内镜治疗结直肠类癌43例

目的：探讨内镜下结直肠类癌诊断和治疗的安全性和有效性。方法：对黏膜隆起性病变、瘤体直径小于1．5cm、超声内镜检查无肌层浸润,超声或cT检查无转移,疑似结直肠类癌的43例患者,采用内镜下黏膜切除术和内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗。结果：43例患者中术后3d出血2例,迟发性出血1例,均经内镜及药物治疗痊愈;术后平均随访2．5年,无复发及转移。结论：结肠镜是结直肠类癌检查的重要手段,超声内镜是重要的辅助检查;对于直径小于1．5cm、无转移、未侵及肌层的结直肠类癌,行内镜下切除是一种简单、安全有效的方法,术后应定期随访。     

内镜超声和内镜黏膜下剥离诊治直肠类癌31例

目的探讨直肠类癌的内镜超声(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)特征及内镜黏膜下剥离(endoscopicsubmucosal dissection,ESD)治疗直肠类癌的安全性与可靠性。方法 2008年6月～2011年5月31例直肠类癌行EUS检查,对其中直径<1.5 cm的19例行ESD治疗。在瘤体边缘做环周标记,黏膜下注射甘油果糖和美蓝混合液,使瘤体与肌层分离,预切开瘤体周围黏膜,剥离瘤体下方黏膜下层组织,完整切除瘤体。结果通过EUS检查及深挖活检,诊断直肠类癌31例,EUS特征为位于黏膜下层或黏膜深层的边界清晰、内部回声欠均匀的低回声占位影。对19例直径<1.5 cm直肠类癌行ESD治疗,均完整切除瘤体。术中穿孔1例,术后出血1例,经内科保守治疗后痊愈。切除标本基底及边缘均无肿瘤组织残留。19例随访1～4年,平均1.8年,除1例因创面经久不愈转外科治疗外,其余均无复发及转移。结论 EUS可明确直肠类癌的来源层次、大小、内部回声、边界、有无肌层及周围血管浸润,指导治疗方案的选择。ESD治疗直径<1.0 cm的直肠类癌安全可靠,可避免不必要的手术。     

基层医院开展内镜下黏膜切除术的临床体会

目的探讨基层医院开展内镜下黏膜切除术的特点与注意事项。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月我们对结直肠黏膜可疑病灶行内镜下黏膜切除术的17例患者的临床资料。结果结直肠黏膜可疑病灶的17例患者均行的内镜下黏膜切除术,取材完整;病理检查均为早期结直肠癌,切缘无癌浸润;创面出血少。结论在基层医院对结直肠黏膜可疑病灶行内镜下黏膜切除术是能够一次性完成诊断与治疗的,具有费用低、操作简单的应用价值。     

直肠类癌临床病理分析及内镜治疗(附38例)

目的 探讨直肠类癌的临床病理学特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析38例直肠类癌的临床病理资料.结果 38例均为典型性类癌,均位于距肛门10 cm以内.内镜下多表现为典型的黏膜下肿物,色黄、质硬或韧,活动度差.所有病例神经内分泌分化标记物染色阳性.直径≤2 cm者34例,其中30例位于黏膜内,4例侵犯黏膜下层,内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈;4例直径>2 cm,均侵犯肌层,行直肠癌根治术.肿瘤≤2 cm者Ki-67阳性表达率<3%或阴性.34例获随访,均存活.结论 直肠类癌明确诊断依赖于组织病理学观察及免疫组化.直肠类癌生物学行为低度恶性,一般不侵犯肌层,也很少转移,多数病例可在内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈.     

直肠类癌临床病理分析及内镜治疗(附38例)

目的 探讨直肠类癌的临床病理学特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析38例直肠类癌的临床病理资料.结果 38例均为典型性类癌,均位于距肛门10 cm以内.内镜下多表现为典型的黏膜下肿物,色黄、质硬或韧,活动度差.所有病例神经内分泌分化标记物染色阳性.直径≤2 cm者34例,其中30例位于黏膜内,4例侵犯黏膜下层,内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈;4例直径>2 cm,均侵犯肌层,行直肠癌根治术.肿瘤≤2 cm者Ki-67阳性表达率<3%或阴性.34例获随访,均存活.结论 直肠类癌明确诊断依赖于组织病理学观察及免疫组化.直肠类癌生物学行为低度恶性,一般不侵犯肌层,也很少转移,多数病例可在内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈.     

早期食管癌内镜及病理特点分析

目的 总结早期食管癌内镜及病理特点,探讨其对临床诊断的价值.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年12月西南医院收治的62例早期食管癌患者的临床资料,总结其内镜和病理特点.结果 食管上段癌8例,中段癌42例,下段癌12例.内镜分型依次为表面扩散生长型30例,双向生长型11例,腔内生长型9例,壁内生长型7例,混合生长型5例.多数肿瘤直径为1.0～2.9 cm.行外科手术治疗38例、内镜黏膜切除术治疗23例、内镜黏膜下层剥离术治疗1例.术后病理检查:原位癌13例,黏膜内癌22例,黏膜下癌27例,黏膜内癌和黏膜下癌的淋巴结转移率分别为5%(1/22)和15%(4/27).病理分型:鳞癌57例,腺癌2例,小细胞癌、肉瘤化癌、梭形细胞癌各1例.结论 早期食管癌好发于食管中段,以表面扩散生长型多见,以鳞癌为主,普通内镜联合卢戈液和美蓝检查是发现早期食管癌的重要方法.     

胃黏膜内癌的EMR与ESD治疗

一些早期胃癌可采用缩小手术，甚至内镜下手术如内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosalre—section．EMR）及内镜黏膜下层剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection．ESD）就可达到根治目的。胃癌内镜治疗的根治切除前提条件包括：1）无淋巴结转移；2）保证水平方向（黏膜内浸润范围）和垂直方向（浸润深度）有足够的安全切缘；3）术后切除标本可进行详细的病理组织学检查。其内镜治疗具体适应证为：所有无淋巴结转移的无溃疡糜烂的分化型黏膜内癌，直径3cm以下的有溃疡糜烂的分化型及2cm以下的无溃疡糜烂的未分化型黏膜内癌；直径3cm以下无溃疡糜烂的分化型黏膜下层癌，直径2cm以下无溃疡糜烂的未分化型黏膜下层癌。ESD和EMR可能成为治疗早期胃癌的标准方法；且ESD的1次切除率高，局部复发率低。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗食管病变21例

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（endosc opic submucosa｜ dissection,ESD）治疗食管黏膜层及黏膜下层病变的应用价值。方法2012年5月～2013年2月,对胃镜及超声胃镜发现的食管黏膜层及黏膜下层病变21例进行ESD治疗：黏膜下注射生理盐水,以抬高黏膜层;环行切开病变周围黏膜;对病变黏膜下层进行剥离,以完整切除病变。结果2l例黏膜病变均完整切除,术后病理证实早期食管癌13例,中重度不典型增生5例,黏膜下平滑肌瘤3例。病变直径1．0～4．0cm,平均2．8cm。手术时间20～115rain,平均55min。住院时间8～15d,平均10．6d。1例术后迟发性出血,紧急行内镜下止血夹夹闭、氩离子血浆凝固术（argonplasmacoagulation,APC）成功止血;无一例穿孔。结论ESD在治疗食管黏膜层及黏膜下层的病变中具有病变切除完整性好、切除率高、并发症少、复发率低、患者生存质量高等优点,值得推广。     

大肠类癌术后复发转移的危险因素分析

目的探讨大肠类癌术后复发转移的危险因素，为预测和预防大肠类癌术后复发提供依据。方法回顾性分析我院2000年1月-2005年10月收治的大肠类癌19例的临床资料。结果肿瘤直径≥2．5cm者12例，术后复发转移8例；肿瘤直径〈2．5cm的7例仅有2例复发转移。肿瘤已浸润至肌层、浆膜者14例，复发转移9例；浸润深度不超过肌层的5例中仅有1例复发。淋巴结转移阳性的5例术后全部复发转移，而淋巴结转移阴性者只有5例复发转移。结论对于大肠类癌手术是有效的治疗手段。应根据肿瘤大小、浸润深度及淋巴结转移与否来选择手术方式。     

胃间质瘤的早期诊断及微创治疗

目的:探讨胃镜、超声内镜、腹腔镜联合诊治胃间质瘤(直径<5cm)的作用和价值.方法:2004年8月至2010年12月为87例胃镜发现的胃粘膜下隆起性病变患者进行超声内镜检查,初步诊断胃间质瘤41例,直径0.75～4.25cm,平均2.42cm.其中起源于粘膜肌层8例,行内镜粘膜下剥离术(endoscopic submu...     

Endoscopic mucosal resection as a staging technique to determine the depth of invasion of esophageal adenocarcinoma

Background

Endoscopic ablation and vagal-sparing esophagectomy offer the potential for reduced morbidity in patients with high-grade dysplasia or early esophageal adenocarcinoma, but neither includes a lymphadenectomy. Although adequate for intramucosal tumors, both are potentially inadequate for patients with submucosal tumor invasion given the high prevalence of nodal metastases with these lesions. Currently there is no test including endoscopic ultrasound that can accurately determine whether a small tumor is confined to the mucosa or has penetrated into the submucosa. The aim of this study was to compare the pathologic depth of invasion by endoscopic mucosal resection with findings and outcome after surgical resection to assess the accuracy and reliability of endoscopic mucosal resection for staging early esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Methods

From 2001 to 2003, 7 patients presented with small, endoscopically visible adenocarcinomas. All underwent endoscopic mucosal resection followed by surgical resection.

Results

Analysis of the resected specimens confirmed that the endoscopic mucosal resection had accurately determined the depth of tumor invasion in all patients, and had completely excised the lesion in all but 1 patient (86%). Lymph node dissection was included as part of the resection in 2 patients with submucosal invasion by endoscopic mucosal resection, and a vagal-sparing esophagectomy was used in the 5 patients with only intramucosal tumors. All patients are alive and disease-free at a median follow-up of 7 months.

Conclusions

Endoscopic mucosal resection accurately determines the depth of tumor invasion, and should be used as a staging procedure in patients with early esophageal cancer when therapies that do not include a lymphadenectomy are considered.     

大肠类癌的结肠镜诊治(附36例分析)

目的:探讨大肠类癌在结肠镜下的诊断和治疗。方法:回顾分析2000年9月至2005年9月长海医院肛肠外科肠镜室共36例大肠类癌的临床资料。病理确诊36例,内镜下用PSD圈套器圈除16例,热活检钳钳除3例,EMR切除8例,手术局部切除7例,直肠根治术1例,右半结肠切除1例。结果:随访1~5年存活率100%。结论:结肠镜检查是发现和诊断大肠类癌的首选方法,确诊有赖于病理诊断。内镜下治疗切实有效,EMR是治疗大肠类癌安全可靠的方法(无肌层浸润及淋巴结转移者)。     

早期大肠癌的诊断及治疗

目的 探讨术前诊断早期大肠癌的方法,并评价其对选择治疗方式的意义。方法 经电子、放大、超声结肠镜观察１５例大肠癌患者肿瘤的大体形态、染色后粘膜腺体开口大小排列特点、肿物浸润深度及淋巴结转移情况,据此对患者进行诊断和临床分期,并制定治疗方案。结果 患者肿瘤直径１～６ｃｍ,以亚有蒂型最多,占５３％（８／１５）;放大内镜观察腺体开口最多见的类型为ⅢＬ加Ⅴ型（８例,５３％）;超声内镜观察粘膜癌１１例,粘膜     

Curative resection of rectal carcinoid tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Background: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a minimally invasive technique for local resection of rectal tumors. Its place needs to be defined for resection of carcinoid tumors of the rectum. Materials and Methods: From 1998 to 2004, rectal carcinoid tumors were diagnosed in 5 patients. The diagnosis was suggested at biopsy in all patients. All tumors were resected full thickness with transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Data were obtained retrospectively from a review of hospital charts. Results: At the time of operation all tumors were small without clinical or biochemical signs of metastasis. All resected tumors were highly differentiated and had free margins without invasion into the submucosa. Operative times ranged from 15 to 35 minutes. Hospital stays ranged from 2 to 4 days. No morbidity or mortality was observed. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 75 months. No recurrences were observed. Conclusion: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is an excellent technique for removal of carcinoid tumors of the rectum and even the distal part of the sigmoid, if the diameter is <1 cm without invasion of the rectal wall.     

阑尾类癌13例诊断和治疗

目的探讨阑尾类癌的生物学特性、诊断和外科治疗经验,提高首次手术治愈率。方法回顾性总结1985年至2002年我院收治的13例阑尾类癌患者的临床和病理资料。结果全组无一例术前确诊,均经术后病理确诊。肿瘤直径小于1cm 9例,1～2cm 3例,大于2cm 1例。8例肿瘤浸润深度限于黏膜下或肌层,3例浸及浆膜。有2例患者显示肿瘤浸润至阑尾系膜,其中有1例患者肿瘤大于2cm伴局部淋巴结转移。分别采用单纯性阑尾切除术9例,回盲部切除术1例,右半结肠切除2例,姑息性手术1例。获随访的11例患者中,10例患者无复发和远处转移,1例死亡。结论阑尾类癌少见且多无症状,难以做出术前确诊。宜根据肿瘤大小、部位及浸润深度决定手术方式和切除范围。     

阑尾类癌七例报道——附文献复习

目的 探讨阑尾类癌的病理特征与治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院于1980年～2005年间收治的7例和同期国内文献报告的37例共44例阑尾类癌的临床病理资料.结果 阑尾类癌发生在尖端者31例,中段者9例,根部者4例;肿瘤直径＜1cm者35例,1～2cm者7例,＞2cm者2例;肿瘤浸润黏膜下层者38例,肌层者2例,浆膜层者4例;有局部淋巴结转移者3例,无转移者41例.组织学观察绝大多数表现为典型类癌.所有病例术后随访1～15年,未见肿瘤转移、复发.结论 阑尾类癌绝大多数发生在尖端,体积小,局限于黏膜下层,表现为良性类癌,单纯阑尾切除术是其主要治疗方式;肿瘤直径＞2cm、浸润浆膜或有转移者应视为恶性,应选择右半结肠切除术.     

A rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis: A case report and a review of the literature

We report herein, a patient with a rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis, and discuss a surgical policy for these lesions with reference to other such cases reported in the literature. A 40 year old female was admitted with a rectal mass and colonoscopy revealed a subpedunculated lesion, 1 cm in diameter, with a depression in its tip. A diagnosis of carcinoid was made by biopsy and transsacral excision performed. The excised specimen revealed a subpedunculated lesion measuring 7×6×6 mm with a central depression. The tumor was histologically confined to the submucosa but lymphatic invasion with pararectal lymph node involvement was observed. A radical proctectomy was thus performed. The incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoids with a diameter of 1 cm or less is very low ranging from 1.5 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most lesions of 1 cm or less in diameter can be treated by local excision alone. Thus, although it is recommended that local excision be performed first to determine the extent of spread, lymphatic vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis, radical surgery is indicated if lymphatic invasion or nodal involvement is present, even when muscle invasion is absent.