睾丸生殖细胞瘤的临床特征及复发风险因素分析

目的探讨睾丸生殖细胞瘤的临床特征及影响其术后复发的风险因素。方法分析2015年1月至2021年12月就诊于河南省肿瘤医院的睾丸肿瘤患者共计69例, 其中经病理证实生殖细胞肿瘤57例。采用非参数检验或χ2检验比较精原与非精原细胞瘤的临床特征差异。通过COX回归分析影响睾丸生殖细胞瘤复发的风险因素, 同时构建预测模型并计算模型的C-index指数。结果睾丸精原与非精原细胞瘤的患者在年龄(Z=-3.254, P<0.05)和肿瘤T分期(χ2=4.613, P<0.05)方面存在差异;而在肿瘤体积、肿瘤侧别、淋巴转移及复发方面无统计学意义(P>0.05)。COX回归提示睾丸非精原细胞瘤患者更容易出现复发[风险比(HR)=16.389, 95%可信区间(CI):2.946～91.164, P<0.05];肿瘤的体积越大, 其术后复发的风险越高(HR=1.008, 95%CI:1.001～1.016, P<0.05);治疗前存在淋巴结转移的患者复发的几率相对较高(HR=33.524, 95%CI:5.226～215.031, P<0.01);右侧睾丸生殖细胞瘤患...     

睾丸肿瘤87例临床分析

目的:提高睾丸肿瘤的诊治水平。方法:对87例睾丸肿瘤患者临床资料进行分析。结果:经手术和病理诊断,生殖细胞肿瘤79例,占睾丸肿瘤的90.1%;其中精原细胞瘤44例,占生殖细胞肿瘤的55.7%;良性肿瘤7例,占睾丸肿瘤的8.1%。非精原细胞性生殖细胞瘤(NSGCT)发病集中在5岁以下和18~40岁;精原细胞瘤发病集中在18岁之后;5~17岁仅1例发生睾丸肿瘤。精原细胞瘤和NSGCT患者3、5年生存率分别为90.6%、81.3%和83.3%、56.7%。结论:①睾丸肿瘤多为生殖细胞肿瘤;②NSGCT发病集中在5岁以下和18~40岁两个年龄段;③精原细胞瘤很少在17岁之前发病;④5~17岁很少有睾丸肿瘤发生;⑤精原细胞瘤3、5年存活率较NSGCT高。     

睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤176例临床诊治分析

目的:探讨睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的诊断、治疗及预后情况。方法:对四川大学华西医院泌尿外科1980年10月～2000年10月收住入院的睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤患者的临床病历及随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果:精原细胞瘤111例、非精原细胞瘤43例、混合性生殖细胞瘤22例,合并隐睾46例,睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的临床分期、治疗方式以及有无隐睾都是影响睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤预后的重要因素。结论:对精原细胞瘤Ⅰ期患者单纯手术与手术+放疗疗效相当,Ⅰ期精原细胞瘤可以单纯手术治疗为主;Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期精原细胞瘤和其他类型的生殖细胞肿瘤首选治疗方式为根治性睾丸切除术辅以放射治疗;早期诊断、早期合理治疗对睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的预后有重要意义。     

双侧睾丸原发性恶性肿瘤

198 6～ 1 998年我院收治双侧睾丸原发性恶性肿瘤 5例 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组 5例 ,年龄 2 7～ 62岁 ,平均 44岁。 2例双侧同时发生 ,3例一侧先发病 ,于术后 1～ 5年对侧发病。一侧隐睾 3例 ,其中 1例于 1 3岁时作隐睾固定术。病理诊断及临床分期 :双侧均为精原细胞瘤 3例 ,一侧精原细胞瘤 ,对侧胚胎性癌 1例 ,双侧恶性淋巴瘤 (非霍奇金淋巴瘤 ) 1例。其中 期 4例 , 期1例。均行根治性双侧睾丸切除术 ,1例加行腹膜后淋巴结清除术 ,术后均行放疗或化疗。随访 1～ 1 0年 ,1例双侧恶性淋巴瘤患者因肿瘤广泛转移于术后 1 7个月死亡。 4…     

超声检查在睾丸肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值初探

目的:探讨超声检查在睾丸肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:对我院1998～2005年172例睾丸肿块的超声图像结合其手术及病理结果进行回顾性分析。结果:172例睾丸肿块中超声诊断50例睾丸血肿,13例睾丸囊肿,26例睾丸炎性结节,25例睾丸结核,58例睾丸肿瘤;睾丸肿瘤中50例为生殖细胞瘤,其中精原细胞瘤41例,非精原细胞性生殖细胞瘤(NSGCT)9例;6例为非生殖细胞瘤;3例为继发性肿瘤。超声检查发现典型精原细胞瘤、畸胎瘤、表皮样囊肿、间质细胞瘤及多发性的恶性淋巴瘤具有较为特征性的声像图。结论:超声检查可以对睾丸肿瘤作出初步的诊断和鉴别诊断,为进一步治疗方案的制定提供依据,是睾丸肿瘤的首选影像学检查方法。     

睾丸肿瘤67例临床分析

目的探讨睾丸肿瘤的诊断、治疗和预后情况,提高睾丸肿瘤的诊治水平。方法对2006年1月至2015年12月收住本院的睾丸肿瘤患者的临床及随访资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果精原细胞瘤患者28例,平均发病年龄39.8岁,非精原细胞性生殖细胞肿瘤患者22例,平均发病年龄23.87岁;其他肿瘤17例。接受以手术切除为主的多模式治疗后,三者5年总生存率分别为87.65%、68.35%和58.8%。结论用以手术切除为主的多模式治疗可提高睾丸肿瘤的生存率。     

Is期睾丸混合性生殖细胞瘤不同治疗方法研究(附3例报告)

目的:本文旨在探讨Is期睾丸混合性生殖细胞瘤的不同治疗方法。方法:对2008年2月至2012年6月收治3例(年龄26~39岁)入院的Is期睾丸混合性生殖细胞瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结,并结合文献就该期肿瘤的临床特征进行探讨。结果:3例患者中1例只行根治性睾丸切除术,1例行根治性睾丸切除术+腹膜后淋巴结清扫术+BEP方案化疗,1例行根治性睾丸切除术+放疗。混合性生殖细胞瘤病理成分分别为左侧95%未成熟畸胎瘤、精原细胞瘤合并5%绒癌、胚胎性癌成分,左侧75%精原细胞瘤合并25%胚胎性癌、畸胎瘤成分,右侧90%成熟性畸胎瘤合并10%卵黄囊瘤。随访24个月3例患者肿瘤无局部复发和远处转移。结论:对于Is期睾丸混合性生殖细胞瘤诊断主要依靠体格检查、超声、MRI、血清肿瘤标记物测定等,确诊需要病理学检查,根治性睾丸切除术是其基础的治疗方法。     

Ⅱ期睾丸精原细胞瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨手术及化疗在Ⅱ期睾丸精原细胞瘤治疗中的作用. 方法 1993年2月～2007年8月收治Ⅱ期睾丸精原细胞瘤44例,采用以顺铂为基础的多疗程化疗,4例化疗前行腹膜后淋巴结廓清术,10例在化疗后行腹膜后淋巴结廓清术. 结果 8例化疗后廓清组织为坏死及纤维化组织,2例为恶性肿瘤.连续随访2～8年,5年生存率Ⅱa期100%(11/11)、Ⅱb期91.67%(22/24)、Ⅱc期77.78%(7/9). 结论 Ⅱ期睾丸精原细胞瘤应尽早采用多疗程化疗控制病期进展达到有效治疗,最终提高其生存率.     

双侧睾丸生精小管内精原细胞瘤的诊断和治疗(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的:探讨睾丸生精小管内精原细胞瘤的诊断和治疗。方法:应用睾丸组织活检和病理检查的方法诊断1例双侧睾丸生精小管内精原细胞瘤患者,附睾内获取精子行卵细胞胞质内单精子注射(ICSI),受孕成功后再行双侧睾丸局部放射治疗。结果:睾丸活检病理结果为双侧睾丸生精小管内精原细胞瘤,附睾内获取液中可见大量发育正常的精子,行ICSI失败1次,再次行ICSI,已成功受孕,行双侧睾丸局部60Co放射治疗,双侧睾丸未见肿物生长。结论:睾丸生精小管内精原细胞瘤是生殖细胞瘤的一种类型,无临床症状,多在睾丸活检时发现,早期治疗预后较好,临床医师和病理科医师应给予重视。     

睾丸精原细胞瘤57例的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨睾丸精原细胞瘤的诊治效果。方法 1982年1月～2000年6月收治57例睾丸精原细胞瘤，均经病理证实为纯精原细胞瘤，57例中51例行手术治疗，48例术后化疗，42例术后联合化疗。结果 根据《现代肿瘤学》的分期标准：Ⅰ期24例，Ⅱ期17例，Ⅲ期10例，Ⅳ期6例。全组5、10年生存率为I期（91．6％、84．2％）、Ⅰ期（64．7％、62．5％）Ⅲ期（33．3％、33．3％）、Ⅳ期（0、0）。结论 采用手术、放化疗的综合治疗可明显提高睾丸精原细胞瘤患者的疗效及生存率。     

Oncological Outcomes in Japanese Men Undergoing Orchiectomy for Stage I Testicular Germ Cell Tumor

Background

The objective of this study was to retrospectively review oncological outcomes in patients with stage I testicular germ cell tumor (GCT).

Patients and Methods

This study included 265 consecutive Japanese men undergoing orchiectomy for stage I testicular GCT, and a retrospective review of their records was performed.

Results

Of these 265 patients, 192 and 73 were pathologically classified with seminoma and nonseminoma, respectively. Prophylactic radiation and chemotherapy were performed in 62 patients with seminoma and 6 with nonseminoma, respectively. Disease recurrence occurred in 12 seminoma patients, of whom 11 had not received prophylactic radiation therapy; however, all 12 achieved a complete response to bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin therapy. Of the nonseminoma patients, 19 experienced disease recurrence and were then treated with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin followed additionally by the surgical resection of residual tumors and salvage chemotherapy in 7 and 4, respectively. There was no cancer-specific death in the 265 patients, and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates in patients with seminoma and nonseminoma were 92.6 and 72.8%, respectively. Furthermore, following factors appeared to be significantly associated with recurrence-free survival in these patients: age, T classification, microvascular invasion and adjuvant therapy for those with seminoma, and microvascular invasion for those with nonseminoma.

Conclusions

Despite a generally favorable prognosis in Japanese men with stage I testicular GCT, intensive follow-up or prophylactic therapy should be considered for men with possible risk factors of disease recurrence.Key Words: Stage I testicular germ cell tumor, Seminoma, Nonseminoma     

睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤中CD117的表达及其对精原细胞瘤的鉴别意义

目的:探讨CD117在睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤中的表达及其在鉴别睾丸精原细胞瘤和非精原细胞瘤中的价值和生物学意义。方法:采用CD117单克隆抗体对74例睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤和20例正常睾丸组织进行免疫组化染色,测定不同组织中CD117表达的阳性率、染色密度和染色强度,采用免疫反应积分(IRS)对结果进行分析比较。结果:74例睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤中,45例(60.8%)CD117表达阳性,IRS为(3.89±3.41)分。32例精原细胞瘤中,CD117阳性表达31例,阳性率为96.9%,IRS(6.82±2.76)分,表达部位以细胞膜为主;11例混合性精原细胞瘤中,CD117阳性表达10例,阳性率为90.9%,均为在精原细胞瘤成分中呈弱阳性表达,IRS为(1.25±0.42)分;31例非精原细胞瘤中CD117表达阳性者仅4例,阳性率为12.9%,并且均为胞质内弱阳性染色,IRS仅为(0.60±0.16)分。不同组织来源的睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤两两之间CD117表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。20例正常睾丸组织CD117均为阳性表达,IRS为(7.30±1.89)分。结论:CD117在睾丸精原细胞瘤细胞膜上有较为特异的表达,其在睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤中的表达对于鉴别精原细胞瘤和非精原细胞瘤有重要价值。     

Testicular tumors: presentation and role of diagnostic delay

180 patients with testicular germ cell tumors were evaluated in a retrospective study concerning the features of presentation and diagnostic delay. Mean duration of symptoms was 170 days, being different for seminoma and nonseminoma, and showing a continuous decrease since 1969. Duration of symptoms was longest in stage I seminoma. In the nonseminoma group the longest interval was observed in stage III. It is concluded that only in nonseminoma a prolonged delay exerts adverse effects on prognosis. Short delay (cryosperm conservation) does not seem to cause any harm. A plea is made for periodic testicular self-examination.     

睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤62例临床分析

目的：探讨睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的诊断、治疗、预后情况及对性功能的影响。方法：对1992年3月～2006年4月收住院的睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤患者的临床及随访资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果：精原细胞瘤（sGCT）患者平均发病年龄40．3岁,比非精原细胞瘤（NSGCT）大6．9岁;B超显示,SGCT多表现为低回声,NSGCT多为不均匀回声;两者5年总生存率分别为93．94％、82．35％;疾病或治疗相关性性功能障碍发生率14．29％。结论：①血清肿瘤标志物、超声、腹部CT检查对于睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的诊断、临床分期及预后判断有一定参考价值。②SGCTI期患者单纯手术与手术加放疗疗效相当,Ⅱ期患者应给予手术加放疗;NSGCT患者应给予手术加化疗等综合治疗。③睾丸肿瘤及相关治疗对性功能影响较小,勃起功能障碍主要与放疗有关。     

Results of surgical treatment for pimary germcell tumors of the mediastinum

Primary germ cell tumors of the mediastinum are relatively rare with complicated backgrounds including various pathology with mixed types and characteristics. The primary treatment for mature teratoma is surgical resection. It is sometimes difficult because of the giant tumor size and severe adhesion. Pneumonectomy is sometimes necessary to resect a tumor completely. In elderly patients, mature teratomas possibly involve epithelial malignant transformation. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of both seminoma and nonseminoma. In our institution, 10-year survival rates are 91.7% for seminoma and 53.0% for nonseminoma. In terms of survival, nonseminoma has a worse prognosis compared with seminoma. Cases with pleural dissemination or metastasis also have a worse prognosis, with a median survival time of 5 months. The reasons for the poor prognosis in nonseminoma are the inclusion of patients in whom chemotherapy is not effective and those with advanced disease with metastasis. It would be possible to improve the prognosis with the establishment of a standard treatment regimen, development of new agents for the treatment of tumors resistant to current chemotherapy regimens, and detection of more tumors in the early stage.     

The incidence and management of metachronous testicular germ cell tumors in patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors

ObjectivesThe optimal management of extragonadal germ cell tumor (EGGCT) and metachronous testicular germ cell tumor (MTGCT) has not been determined.Patients and methodsFifty-one consecutive patients with EGGCT were identified. Testicular palpation or ultrasonography to rule out a primary testicular tumor was performed. Pretreatment testicular biopsies were not performed. The incidence and outcome of MTGCT, and the prognosis of EGGCT were evaluated.ResultsTwenty-five and 26 patients, respectively, had mediastinal and retroperitoneal EGGCT. Fourteen and 37 patients, respectively, had seminoma and nonseminoma. Five patients developed MTGCT in patients with retroperitoneal EGGCT. The median interval from the primary treatment for EGGCT to MTGCT diagnosis was 64 months (range 15–120). The cumulative risk of developing MTGCT was 8.3% at 6 y. Five patients underwent an orchiectomy and have survived in the 16-months median follow-up period (range 4–30). Among the patients with seminomatous and nonseminomatous EGGCT, the 5-year survival rate was 84.6% and 78.3%, respectively. Among the patients with retroperitoneal and mediastinal nonseminomatous EGGCT, the 5-year survival rate was 94.7% and 58.8%, respectively.ConclusionsThe prognosis of EGGCT without testicular biopsies was sufficient. EGGCT patients, especially retroperitoneal EGGCT, need long-term follow-up for MTGCT.     

Prognostic analysis of Japanese men with metastatic germ cell tumors showing favorable response to bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of first-line bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy in Japanese patients with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs). Between 1996 and 2006, 88 male patients with metastatic GCTs were treated with first-line BEP at our institution. Of these 88, 47 (16, seminoma; 31, nonseminoma), who did not receive high-dose chemotherapy following BEP because of the normalization of serum tumor markers, were included in this study. The primary site was the testis in 42 patients, retroperitoneum in 3, and mediastinum in 2. The full-dose regimen used for BEP consisted of cisplatin 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5, etoposide 100 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5, and bleomycin on days 2, 9 and 16. Therapeutic outcome was assessed according to several clinicopathological parameters. Following 2 to 4 cycles of BEP (median, 4 cycles), alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and lactate dehydrogenase were normalized in all 47 patients. Eighteen patients (38.3%) achieved a complete response (CR) after BEP alone, while BEP resulted in a partial response and stable disease in the remaining 23 (48.9%) and 6 (12.8%), respectively. In addition, surgical resection of the residual tumors following BEP was performed in 15 patients, of whom 12 (80.0%) and 3 (20.0%) achieved pathological and surgical CR, respectively. At a median follow-up of 27 months, all patients were alive; however, disease recurrence occurred in 5 (seminoma, 1; nonseminoma, 4), and all these 5 were subsequently treated with high-dose chemotherapy as salvage therapy. In this series, 1-, 3- and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 95.0, 91.4 and 79.2%, respectively, and, there was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival between patients with seminoma and those with nonseminoma. These findings suggested that patients with metastatic GCTs, regardless of histological subtype (i.e., seminoma or nonseminoma), who showed favorable response to first-line BEP chemotherapy, could achieve an excellent prognostic outcome.     

Interpreting the international trends in testicular seminoma and nonseminoma incidence

There are considerable geographic, ethnic and temporal variations in the global incidence of testicular cancer. The disease mainly affects Western populations, with average rates in developed areas of the world six times higher than those in developing areas. About 500,000 new cases were diagnosed worldwide in 2002, with the vast majority being germ cell tumors and occurring in young adult males. Traditionally, these tumors are further classified into seminoma and nonseminoma. In this Review, trends in the incidence of germ cell tumors are examined using high-quality cancer-registry data from 41 populations within 14 countries worldwide. To assess whether trends of seminoma and nonseminoma incidence are similar, data were analyzed by birth cohort. These analyses should reveal similar trends if the 10-year difference in the clinical manifestation of cancer between subtypes is caused by differences in the speed of progression from the same early rate-limiting step to the onset of symptomatic disease. In each country, incidence has uniformly increased in successive generations born from around 1920 until very recently. Cohort-specific trends in seminoma incidence are similar to cohort-specific trends in nonseminoma incidence, lending support to the conclusion that the subtypes are epidemiologically and etiologically comparable. The findings presented are related to current theories and evidence regarding the determinants of testicular germ cell cancer.