军训伤导致慢性外踝关节不稳的手术治疗探讨

目的探讨军训伤导致慢性外踝关节不稳的手术治疗方法及其疗效。方法2002年7月—2006年11月,采用腓骨短肌腱重建修复踝关节外侧韧带的方法手术治疗14例慢性外踝不稳,术后踝关节应力位石膏外固定6周。结果经4~12个月的随访复查,优9例,良3例,中2例,总优良率85.7%。结论采用腓骨短肌腱重建外侧韧带治疗慢性外踝关节不稳疗效满意,可减少慢性外踝关节不稳导致创伤性关节炎的发生。     

半腱肌移植重建踝关节外侧副韧带及踝关节不稳

目的 探讨半腱肌移植修复陈旧性踝关节外侧副韧带损伤及踝关节不稳的有效性.方法 选择陈旧性踝关节外侧副韧带损伤患者2例,其中男1例,女1例;男25岁,女17岁.左侧1例,右侧1例.患者入院前均有2年以上反复踝部旋后位扭伤的病史.踝部损伤为Ⅲ度(美国足踝外科学院分度);前抽屉试验及距骨倾斜试验阳性.应力X线片显示距骨倾斜平均21°,且在侧位片显示距骨前脱位.2例均采用同侧自体半腱肌肌腱移植重建踝关节外侧副韧带.结果 2例平均随访8个月.患足局部无肿痛,行走正常,踝关节主动活动与被动活动良好,患足前抽屉试验及距骨倾斜试验阴性,应力X线片检查显示距骨无前脱位,距骨倾斜角＜5°.根据Mazur疗效评分标准,优1例,良1例.患者对踝关节功能主观满意.结论 (1)踝关节外侧副韧带损伤是导致慢性踝关节不稳,甚至踝关节骨性关节炎的常见原因;(2)Brostr(o)m法仍不失为修复新鲜踝关节外侧副韧带损伤的有效方法,但对陈旧性损伤无效.(3)采用自体半腱肌肌腱修复重建陈旧性踝关节外侧副韧带的方法简单,有效,对于治疗踝关节不稳、防止踝关节骨性关节炎的发生具有重要的作用.     

部分腓骨长肌腱重建治疗膝关节后外侧复合体损伤

目的 探讨部分腓骨长肌腱移植重建治疗膝关节后外侧复合体损伤的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2014年5月—2018年5月郑州市第七人民医院关节外科收治的膝关节后外侧复合体损伤患者22例,男性16例,女性6例;年龄17～51岁,平均31.4岁;均为单侧损伤,左侧10例,右侧12例.患者均采用部分腓骨长肌腱重建外侧副韧带及腘腓韧带,术后评价膝关节稳定性,采用Lysholm评分及踝-后足评分系统(AOFAS评分)分别评估膝关节、踝关节功能.结果 所有患者获得随访14～21个月,平均16.3个月.患者手术切口均Ⅰ期愈合.末次随访时,屈膝0°内翻应力试验阴性21例(21/22,95.5％),1例Ⅰ度阳性(1/22,4.5％);屈膝30°内翻应力试验阴性17例(17/22,77.3％),5例Ⅰ度阳性(5/22,22.7％).末次随访时,患者Dial-test侧侧差值均<10°(100％).膝关节Lysholm评分较术前显著改善(t=9.003,P<0.001);踝关节AOFAS评分与术前比较差异无统计学意义(t=3.427,P=0.892>0.05).结论 部分腓骨长肌腱重建外侧副韧带和腘腓韧带治疗膝关节后外侧复合体损伤,膝关节稳定性及功能恢复满意,具有临床应用价值.     

骨锚在慢性踝关节前外侧不稳手术中的临床应用

目的探讨和总结微型带线骨锚钉在治疗慢性踝关节前外侧不稳手术中的临床疗效和使用经验。方法选择2008年4月～2010年4月我院收治的慢性踝关节前外侧不稳患者38例。所有病例均采用强生Fastin RC带线锚钉手术解剖重建外踝韧带。本组男性25例,女性13例;年龄19～32岁,平均（24.1±6.4）岁。结果 38例均获得随访13～25个月,平均（16.8±6.7）个月,术后所有踝关节活动度基本恢复正常,均未出现复发性踝关节不稳。关节功能根据美国足踝骨科协会（AOFAS）足踝评分进行评估。术前与术后AOFAS后足评分有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论运用微型带线骨锚钉解剖重建外踝韧带,有效恢复了踝关节外侧的稳定性,是治疗慢性踝关节前外侧不稳合理想有效的方法。     

关节镜探查联合韧带重建治疗慢性踝关节不稳疗效观察

目的 探讨关节镜探查术联合自体半腱肌解剖重建踝关节外侧韧带治疗踝关节反复扭伤的疗效.方法 2009年1月-2010年1月采用关节镜探查术联合踝关节外侧韧带重建术治疗陈旧性踝关节外侧不稳23例.结果 除1例失访外,余22例均按指定时间（术后3、6、12个月）返院复查,踝关节功能采用美国足踝外科（AOFAS）踝-后足功能评分系统进行评定,术前30-79（49.18±11.28）分,术后3个月75-100（83.82±6.42）分,术后6个月76-100（92.73±5.27）分,术后1年76-100（92.91±5.21）分,随访期间未发现踝关节不稳复发或其他并发症.结论 采用关节镜探查联合自体半腱肌解剖重建踝关节外侧韧带治疗踝关节不稳短期疗效满意.     

关节镜下改良Brostr?m术联合腓骨肌腱清理治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳伴腓骨肌腱炎

目的比较关节镜下改良Brostr?m术联合和不联合腓骨肌腱清理治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳(CLAI)伴腓骨肌腱炎的疗效。方法采用回顾性队列研究分析2019年3月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院收治的31例CLAI伴腓骨肌腱炎患者的临床资料, 其中男17例, 女14例;年龄16～57岁[(32.8±9.6)岁]。所有患者前抽屉试验和距骨倾斜试验为阳性。经体检及MRI明确诊断并排除跟腓韧带断裂。其中关节镜下改良Brostr?m术联合腓骨肌腱清理11例(改良Brostr?m术+肌腱清理组), 关节镜下单纯改良Brostr?m术20例(改良Brostr?m术组)。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间;术前和术后2, 6, 12周腓骨肌腱走行区视觉模拟评分(VAS);术前和术后6, 12周美国足踝外科学会(AOFAS)踝-后足评分、足与踝预后量表(FAOS);末次随访时前抽屉试验;术前和末次随访时足踝功能测试(FAAM)评分。观察术后切口愈合及并发症情况。结果患者均获随访4～19个月[(11.3±3.5)个月]。改良Brostr?m术+肌腱清理组手术时间为(66.0±4.2)min,...     

踝关节内侧韧带损伤及其病理机制初探

目的 探讨踝关节内韧带损伤后内侧不稳定的病理机制.方法 患者15例,男8例,女7例;年龄22～58岁,平均40岁.其中踝关节急性扭伤患者2例,踝关节慢性损伤3例,先天性平足3例,胫后肌腱失能5例,旋前外旋骨折1例,陈旧性的内踝撕脱骨折1例.所有患者均行三角韧带修补术,同时行跟骨延长术8例,内侧楔骨闭合截骨5例,跟骨截骨内移术1例.全部患者术后随访7～56个月,运用美国足踝外科协会(America Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分进行评估,统计学分析采用t检验.结果 1例踝关节急性骨折患者,由于术前无法评分,不放在统计分析内.其余14例患者术前评分为(42.4±10.6)分,术后评分(89.8±6.2)分(P＜0.05).结论 三角韧带是一个重要的解剖结构,在以下几种情况下须注意其修复:(1)三角韧带损伤范围较广,涉及前部的胫弹簧韧带和胫舟韧带.(2)先天性的平足以及获得性的胫后肌腱失能患者.(3)以往有经常的踝关节扭伤,有外侧韧带的损伤,此次发生了伴有内侧韧带损伤的骨折.     

MRI在外踝不稳合并腓骨肌腱滑脱症中诊断价值

目的 评价MRI在外踝不稳合并腓骨肌腱滑脱症中的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院及沈阳市骨科医院自2020年1月至2022年11月收治的36例(36踝)慢性踝关节不稳合并腓骨肌腱滑脱症患者的临床资料,比较关节镜手术中所见与MRI阅片结果。结果 36例(36踝)患者中,男性17例(17踝),女性19例(19踝);平均年龄(33±14)岁;左踝18例,右踝18例。与实际术中所见对比,距腓前韧带损伤、腓骨肌腱上支持带损伤、腓骨长肌位于撕裂的腓骨短肌中、腓骨肌腱沟形态的MRI正确检出率为97.2%、85.2%、50.0%、100.0%,腓骨肌腱上支持带完整、腓骨长短肌相对位置改变、腓骨肌腱病及腓骨肌腱腱鞘炎、第四腓骨肌、腓骨短肌低位肌腹的MRI误诊率为30.8%、25.0%、9.1%、25.0%、50.0%。结论 MRI在距腓前韧带和腓骨肌腱上支持带损伤、腓骨肌腱沟形态中的诊断正确率较高,在腓骨肌腱上支持带完整性、B型腓骨肌腱鞘内半脱位、腓骨肌腱病及腓骨肌腱腱鞘炎、第四腓骨肌、腓骨短肌低位肌腹的诊断中存在过度诊断的可能性,MRI在外踝不稳合并腓骨肌腱滑脱症中具有较高的临床诊断...     

半腱肌肌腱移植治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳疗效观察

目的观察半腱肌肌腱移植治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的手术疗效。方法用半腱肌肌腱移植治疗26例慢性踝关节外侧不稳的患者,术后石膏外固定,康复锻炼,6个月后进行随访、分析治疗效果。结果 26例患者均获得随访观察,随访时间8个月~3年,平均1.8年。按AOFAS标准评定,术后结果优8例,良14例,中4例,优良率为84.6%。AOFAS评分从术前平均61.3分提高到术后平均86.54分。结论半腱肌肌腱移植治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳,结合良好康复治疗,踝关节功能恢复满意,疗效可靠。     

腓骨短肌腱重建训练伤后踝关节不稳定10例

目的 介绍采用腓骨短肌腱重建对踝关节扭伤导致距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带断裂引起的踝关节不稳的治疗方法及临床效果.方法 选取10例踝关节不稳男性军人患者,均由距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带断裂引起,采取腓骨短肌腱结合带线锚钉重建距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带,以恢复踝关节稳定.结果 按照1979年Mazur等踝关节评价分级系统进行功能评分,结果优7例,良2例,可1例,优良率为90％.结论 腓骨短肌腱结合带线锚钉重建距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带断裂引起的踝关节不稳能够取得良好效果,可在临床推广应用.     

Surgical treatment of concomitant chronic ankle instability and longitudinal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon

Chronic lateral ankle instability can be associated with a longitudinal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon. Patients with these problems have atypical posterolateral or retromalleolar pain, as well as clinical signs of ligamentous instability. This injury is frequently concomitant with lateral ligament injuries and the injury mechanism is similar; however, the tendon rupture is often missed. Laxity or insufficiency of the superior peroneal retinaculum allows the anterior part of the peroneus brevis tendon to ride upon the sharp posterior fibular edge, resulting in a longitudinal rupture of the tendon. We report on the results after surgical treatment in nine patients (10 ankles) with combined instability of the lateral ankle ligaments and longitudinal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon. All these patients underwent surgical repair of the peroneus tendon, reconstruction of the superior peroneal retinaculum, removal of the sharp posterior edge of the fibula and correction of the ligamentous instability of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. One constant finding at surgery was a longitudinal intratendineal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon combined with insufficiency of the superior peroneal retinaculum and insufficiency of the lateral ligaments. At follow-up 3 (2–5) years postoperatively, the functional results were excellent or good in nine ankles and fair in one. All the patients with excellent or good results had resumed their preinjury activity level. We conclude that this lesion should be suspected in patients with lateral ligamentous instability, combined with retromalleolar pain. In these cases, it is important to address both the tendon rupture and the ligamentous insufficiency.     

Accuracy of MR findings in characterizing peroneal tendons disorders in comparison with surgery

Background Previous studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a high sensitivity for peroneal tendon pathology but more studies with surgery as a reference standard are needed. Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of MRI compared to surgery for characterizing chronic peroneal tendon pathology. Material and Methods Ninety-seven patients (57 men, 40 women; mean age, 39 years; range, 15-64 years) with chronic lateral ankle instability underwent MRI followed by surgery, with a mean MR to surgery interval of 30 days. Sagittal, coronal, and axial T1-weighted spin-echo and fat-suppressed T2-weighted fast spin-echo images were obtained for all patients. Two blinded observers evaluated the MR images without clinical information, and the results were compared to surgical findings. The following peroneal injuries were observed: tendon split, interstitial tear, swelling of the tendon, fluid collection, superior peroneal retinaculum injury, and tendon dislocation. Results Swelling of the peroneus longus tendon was the most common finding on MR imaging, followed by fluid collection and a split of the peroneus brevis tendon. Surgical findings showed that nine cases (9%) of interstitial tears were in the peroneus brevis and two cases (2%) were in the peroneus longus, with eight cases (8%) of splits in the peroneus brevis tendon. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting interstitial tears in the peroneus brevis were 44% and 99%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting swelling in the peroneus brevis were 50% and 99%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting interstitial tears for peroneus longus injuries were 50% and 96%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting swelling in these injuries were and 100% and 96%, respectively. Conclusion MRI findings of chronic peroneal tendon pathology are diagnostically specific but not sensitive. MRI showed high sensitivity for diagnosing tendon swelling in the peroneus longus, but not in the peroneus brevis. MRI is sensitive but not specific for detecting negative findings.     

Traumatic peroneal split lesion with retinaculum avulsion: Diagnosis and post-operative multymodality imaging

Tears of peroneus brevis tendon represent a cause of underdiagnosed lateral ankle pain and instability. The typical clinical presentation is retro-malleolar pain, in some cases associated with palpable swelling around the fibular malleolus, pain during activities and difficulty in walking. We present a case of peroneus brevis split lesion with superior peroneal retinaculum avulsion in a young athlete who referred to the emergency ward of our hospital for left ankle pain after an inversion injury. An early diagnosis allowed treating the injury and promptly resuming sport activity, after rehabilitation training. Surgical reconstruction key-points and post-surgical follow-up were also discussed. A late diagnosis would have caused a symptomatology worsening and an increased recovery time.     

Surgical treatment of lateral ankle instability syndrome

Lateral ankle instability syndrome is defined by pain and instability caused by ligament laxity. Anterior talofibular ligament laxity, with or without calcaneofibular laxity and other abnormalities, is often present in conjunction with peroneus brevis tendon tears, abnormal ligament placement, tibialis posterior tendon tears, osteochondritis dissecans, arthritis, synovitis, loose bodies, and tarsal coalition. Surgical reconstructions were performed on 43 ankles using a split peroneus brevis tendon graft routed through osseous tunnels in the talus, fibula, and calcaneus and resutured to the reconstructed anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. The tunnel locations, transfer routes, and tendon reinforcement were modifications based on the Elmslie procedure. Good and excellent results were achieved in 91% of the patients. Ninety-eight percent of the patients achieved stability. Followup was from 9 months to 11 years. Twenty-one patients had preoperative and intraoperative findings that required additional procedures. Thorough evaluation of patients with lateral ankle instability syndrome increases the frequency of finding associated abnormalities, which if left uncorrected, may adversely affect the outcome of surgery.     

Arthrography of the ankle joint in chronic instability

Papers on arthrography of injuries of the lateral ligaments of the ankle relate mainly to recent distortion of the joint. Arthrography performed at a later stage after injury generally is considered useless. In fact, changes in chronic instability are observed; they are subtle and consist either of small recesses adjacent to the lateral malleolus or communication of the joint with the peroneal tendon sheaths. Arthrography was assessed in 61 cases of recurrent lateral sprains of the ankle more than 2 weeks after acute injury; 38 were considered as positive. Twenty-five patients had operative evaluation, with four false negative and one false positive results. Small recesses adjacent to the lateral malleolus or opacification of the peroneal tendon sheaths are sequelae of an acute sprain with tear of the anterior talofibular and/or the calcaneofibular ligaments. Although false negative results occur, arthrography is useful in the preoperative assessment of chronic ankle instability.     

A biomechanical study of human lateral ankle ligaments and autogenous reconstructive grafts

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical behavior of human anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments, as well as peroneus brevis, split peroneus brevis, and toe extensor tendon grafts. This article represents the first published data comparing the most frequently injured ankle ligaments to the most commonly used autogenous reconstructive grafts. Twenty fresh human ankles provided the bone-ligament-bone and tendon graft specimens for biomechanical testing on a Minneapolis Testing System. Protocol consisted of cyclic loading at physiologic deflections, followed by several load-deflection tests at varying velocities, followed by a final extremely rapid load to failure test. The load-deflection data for all ligaments and tendons demonstrated nonlinearity and strain rate dependence. The maximum load to failure for the anterior talofibular ligament was the lowest of all specimens tested, while its strain to failure was the highest. The loads to failure of the peroneus brevis and split peroneus tendons were significantly greater than the anterior talofibular ligament and approximately equal to the calcaneofibular ligament. Strains to failure for all tendons were significantly less than ligament strains. The high strain to failure of the anterior talofibular ligament demonstrates its physiologic function of allowing increased ankle plantar flexion-internal rotation, while its low load to failure shows its propensity for injury. The greater strength of the tendon grafts explains the success of most reconstructive procedures in reestablishing stability in chronic ankle sprains; at the same time, the data presented suggest that those surgical procedures sacrificing the entire peroneus brevis tendon are unnecessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

踝关节本体感受器损伤与慢性踝关节不稳定关系的初步研究

目的 从新鲜尸体和踝关节不稳患者手术中所切取的韧带周围组织入手,分析踝关节周围本体感受器的性质和分布,并进一步与临床病例的生物力学、本体感觉功能检验结果相比较,判断和分析本体感受器受损在功能性踝关节不稳定中的作用.方法18例踝关节不稳患者行韧带重建手术.术前、术后分别行功能评分[美国骨科足踝医师协会(AOFAS)评分],平衡系统评价其本体感觉功能.从2例新鲜冰冻尸体踝关节韧带组织和手术中获取韧带组织标本,应用组织学方法和免疫组化染色观察分析感觉小体的结构特征和分布特点.结果 (1)标本发现Ⅰ型小体、Ⅱ型小体和Ⅳ型游离无神经鞘的神经末梢;这些感受器主要分布于韧带的浅层和近骨附着部.(2)患者重心摆动距离术前、术后睁眼与闭眼检测差异均有统计学意义;患者AOFAS评分手术前后差异有统计学意义.结论(1)踝关节不稳患者本体感觉功能受损,病史越长,症状越严重,功能评分越低,其本体感受受损越严重.(2)韧带感受器受损,与踝关节不稳症状相关联,韧带重建是避免感受器反复损伤的有效方法.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the effect of ankle joint proprioceptor injury on the functional ankle instability. Methods The study enrolled 18 ( 13 males) with chronic ankle instability treated with ligament reconstruction operation. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons (AOFAS)score was used for evaluation of the function before and after operation and the balance system evaluate the proprioception function. The two ankle ligament specimens from fresh frozen body and the tissue samples from operation were used for investigation of the structure and distribution of the sensory corpuscles by using histology and immunohistoehemical staining. Results The sections were evaluated with a microscope and an image analyzer. Labeled nerve endings were mapped, measured and categorized. Type Ⅰ ( Ruffini-like ending) , type Ⅱ ( Pacinin-like corpuscle ) and type Ⅳ- (noncorpuscular) nerve endings could be identified in all the lateral ankle ligaments, with majority of types Ⅰ and Ⅱ nerve endings.These receptors were distributed primarily over the superficial ligament and near the bony attachments.There was statistical difference between preoperative and postoperative sway distance as well as between preoperative and postoperative AOFAS score. Conclusions This study suggests that the longer history,severer symptoms and lower AOFAS score may lead to the severer injury of the mechanical proprioceptors.The proprioceptor injury is correlated with ankle joint instability and the ligament reconstruction is effective to avoid the repeated injury of the proprioceptor.     

Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments with bone-patellar tendon graft in patients with chronic ankle instability: a preliminary report

BACKGROUND: Unsatisfactory long-term results have been reported after use of a Brostr?m repair for patients with chronic ankle ligament insufficiency. HYPOTHESIS: Repair or reconstruction of both the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments is essential for normal kinematics of the ankle-hindfoot. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. METHODS: Thirteen patients with chronic instability of the ankle were found at operation to have injuries of both the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments, with a lack of healthy ligament margins suitable for suturing. Reconstruction of the ligaments was performed with bone-patellar tendon graft. The score devised by Good et al. was used to assess the patients' clinical condition before the operation and at final follow-up. RESULTS: Before the operation, six patients had a grade 3 clinical condition and seven had a grade 4 condition. At a mean follow-up of 26.5 months, all patients had a grade 1 condition. The average talar tilt of the patients was improved from 18.4 degrees +/- 5.5 degrees to 4.9 degrees +/- 2.6 degrees, and the average anterior drawer sign was improved from 9.1 +/- 2.6 mm to 5.8 +/- 1.6 mm. CONCLUSION: In cases of combined injuries, short-term results of reconstruction of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments using bone-split patellar tendon graft were good, with a low frequency of complications.     

The role of the peroneal tendons in passive stabilisation of the ankle joint: an in vitro study

Purpose

Peroneal tendons are known as active stabilizer in acute ankle sprain while an intact ankle mortise and intact lateral ligaments are required for passive stability of the ankle joint. The goal of this study is to determine the peroneal tendons as passive stabilizer in case of lateral ligament instability.

Methods

Twelve (12) human lower leg cadaver specimens underwent a torsion simulation in the testing system, 858 Mini Bionix^® (MTS^® Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) and a specially designed mounting platform for the specimens. The preset torsion between tibia and calcaneus was primarily set at 30° of internal rotation during plantar flexion and hindfoot inversion. The resisting torque around mechanical tibial axis was recorded which ensures stability in ankle sprain trauma. The first series of measurements were performed on healthy specimens and the following after transecting structures in following order: ATFL (anterior talofibular ligament) in combination with CFL (calcaneofibular ligament), followed by peroneus longus tendon and finally peroneus brevis tendon.

Results

The combined lateral ATFL and CFL instability shows a decrease of the resisting torque which ensures stability in ankle sprain trauma. Only a transection of PLT with existing lateral dual-ligament instability results in a significant decrease in torque (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The PLT has a substantial effect on passive stability at a present lateral ligament lesion in ankle sprain trauma. A deficiency in viscoelastic properties of the peroneus longus tendon must be considered in diagnostic and treatment for ankle instability.