海南地区Gleason评分≥7分的前列腺癌患者血清PSA和睾酮水平与预后相关性探讨

目的:分析海南地区Gleason评分≥7分的前列腺癌（prostatic cancer,PCa）患者血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)和总睾酮（total testosterone,TT）水平与5年总生存率的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2009年01月至2019年12月我院收治的前列腺癌患者106例作为PCa组,选取同期良性前列腺增生症（benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH）患者120例作为BPH组,比较两组患者临床资料、血清PSA、TT水平;再根据PCa组患者5年生存情况分为生存组（n=81）和死亡组（n=25）,比较两组患者临床资料、Gleason评分、血清PSA、TT水平;采用多因素COX回归分析影响前列腺癌患者预后的独立危险因素;绘制受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC）,分析血清PSA、TT水平早期评估前列腺癌患者预后的预测价值;采用Spearman相关性模型分析血清PSA、TT水平与病理Gleason评分的相关性。结果:PCa组患者年龄、前列腺体积、血清PSA水平高于BPH组,血清TT水平低于BPH组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;生存组患者Gleason评分、血清PSA水平、骨转移发生率、TNM分期低于死亡组,血清TT水平高于死亡组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;Spearman相关性分析显示,血清PSA水平与病理Gleason评分呈正相关（r=0.634,P＜0.05）,血清TT水平与病理Gleason评分呈负相关（r=-0.755,P＜0.05）;多因素COX回归分析显示,高PSA水平（HR=1.352）、高Gleason评分（HR=4.576）、高TNM分期(HR=2.937)和骨转移（HR=1.258）是前列腺癌患者预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）,高TT水平（HR=0.063）是前列腺癌患者预后的保护因素（P＜0.05）;ROC曲线显示,血清PSA、TT水平及两者联合早期预测前列腺癌患者预后的曲线下面积（area under curve,AUC）为0.811、0.887和0.934,敏感度为88.00%、96.00%和92.00%,特异度为68.73%、72.84%和82.72%,截点值分别为21.51 ng/mL和3.74 ng/mL。结论:前列腺癌患者血清PSA、TT水平可作为早期评估患者预后的重要指标,其与病理Gleason评分存在高度相关性。     

经直肠超声定位下前列腺穿刺活检术的探讨

目的探讨理想的前列腺穿刺活检方案。方法回顾性分析127例疑诊为前列腺癌患者的年龄、直肠指检（DRE）或经直肠超声（TRUS）情况、血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）水平、前列腺体积大小、穿刺针数等,与穿刺活检阳性率的关系。结果 127例穿刺活检结果显示：前列腺增生症（BPH）80例,前列腺癌（PCa）47例,PCa活检阳性率为37.9%;随着患者年龄的增长及PSA水平的增高,PCa检出率明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对前列腺体积不同患者,采用不同穿刺活检方案,其PCa活检阳性率不等,小体积前列腺患者,系统6针、10针、12针穿刺活检三组阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,大体积前列腺患者,12针穿刺活检阳性率明显高于系统6针的。直肠指检阳性组穿刺活检阳性率与阴性组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论对不同的初次前列腺活检患者,应当根据患者的个体情况选择不同的穿刺活检方案。     

彩超引导下6点随机法前列腺活检的应用价值

目的:探讨经直肠超声引导下对PSA增高伴直肠指检阳性和/或经直肠超声检查发现异常回声的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者6针随机改良法前列腺穿刺活检的应用价值.方法:对104例PSA>4.0ng/mL伴直肠指检阳性和/或经直肠超声检查异常回声的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者行经直肠超声引导下6针随机改良法前列腺穿刺活检.即在外腺、病变可疑处、血流丰富处顺时针方向重点取材6条组织,将活检病理结果与术后病理结果进行对照,并与经直肠超声引导下13针前列腺穿刺病理活检结果进行比较.结果:104例PSA增高的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者中,穿刺活检病理结果59例为前列腺腺癌,45例为前列腺增生.与术后病理结果对照穿刺活检阳性率100%,前列腺腺癌检出率56.7%(59/104).与13针经直肠前列腺穿刺活检阳性率39%(20/51)相比,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).结论:本研究与传统的经直肠超声引导13针前列腺穿刺活检术相比,对PSA增高伴直肠指检阳性和,或经直肠超声检查发现异常回声的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者采用经直肠超声引导下6针随机改良法穿刺活检,在减少了穿刺针数,缩短了手术时间,减少患者痛苦和并发症发生的同时保证了标本的阳性检出率,具有一定的临床应用价值,是一种安全、有效、微创的前列腺疾病诊断方法.     

TRIM29联合PSA在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨TRIM29在前列腺癌的表达情况,并讨论其异常表达与前列腺癌Gleason评分、骨转移等临床病理特征间的关系以及TRIM29联合前列腺癌特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)检测在前列腺癌诊断中的应用前景。方法:56例经病理确诊的前列腺癌患者为实验组,25例良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者为对照组。应用免疫组化和Western blot法检测TRIM29蛋白表达水平,检测患者外周血PSA水平。二元回归法分析PSA、TRIM29相关诊断性能。结果:正常前列腺基底细胞均可见TRIM29表达,而前列腺癌组织则呈低表达,Western blot结果提示前列腺组织中TRIM29表达水平明显低于正常前列腺组织(P<0.01),在前列腺伴发骨转移患者中TRIM29表达水平低于不伴骨转移患者(P=0.038),TRIM29表达水平与前列腺患者Gleason评分密切相关,TRIM29表达与PSA无相关性,其诊断效价略优于PSA(P=0.041)。结论:TRIM29低表达与前列腺癌发生关系密切,可作为前列腺诊断的潜在靶点,辅助PSA达到早期诊断前列腺的目的。     

P504S/AMACR在穿刺前列腺癌标本中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究P504S/AMACR在穿刺前列腺癌标本中的表达及其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组化二步法检测穿刺前列腺癌标本中P504S/AMACR的表达情况,并分析其在肿瘤组织中的表达与各临床病理因素的相关性。结果:P504S/AMACR在前列腺高级别上皮内瘤变（HGPIN）和前列腺癌组织中的表达显著高于癌旁前列腺组织,P504S/AMACR的高表达与患者高 Gleason 评分（P<0.01）及骨转移之间（P<0.01）存在显著相关性。但其表达与患者年龄、术前总PSA、临床分期之间均无显著相关性（P>0.05）。结论:P504S/AMACR在不同前列腺组织中的表达强度不同,其表达强度与前列腺癌Gleason评分和骨转移明显相关。     

不同PSA水平的国人首次前列腺穿刺活检所需穿刺针数的研究

目的 比较不同PSA水平患者采用6点法和12点法的前列腺活检阳性率,探讨针对不同的患者人群设计国人合理的首次前列腺穿刺点数。 方法 通过研究首次接受直肠超声引导经会阴前列腺穿刺的425例患者,在PSA的不同水平段,比较6点法和12点法的阳性率的差异,以及阳性患者穿刺活检Gleason评分与前列腺癌根治术后病理标本Gleason评分之间的差异。 结果 425例患者中6点法穿刺224例,12点法201例。PSA＞20 ng/ml的患者6点法与12点法的阳性率分别为85.3%、77.5%（P＞0.05）;PSA10~20 ng/ml患者6点法和12点法的阳性率分别为33.8%、39.1%（P＞0.05）。两者的12点法比6点法没有更高的阳性率。PSA≤10 ng/ml患者6点法和12点法的阳性率分别为24.1%、45.8%（P＜0.05）,12点法比6点法阳性率显著提高。结论 对于国人首次行前列腺穿刺,若PSA＞20 ng/ml推荐行6点法穿刺;PSA≤10 ng/ml推荐12点法穿刺,而PSA在10~20 ng/ml则两种穿刺方法均可以选用。     

分析血清PSA系列及Gleason评分在前列腺癌分期中的预测价值

目的：探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigen,PSA）系列及穿刺活检Gleason评分对前列腺癌病理分期的预测价值。方法：回顾性分析根治术后病理证实为前列腺腺癌的92例患者资料,具备术前总前列腺特异抗原（total pros-tate specific antigen,tPSA）、游离PSA（free prostate specific antigen,fPSA）、fPSA/tPSA、前列腺特异抗原密度（prostate specific antigen density,PSAD）及穿刺活检Gleason评分。比较器官局限组和包膜外侵犯组之间以上指标的差异,运用工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）比较各指标的预测价值,并通过多因素logistic回归分析筛选器官局限最主要的影响因素。结果：包膜外侵犯组PSAD、tPSA、fPSA/tPSA和穿刺活检Gleason评分值均高于器官局限组（P〈0.05）;ROC曲线对器官局限性前列腺癌的单因素预测比较,仅PSAD、tPSA预测价值较好[工作特征曲线下面积（areaunder ROC,AUC）〉0.7,P〈0.05];多因素分析中仅PSAD、穿刺活检Gleason评分为器官局限最主要的影响因素（P〈0.05）,AUC达0.8（P=0.000）。结论：PSAD比tPSA对病理分期显示了更好的预测价值,病理分期预测模型可考虑以PSAD替代tPSA,结合其他因素,有望提高预测准确度。     

PSA正常的前列腺癌患者临床特点分析北大核心

目的:根据PSA低于4 ng/mL的前列腺患者的临床资料及随访情况,探讨此类前列腺癌患者的临床特点,对PSA正常的前列腺癌患者的诊断及治疗提供临床思路。方法:收集2013年01月至2018年01月西京医院及西安交通大学第二附属医院收治的35例PSA正常的前列腺癌患者的临床资料。观察此类患者的发病情况、临床就诊特征、病理学特征、危险程度分级、Gleason评分、治疗及预后。总结PSA正常的前列腺癌患者的临床诊断及治疗特征。结果:PSA正常的前列腺癌患者占同期确诊前列腺癌的5.72%。35例患者中,28例主要因为排尿困难为症状就诊,血清PSA 0.91~3.96 ng/mL,平均(2.73±0.77)ng/mL。f/tPSA>0.16为5例,占14.3%,前列腺体积平均值为(68.4±36.66)cm^(3),12例患者行磁共振检查,10例报告提示前列腺癌可能,2例报告为前列腺增生,未发现前列腺癌影像学证据。13例患者行B超引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术,11例患者病理诊断为前列腺癌,2例患者未发现肿瘤证据。行经尿道前列腺电切术共24例,其中包括2例穿刺活检未发现肿瘤证据患者,并于术后12周行前列腺癌根治性手术。病理结果显示:29例为前列腺腺癌,2例为肉瘤,2例为小细胞癌,1例为鳞癌,1例为黏液腺癌。切缘阳性10例(28.6%),侵犯精囊9例(25.71%),淋巴结阳性13例(37.14%)。TNM分期:T期6例,T期10例,T期7例,T期12例。危险度分级:低危患者5例(14.28%),中危9例(25.71%),高危21例(60%)。Gleason评分7分以下为6例(20.69%),7分为9例(31.03%),7分以上为14例(48.28%)。随访时间13~72月,术后密切监测PSA水平,术后生化复发共13例(37.14%),21例患者死亡,16例为前列腺特异性死亡。术后1、2、3年的生存率分别为:97.14%,88.57%,77.14%。结论:PSA正常的前列腺癌因无明显的临床就诊特征,精囊侵犯检出率高、Gleason评分及危险程度均偏高,3年生存率仅为77.14%。对于此类患者,不应以惯性思维认为PSA水平低,临床风险小,应更积极的完善检查,调整治疗策略,给此类患者带来更多的生存获益。     

河北医科大学第四医院前列腺癌患者的基线特征与生存分析

背景与目的：近年来，前列腺癌发病率逐年增高，但前列腺癌筛查工作仍不全面，国内前列腺癌数据库也相对匮乏。分析河北医科大学第四医院前列腺癌患者的基线特征、治疗以及生存情况等数据，为河北及周边地区前列腺癌的诊治提供参考。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月—2018年12月在河北医科大学第四医院泌尿外科就诊的857例前列腺癌患者信息，分析初次就诊时非转移性（M ₀ ）和转移性（M ₁ ）前列腺癌患者的基线特征、治疗方案和生存情况。对随访数据采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线，并用log-rank检验比较两组之间生存率差异。结果：纳入基线统计的患者共计857例，中位年龄71岁，797例存在前列腺特异性抗原（prostate-specific antigen，PSA）记录，689例存在Gleason评分记录。412例M ₀ 患者和445例M ₁ 患者中，PSA≥100 ng/mL的患者分别占11.1%（44/397）和57.3%（229/400），Gleason评分≥8分的患者分别占46.9%（166/354）和63.9%（214/335）。纳入随访分析的患者共计606例，患者生存395例，死亡211例，其中182例死于肿瘤进展。M ₀ 和M ₁ 患者5年生存率分别为63.2%（76/120）和41.3%（102/247），M ₀ 和M ₁ 患者的中位生存期分别为85和 47个月（P＜0.01）。此外，在所有采用传统内分泌治疗［雄激素剥夺治疗（androgen deprivation therapy，ADT）或联合雄激素阻断治疗（combined androgen blockade，CAB）］的M ₁ 患者和高危转移性激素敏感性前列腺癌（metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer，mHSPC）患者中，中位PSA进展时间（time to PSA progression，TTPP）分别为18和17个月。内分泌治疗初诊M ₀ 患者的中位TTPP为25个月。12例影像学检测未发现远处转移的去势抵抗性前列腺癌（non-metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer，NM-CRPC）患者，中位无转移生存期（metastasis-free survival，MFS）仅为16个月。结论：前列腺癌患者的年龄、PSA及Gleason评分偏高，多数患者在治疗时有转移，5年生存率偏低，因此应重视和加强前列腺癌的筛查工作。在接受内分泌治疗的M ₁ 患者进展为转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌（metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer，mCRPC）的时间较短，此外，接受内分泌治疗的M ₀ 患者进展至NM-CRPC后，进展为mCRPC或死亡的时间也非常短，未来对于M ₁ 和NM-CRPC患者应采取更为积极的治疗，以延缓病情进展到mCRPC阶段。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术的应用价值

[目的]探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术对诊断前列腺疾病的临床应用效果.[方法]对163例临床怀疑前列腺癌患者,行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术,并对结果进行回顾性统计分析.人选患者为前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)＞4μg/L,和(或)B超或直肠指检发现前列腺结节者.对于PSA在4～10μg/L者,结合游离PSA/总PSA比值(F/T),＜0.16者行穿刺术.前列腺穿刺活检取材方案为6～12针.[结果] 163例患者病理证实前列腺腺泡癌76例,良性前列腺增生58例,前列腺不典型增生16例,慢性前列腺炎症8例,前列腺内皮瘤形成5例.前列腺癌穿刺阳性率为46.6％.引入游离PSA/总PSA比值后,能提高PSA在4～10μg/L患者中的穿刺阳性率,但差异未达到统计学意义.术后并发症主要为血尿、大便表面带血、发热,发生率分别为45.4％、7.4％、1.8％.[结论]经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术安全有效,对前列腺癌早期诊断具有较高临床应用价值.结合PSA以及游离PSA/总PSA比值可以有效提高前列腺穿刺阳性率.     

血清PSA及超声引导穿刺活检对前列腺癌病理分期预测价值研究

目的 研究血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及超声引导穿刺活检对前列腺癌病理分期的预测价值.方法 选取200例经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺癌的患者的临床资料进行研究.分析患者的血清PSA、穿刺活检阳性百分数及Gleason评分3个参数与前列腺癌病理分期的相关性;同时对比性分析以上3个参数在不同病理分期前列腺癌患者中的差异情况.结果 血清PSA、穿刺活检阳性百分数及Gleason评分均与前列腺癌患者的病理分期呈正相关(P﹤0.001);D期前列腺癌患者的血清PSA水平明显高于A期、B期、C期前列腺癌患者(P﹤0.05),而A期、B期、C期前列腺癌患者的血清PSA水平两两之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);C期与D期前列腺癌患者的穿刺活检阳性百分数比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),而其他各分期间穿刺活检阳性百分数两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);A期与C期、B期与C期、A期与D期、B期与D期前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),而A期与B期、C期与D期前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 血清PSA、穿刺活检阳性百分数及Gleason评分均可单独用于前列腺期病理分期的预测,同时该3个参数在区分前列腺癌病理分期方面也发挥一定辅助作用.     

Prostate-specific antigen velocity and prostate cancer gleason grade and stage

BACKGROUND: Increased preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) has been associated with increased prostate cancer mortality and higher Gleason scores. The authors evaluated the relation between PSAV, biopsy Gleason score, and pathologic stage in men who were enrolled in a prostate cancer screening trial. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 1441 men who were enrolled in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial who received > or =2 PSA screens and were diagnosed with prostate cancer within 1 year of the last screen. PSAV was estimated by using all screening PSA values within 6 years prediagnosis. RESULTS: Both PSA and PSAV were related to biopsy Gleason score. The multivariable odds ratios (OR), controlling for PSA and demographics, for having a Gleason score of 7 to 10 were 1.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.9-1.9), 2.2 (95% CI, 1.5-3.3), and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.4-3.9) for men with PSAV values from 0.5 to 1 ng/mL per year, from 1 to 2 ng/mL per year, and >2 ng/mL per year, respectively, compared with men who had PSAV values <0.5 ng/mL per year. The median PSAV was 0.60 ng/mL per year for men with Gleason scores from 2 to 6 versus 0.84 ng/mL per year for men with Gleason scores from 7 to 10 (P < .0001). Among 658 men who underwent prostatectomy, both PSA and PSAV were associated with advanced pathologic stage in univariate analyses; however, when the analysis controlled for clinical stage and biopsy Gleason score, the associations of PSA and PSAV were no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: PSAV and PSA levels were associated independently with biopsy Gleason score. Among men who underwent prostatectomy, PSAV and PSA were not predictive of advanced pathologic stage when the analysis was controlled for biopsy Gleason score and clinical stage. It cannot be determined yet whether PSAV is predictive of long-term prostate cancer outcome in this cohort.     

Percent free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an accurate predictor of prostate cancer risk in men with serum PSA 2.5 ng/mL and lower

BACKGROUND: Up to 17% of men with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level below the accepted prostate biopsy cutoff of 2.5 ng/mL may have prostate cancer. Because identification of these patients represents a difficult task, we assessed the ability of percent free PSA to discriminate between benign and malignant prostate biopsy outcomes in men with PSA < or =2.5 ng/mL. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2006, 543 men with a PSA < or =2.5 ng/mL were referred for initial prostate biopsy. Age, total PSA, percent free PSA, and digital rectal examination findings represented predictors of prostate cancer at biopsy in logistic regression models. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) quantified the discriminative ability of the predictors. The pathological characteristics of the detected cancers were assessed in individuals treated with radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Of all, 23% had prostate cancer on biopsy, 16.5% of patients treated with radical prostatectomy had pT3 stage, and 35.6% had a pathological Gleason score of 3 + 4 or higher. The most accurate predictor of prostate cancer on biopsy was percent free PSA (0.68) versus age (0.50), total PSA (0.57), or rectal examination findings (0.58). Of patients with percent free PSA below 14%, 59% had prostate cancer. In multivariate models, percent free PSA (P < .001) and rectal examination findings (P = .001) were the only independent predictors of prostate cancer. The combined AUC of all predictors (0.69) was not significantly (P = .7) higher than that of percentage of free PSA alone (0.68). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of prostate cancer is clearly non-negligible in patients with PSA < or =2.5 ng/mL. The percent free PSA can accurately predict the prevalence of prostate cancer at prostate biopsy in these individuals.     

超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检560例分析

目的：探讨15针经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值及其安全性。方法：回顾性分析我院2010-01—10—2012—12—20560例初次行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术的可疑前列腺癌患者的临床资料,对穿刺结果及穿刺后并发症情况做相关分析。结果：560例穿刺患者平均年龄（67．34±9．75）岁,平均前列腺特异性抗原（prostatespecificantigen,PSA）水平为（8．41±33．45）μg／L,平均前列腺体积大小为（64．52±35．47）mL,穿刺结果为前列腺癌214例（38．2％）,前列腺增生65例（11．6％）,前列腺增生伴低级别上皮内瘤变（prostaticintraepithelialneoplasia,PIN）I128例（22．9％）,PINII～Ⅲ35例（6．3％）,良性前列腺增生（benignprostatichyperplasia,BPH）伴慢性炎症96例（17．1％）,腺泡状横纹肉瘤1例。穿刺术后119例出现肉眼血尿（21．3％）,尿频、尿急和尿痛18例（3．2％）,直肠出血3例（0．5％）,急性尿潴留15例（2．7％）,发热10例（1．8％）,无其他严重并发症。结论：经直肠超声引导下前列腺15针系统穿刺法穿刺阳性率高,并发症少,是诊断前列腺癌的安全、有效方法,值得推广。     

Histological diagnosis of prostate cancer in Korean men aged 70-79 years

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the value of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in elderly Korean men, aged 70-79 years. METHODS: Patients with an abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) and/or a serum PSA level greater than 2.0 ng/ml underwent a biopsy. A total of 344 men (median age 73 years) constituted the study cohort. RESULTS: Of 344 men, 163 (47.4%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer upon initial biopsy. The positive predictive value (PPV) for cancer was 48.4% for a PSA cutoff of 4 ng/ml, 65.3% for a cutoff of 10 ng/ml, and 87.0% for a cutoff of 20 ng/ml. When combined with an abnormal DRE, the predictive values for these PSA cutoffs increased to 79.3, 87.3 and 100%, respectively. When 10 ng/ml was chosen as a PSA cutoff level, about 50% of patients were found to have a Gleason score of 7 or higher. When 4 ng/ml was chosen as a PSA cutoff level, more than 50% of patients with an abnormal DRE were found to have a Gleason score of 7 or higher. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly men, more than 50% of patients are found to have cancers with a Gleason score of 7 or higher when their PSA level is greater than 10 ng/ml. This threshold may be lowered to 4 ng/ml in the presence of an abnormal DRE. Our findings provide a rationale for recommending a prostate biopsy in elderly patients with an abnormal DRE and/or an elevated serum PSA level. However, at present, it is not clear whether elderly men have better outcomes when they undergo cancer screening.     

骨盆径线及其他相关参数与前列腺癌根治术后尖部切缘阳性关系的探讨

目的:探讨骨盆径线及其他前列腺癌相关参数对前列腺癌根治术后前列腺尖部切缘阳性的影响。方法:回顾性研究2014至2017年于我院行前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺癌,且无其他部位转移,符合手术指征的患者共120例。根据术前前列腺磁共振测量骨盆入口前后径、坐骨棘间径、前列腺尖深度、耻骨联合角。联合其他参数［年龄、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigen,PSA）水平、前列腺体积、病理分期、根治术后标本Gleason评分、手术方式］,单因素分析各参数与前列腺尖端切缘阳性的关系,多因素回归分析确定独立危险因素。结果:前列腺尖部切缘阳性共35例,单因素回归分析显示:切缘阳性与切缘阴性组在患者年龄、BMI、前列腺体积、术前PSA水平、骨盆入口前后径、坐骨棘间径及耻骨联合角无明显统计学差异。多因素回归分析显示:前列腺尖部深度、根治术后标本Gleason评分、病理分期、手术方式为术后尖部切缘阳性的独立危险因素。结论:前列腺尖部深度,根治术后标本Gleason评分、病理分期、手术方式为前列腺尖部切缘阳性的独立危险因素。前列腺尖部深度大于等于28 mm,根治术后标本Gleason评分≥8分,病理分期在T2期以上以及选择开放性前列腺癌根治术的患者术后尖部切缘阳性率显著升高。我们可以通过术前MRI评估患者骨盆状况,选择合适的手术方式,结合病理分期及根治术后标本Gleason评分,为术后治疗方案的选择提供参考。     

Australian prostate‐specific antigen outcome and toxicity following radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer

The objective of the present study was to examine prostate‐specific antigen relapse free survival (PSA‐RFS) and morbidity following ‘conventional’ radical radiation therapy for prostate cancer in two Australian regional treatment services. Four hundred and eighty men with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated between 1993 and 1997 at Liverpool and Westmead Hospitals using a standardized 4‐field, CT‐planned radiotherapy technique. Principal endpoints were PSA‐RFS (American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology guidelines definition) and late rectal and urinary morbidity (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer criteria). The median follow up of patients from the end of RT was 55 months. Prospectively, they were divided into three prognostic categories: (i) high risk T3 or 4 and/or PSA > 20 ng/mL and/or Gleason score 8?10 (40% of cohort); (ii) intermediate risk T1 or 2 and PSA 10?20 ng/mL and/or Gleason score 7 (33% of cohort); and (iii) low risk T1 or 2 and PSA < 10 ng/mL and Gleason score < 6 (27% of cohort). The 5‐year actuarial PSA‐RFS was 53% for the whole patient group. The 4‐year rates were 32, 56 and 75% for high, intermediate and low risk groups, respectively. On multivariate analysis, T‐stage, Gleason score, pre‐RT‐PSA were strong independent predictors of PSA‐defined outcome. Late (grade 2) rectal and urinary morbidity occurred at some point in time in the post‐RT period in 8.0 and 5.8% of patients, respectively. These results confirm that low Gleason score, low T stage, presenting PSA < 10 ng/mL and nadir < 1 ng/mL remain the strongest predictors of a good outcome. Long‐term toxicity was very acceptable. However, further improvement in outcome is desirable, and with the adoption of new technology allowing escalation of radiotherapy doses such an expectation might be achieved.     

Tumour growth fraction measured by immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 is an independent prognostic factor in preoperative prostate biopsies with small‐volume or low‐grade prostate cancer

Accurate prognostic parameters in prostate biopsies are needed to better counsel individual patients with prostate cancer. We evaluated the prognostic impact of morphologic and immunohistochemical parameters in preoperative prostate cancer biopsies. A consecutive series of prostate biopsies of 279 men (72% with clinical stage T1c and 23% with T2) who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy was prospectively analysed for Gleason score, number and percentage of positive cores (NPC, PPC), total percentage of biopsy tissue with tumour (TPT), maximum tumour percentage per core (MTP), and expression of Ki67, Bcl‐2 and p53. All biopsy features were significantly associated with at least one feature of the radical prostatectomy specimen. pT stage was independently predicted by PSA, seminal vesicle invasion by Ki67 LI, positive margins by PSA and MTP, large tumour diameter by PSA and PPC, and Gleason score by biopsy Gleason score, MTP, and Ki67 LI, respectively. Biopsy Gleason score, NPC (1 vs. >1), TPT (<7 vs. ≥7%), and Ki67 LI (<10 vs. ≥10%) were significant predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (p < 0.01, each). KI67 LI was the only independent prognostic factor in case of a low TPT (<7%) or low Gleason score (<7), the hazard ratio being 6.76 and 6.44, respectively. In summary, preoperative Gleason score, NPC, TPT and Ki67 LI significantly predict the risk of recurrence after radical prostatectomy, and Ki67 is an independent prognosticator in biopsies with low‐volume or low‐grade prostate cancer. Analysis of Ki67 LI in these biopsies may help to better identify patients with clinically insignificant prostate cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.