更好地为临床服务。     

CT灌注成像联合血管成像在老年急性缺血性脑血管病中的应用价值

目的观察临床应用CT灌注成像联合血管成像对老年急性缺血性脑血管病的应用价值。方法选取2012-04—2015-12在我院进行诊治的77例急性缺血性脑血管病患者给予CT灌注成像联合血管成像检查,并根据CT、MRI检查分为短暂性脑缺血发作及脑梗死2组,分析2组患者的发病情况及血管成像检查结果、CT灌注成像参数。结果 CI组患者的CBV、CBF较健侧明显下降(P0.05),TTP和MTT较健侧明显延长(P0.05);TIA组与健侧相比仅有TTP及MTT明显延长(P0.05),CBV和CBF无明显变化(P0.05);总血管狭窄发生率为66.23%;发生血管狭窄患者CTPI阳性率明显高于无出现血管狭窄患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床应用CT灌注成像联合血管成像能够为临床医师及时诊断、治疗老年急性缺血性脑血管病提供客观依据。     

磁共振成像诊断常见中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的研究进展

多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)和视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders,NMOSD)是常见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病。近年来,随着磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)诊断技术的不断发展以及自身免疫性抗体检测技术的进步,对这类中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的认识也不断深入。众多的MRI诊断标准和指南为临床诊断MS和NMOSD提供了重要的依据。自身免疫性抗体和神经影像特征的差异提示髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关脑脊髓炎(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated encephalomyelitis,MOG-EM)是不同于MS和NMOSD的一类独立疾病。因此,如何应用MRI技术鉴别MOG-EM与MS和NMOSD,并借助MRI技术实现早期诊断以及指导治疗和预测预后,已成为当前中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的研究热点。本文旨在阐述MRI技术在常见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病诊断中的应用价值及其最新进展。     

无体征性脑梗塞的MRI研究

无体征性脑梗塞是指无瘫痪等神经系统体征,而在CT或MRI影像上见有梗塞灶而言。过去从病理检查或CT影像学研究,一般认为其发生率在正常人中约占10％,且随年龄增长而增加,并提示与脑血管病危险因素有关,通过MRI其检出率则更高。作者以门诊病人为主要研究对象,用MRI对无体征性脑梗塞进行了研究,接受头部MRI检查者为713例,均无瘫痪等客观神经系统体征和痴呆等精神症状以及脑血管病发作的既往史。使用永磁型0.2Tesla MRI检查,在MRI T_2加权像表现为直径大于3mm的高信号区才确认是梗塞灶。将梗塞灶所在部位分为额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶、基底     

磁共振弥散成像诊断急性缺血性脑血管病的观察

急性脑血管病早期正确的诊断对制定治疗方案和对改善患者的预后有十分重要的意义。近年来，随着神经影像技术的发展，MRI弥散成像(DWI)，使急性缺血性脑血管病的早期快速、准确诊断成为可能。现将我院子2003—02～2003—12收治的16例急性缺血性脑血管病患者的磁共振弥散成像结果报道如下。     

CADASIL的临床影像和病理学特征分析(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的分析CADASIL的临床、影像和病理学特征,提高对CADASIL的认识。方法诊治1例CADASIL患者,详细追问病史,常规检查常见脑血管病危险因素,调查其家系,阅读头部MRI和CT片,进行肌肉、皮肤小动脉活检,结合文献对其临床、影像和病理学进行讨论。结果患者血糖、血压、血脂在正常范围,中年起病,表现为反复缺血性卒中发作;其家系缺血性脑卒中发病呈常染色体显性遗传;头部MRI可发现胼胝体、外囊区长T1和长T2信号,无论头部MRI还是CT均显示额顶叶相对对称的白质病变;电镜检查发现外周血管GOM阳性。结论有阳性家族史、无常见脑血管病危险因素并且发病年龄相对较早的缺血性脑血管病患者应考虑到CADASIL可能,其头部MRI或CT所显示的胼胝体和/或外囊和/或颞极及额顶叶白质对称出现的病变支持该病可能,通过外周血管活检,GOM阳性则可确诊。     

多模态脑灌注低剂量CT成像技术在缺血性脑血管病中的应用

正脑灌注成像技术对缺血性脑血管病患者的诊断以及治疗计划的制定有积极的意义[1],磁共振成像以及核医学检查均可用于急性缺血性脑卒中及脑梗死的评价,但因其操作复杂、费时,在实际应用中受到一定限制。CT灌注成像的扫描时间短,操作简单,在缺血性脑卒中的应用受到重视[2]。不同于传统的CT灌注成像,飞利浦256层CT灌注成像覆盖范围大,辅配飞利浦公司i Dose迭代算法,可明显降低患者所     

鞍上区病变的影像诊断与鉴别

目的回顾性分析鞍上病变的CT和MRI影像表现,以提高诊断和鉴别诊断能力。方法收集经CT、MRI检查并经病理或临床证实鞍上区病变32例,均行CT和MRI平扫并大部分增强扫描。结果32例鞍上病变MRI发生率100%,CT发现率93%,定性诊断与病理符合29例。结论应用MRI检查技术是目前诊断鞍上病变最好的方法之一,大部分病例MRI优于CT。MRI以失状、冠状、轴位平扫加增强扫描为基础,必要时辅助特殊序列检查,可以清晰显示病变位置、大小、信号以及周围组织结构关系,提高诊断符合率。     

多层螺旋CT灌注成像在颅脑系统疾病中的应用研究

随着多层螺旋CT的推广使用,使以脑血流动力学研究为目的的多层螺旋CT脑灌注成像(MSCT perfusion imaging)逐渐变为现实,为综合应用CT扫描技术提供了条件,为临床提供了一种全新的、极具潜力的、适用面广的影像检查新技术。一、CT脑灌注成像理论基础1.脑灌注成像理论的形成:在198     

多发性硬化:正确理解影像术语,选择合适影像检查

正多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)自1868年被报道和命名至今已有超过150年历史。MS的临床表现多种多样,缺少诊断特异性,有诊断价值的生物学标记物也很少。随着电子计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)等影像技术的陆续发明和常规使用,人们发现MS的影像表现有一定特征性,因此MRI在MS诊断中的作用也越来越大。在MS临床工作中,对影像学资料的恰当分析,需要正确理解影像术语,选择合适影像检查,本文将对此进行分析讨     

Cerebrovascular diseases

Conventional neuroradiological techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), make a fundamental contribution in both the acute and chronic phases of stroke. Recent years have witnessed the development of new imaging modalities, which include diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), CT-angiography (CTA), MR-angiography (MRA), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional MRI (fMRI). While CTA, MRA, DWI and PWI are commonly used for clinical purposes, DTI, MRS and fMRI are becoming increasingly important in the field of experimental research of cerebrovascular diseases, but are still far from becoming of primary usefulness in the everyday clinical setting.     

Magnetic resonance and clinical cerebrovascular disease. An update

MRI is becoming the imaging modality of choice in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease although CT is still the test of choice to exclude acute hemorrhagic stroke. We have briefly reviewed characteristic features of ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease as well as vascular anomalies as seen on MRI. In time MRS should provide useful noninvasive metabolic data to complement the anatomical data in patients with cerebrovascular disease.     

脑小血管病变与临床诊治

随着对脑血管病临床研究的不断深入和核磁共振成像各项检测功能的开发和利用,脑小血管病变（SVD）正日益受到人们的关注。由于SVD是隐匿性渐进发展的,所以以往人们对它往往认识不足。血管性认知损害和痴呆与SVD有着密切的关系,SVD的后期可对患者造成不可逆性损害。本文就SVD的病理生理变化、相关危险因素以及临床治疗中的一些注意事项作一综述。     

The contribution of computerized tomography and MRI in the diagnosis of degenerative dementia

CT and MRI are presently the most commonly used imaging techniques providing optimal visualisation of brain images. Normal aging is observed on CT and especially on MRI: these changes should be recognized and differentiated from pathological brain anomalies. The authors briefly describe changes demonstrated by CT and MRI in the most commonly encountered dementia: still emphasis is put on the fact that these anomalies are poorly specific and never pathognomonic. On the contrary, it must be prompted to perform CT and MRI in demented patients in order to rule out diseases curable by surgery such as normal pressure hydrocephaly, subdural hematoma, meningioma and so on especially well demonstrated by CT and MRI.     

脑血管痉挛的影像学研究及进展

脑血管痉挛（CVS）是蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的常见并发症之一,也是该类疾病致死、致残的重要原因,近年研究结果表明神经影像学检查对CVS的早期判断及监测具有较大价值。本文综述了经颅多普勒、数字减影血管造影、CT灌注成像、CT血管成像、磁共振弥散加权成像及灌注加权成像等神经影像学技术在判断CVS方面的临床应用及其进展。     

Some methodological issues in neuroradiological research in psychiatry

Summary An outline is given of some of the methodological issues discussed in neuroradiological research on psychiatric illness. Strengths and shortcomings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in depicting and quantifying brain structures are described. Temporal lobe anatomy and pathology are easily accessible to MRI, whereas limits on anatomical delineation hamper approaches to frontal lobe study. White matter hyperintense lesions are sensitively depicted by MRI, but specificity is limited. Distinction of vascular and primary degenerative dementia is considerably improved by CT and MRI analysis. Computed tomography (CT) and MRI have enhanced the understanding of treatable organic psychiatric disorders, e.g., normal pressure hydrocephalus. Subcortical and white matter pathology has been replicated in CT and MRI studies of late-onset psychiatric disorders, clinical overlap with cerebrovascular disease or neurodegeneration may be of import. Transcranial sonography findings of brainstem structural change specific to unipolar depression may contribute to the understanding of affective psychoses. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI are likely to stimulate psychiatric research in the future.     

Clinical use of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in stroke

There are many positive aspects to the use of MRI in the evaluation of cerebrovascular disease. First, the MR imaging technique appears to be essentially without hazard. It does not rely on ionizing radiation, and no intravenous injections of contrast agent are necessary. MRI exploits the tissue's inherent biophysical characteristics to provide superior contrast. Infarctions are well delineated by MRI, often better and earlier than CT. Because of the lack of MRI signal from bone and thus the lack of transverse artifact from bone often seen with CT, lesions in the posterior fossa are very well visualized. With MRI it is possible to obtain images in the transverse, coronal, and sagittal planes, which provides for good evaluation of lesion size and extent. Arteriovenous malformations have been visualized by MRI, but it is still too early to know whether MRI has any detection capability over CT in this disorder. Subdural hematomas have been well visualized by MRI, including cases of isodense subdurals not visualized by CT. On the other hand, MRI has not proven to have any advantage over CT in the evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic infarction, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In fact, for detection of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, CT may be better at the present time. In chronic infarction the surrounding area of Wallerian degeneration may cause the area of infarction to appear larger than it actually is. Hopefully, with further research into the use of different pulse sequence techniques and with good neuropathological correlation, the present limitations of MRI can be eliminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Clinical aspects of brainstem infarction

Ischemic stroke in the vertebrobasilar arterial territory often presents stunning signs and symptoms, and poses little difficulty in the clinical diagnosis. But in less dramatic cases, it is often difficult to make accurate clinical diagnosis and to document the precise extent of an infarct. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate clinicotopographic correlations in patients with various brainstem and cerebellar infarctions and to reevaluate the importance of bedside clinical examinations for understanding pathophysiology and planning management of the patient. One hundred forty-three patients with clinical diagnosis of the vertebrobasilar infarction confirmed by MRI were studied. MRI is superior to CT scanning in delineating areas of infarction in the territory of posterior cerebral circulation because of the three dimensional approach and the lack of bone artifact. MRI also allowed very precise clinicotopographic correlations even in patients with good recovery, in whom pathologic verification of the lesion is not possible. There are some restrictions of MRI diagnosis to detect the clinical features which change from hour to hour, because of the mechanical limitation in spatial resolution and of the temporal uncertainty of the lesions such as reversible edema or coincidental asymptomatic old lesions. Clinical importance of ocular signs (eg. skew deviation, gaze limitations, nystagmus, pupillary abnormalities and so on) was discussed. Some eye-movement abnormalities (eg. gaze paresis, MLF syndrome, 'one-and-a-half' syndrome, lateropulsion or contrapulsion of eyes, and vertical nystagmus at the primary position) served as useful localizing signs, and especially their consecutive observations were of importance for clinical local diagnosis. Clinical syndromes, caused by lacunar lesions located either in the supratentorial or in the infratentorial structures, such as pure motor hemiparesis and ataxic hemiparesis were also discussed. In some cases of these syndromes, MRI failed to document the precise lesion responsible for the episode due to the multiplicities of small asymptomatic lesions. Even in such cases, detailed clinical informations (temporal profiles of the episode, past medical histories, neuro-ophthalmic signs and so on) may enable the differential diagnosis. It is concluded that the use of new imaging techniques such as MRI may provide new insights in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases, but the importance of clinical observations can not be overemphasized.     

New magnetic resonance imaging methods for cerebrovascular disease: emerging clinical applications

During the 1990s, novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have emerged that allow the noninvasive and rapid assessment of normal brain functioning and cerebral pathophysiology. Some of these techniques, including diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion-weighted imaging, have already been used extensively in specialized centers for the evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disease. Evidence is now rapidly accumulating that both diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging, particularly when used in combination with high-speed MR angiography, will lead to improvements in the clinical management of acute stroke patients. Other novel MR techniques, such as spectroscopic imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI, have not yet assumed a definitive role in the diagnostic evaluation of cerebrovascular disease. However, they are promising research tools that provide noninvasive data about infarct evolution as well as mechanisms of stroke recovery. In this article, we review the basic principles underlying these novel MRI techniques and outline their current and anticipated future impact on the diagnosis and management of patients with cerebrovascular disease.