胸腔镜手术的临床应用

作者等自１９９２年１１月至１９９４年３月，用胸腔镜进行胸部手术３６例次，其中包括反复发作的自发性气胸、肺大跑切除、胸膜固定术１４例（双侧病变同时手术１例）；肺周围型肿物，肺楔形切除术１０例；恶性胸水、胸膜活检、胸膜固定术４例；胸膜病变，胸膜活检术３例；肺部肿瘤活检术２例；双肺弥漫性病变，肺活检术２例；中转开胸２例。无手术死亡和严重并发症发生。取得较为满意的诊断和治疗效果。与同期开胸探查手术相比较，胸腔镜手术创伤小，术后疼痛轻，胸腔引流量、置管时间、术后住院日都有不同程度的减少或缩短。     

胸腔镜手术临床应用

作者等自１９９１年１１月至１９９４年３月，用胸腔镜进行胸部手术３６例次，其中包括反复发作的自发性气胸、肺大切除、胸膜固定术１４例（双侧病变同时手术１例）；肺周围型肿物，肺楔形切除术１０例；恶性胸水、胸膜活检、胸膜固定术４例；胸膜病变，胸膜活检术３例；肺部肿瘤活检术２例；双肺弥漫性病变，肺检术２例；中转开胸２例。无手术死亡和严重并发症发生。取得较为满意的诊断和治疗效果。与同期开胸探查手术相比较，胸腔     

电视胸腔镜手术与常规手术治疗自发性气胸的临床分析

目的探讨自发性气胸外科治疗的主要适应证,比较电视胸腔镜手术与常规开胸手术治疗自发性气胸的手术效果。方法比较28例常规开胸手术和24例胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的结果。结果两组无手术死亡。两组分别有1例和3例术后肺持续漏气超过3d以上。结论①肺大疱破裂自发性气胸是胸腔镜手术的最佳适应证,与传统开胸手术相比,胸腔镜手术具有患者创伤小,手术时间短,术后疼痛轻,康复快,符合美学要求等特点。②自发性气胸并胸膜粘连可用胸腔镜辅助小切口行粘连松解肺大疱切除术。③为减少术后复发率需行胸膜固定术。     

胸腔镜辅助下小切口肺大疱切除术治疗气胸36例临床体会

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨在基层医院应用胸腔镜辅助下小切口肺切除+胸膜固定术治疗气胸的临床效果。方法〓采用胸腔镜辅助下小切口肺切除+胸膜固定术治疗气胸36例,观察术中手术时间、术中出血、术后胸液引流量、引流管留置时间、平均住院时间、术后并发症等临床指标。结果〓36例患者电视胸腔镜手术均获成功,术后并发症为术后持续漏气,无手术死亡。手术时间83~176 min,引流液总量35~350 mL,平均住院时间6.8天。结论〓胸腔镜辅助下小切口肺切除术治疗气胸是安全的和有效的治疗方法,适合在基层开展。     

胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术38例应用体会

目的通过对38例胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术的分析，得出胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术在胸部疾病诊治中的作用。方法完成胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术38例。手术疾病包括自发性气胸、肺大疱、外伤性血胸、纵隔肿瘤、肺疾病等。结果手术时间缩短，术中出血少，手术安全可靠，术后并发症少，恢复快。结论胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术同样具备胸腔镜优点，且费用更低，更适合国情，特别适合在基层医院开展。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的临床应用

目的:探讨胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的可行性及疗效。方法:经胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸16例。结果:手术过程顺利,术后均未发生严重并发症。疗效满意。结论: (1)肺大泡破裂自发性气胸是胸腔镜手术最佳的适应证,与传统开胸手术相比,胸腔镜手术具有患者创伤小,手术时间短,术后疼痛轻,康复快,符合美容要求等特点; (2)反复发作的单侧自发性气胸,行胸腔闭式引流术后持续漏气7d,双侧自发性气胸,不论是否同时发作都可考虑胸腔镜手术治疗; (3)自发性气胸并胸膜粘连可用胸腔镜辅助小切口行粘连松解肺大泡切除术; (4)为减少一次性材料的消耗,降低手术成本,可辅助小切口使用常规胸科手术器械完成手术; (5)为减少术后复发率需行胸膜固定术。     

电视胸腔镜下治疗无明显肺大泡的自发性气胸39例体会

目的探讨无明显肺大泡自发性气胸患者的发病机理及胸腔镜下外科治疗方法。方法2006年至2010年共收治此类患者共39例，所有病例入院时经术前X片检查均确诊为单侧复发性自发性气胸，肺压缩20％-80％不等，18例行肺尖泡性气肿组织楔形切除及胸膜摩擦固定术，15例行肺尖泡性气肿组织楔形切除及肺小泡结扎、胸膜摩擦固定术，6例行单纯胸膜摩擦固定术。结果所有病例均一期痊愈出院，随访3—34个月无复发病例。结论电视胸腔镜下无明显肺大泡的气胸患者部分合并有胸膜下肺气肿和肺小泡，胸膜摩擦固定术是治疗和预防术后复发的有效方法。     

局麻下小切口开胸术

目的 探讨局麻下小切口切取胸膜病变进行活检的可行性。方法 对6例长期未确诊的胸膜疾病或胸水实施局麻下开胸(开放性气胸下)胸膜活检手术。结果 6例胸膜活检均成功，病理证实3例恶性肿瘤胸膜转移，1例淀粉样变，1例纤维增生样改变。1例曾误诊为胸膜结核，再次剖胸探察证实为肺癌胸膜转移。无手术并发症和死亡。结论 局麻下小切口胸膜病变活检术可行，该方法经济、微创、对麻醉要求低，选择适宜病人，利于临床普遍开展。     

胸腔镜下胸顶壁层胸膜切除术治疗自发性气胸

目的探讨胸腔镜下胸顶壁层胸膜切除治疗自发性气胸的可行性及其临床效果。方法21例自发性气胸患者均行胸腔镜手术治疗,术中肺尖部发现肺大疱15例,未发现肺大疱6例。肺尖部肺组织局部切除17例,结扎法处理肺大疱4例;20例行胸顶壁层胸膜切除,1例继发性气胸除胸顶胸膜切除外同时行滑石粉胸膜固定术。留置多侧孔胸顶引流管,引流量少于100ml／d后拔除。结果无中转开胸。手术时间平均87（60～192）min;术中出血量平均47（20～100）ml。手术后拔管时间平均4（3～7）d。无切口感染,无术后胸腔活动性出血。术后胸部X线发现胸顶胸膜增厚8例。术后平均随访12（6～30）月,无复发。结论胸顶壁层胸膜切除在胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸中可以作为有效的胸膜固定方法,对于术中未发现明显肺大疱者尤为重要。     

胸腔镜胸膜固定术的临床应用

目的 探讨胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗气胸和恶性胸积液的效果。方法 对1997年9月至2003年9月间采用胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗气胸和恶性胸积液患者30例进行回顾性分析，其中肺大泡合并自发性气胸21例，恶性胸腔积液9例。结果 本组所有患者无手术死亡。21例肺大泡患者经胸腔镜切除肺大泡并胸膜固定手术，术后平均住院时间7．4天，引流管放置时间2．8天，胸腔引流量180ml，无气胸复发。9例恶性胸腔积液患者术后平均住院时间11．2天，引流管放置时间4．4天，平均胸腔引流量420ml，随访3～16个月未见胸积液复发。结论 使用胸腔镜施行胸膜固定术具有疗效确切、创伤小的优点，可以有效地防止气胸和胸积液复发。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

Ligament and tendon injuries are common problems in orthopedics. There is a need for treatments that can expedite nonoperative healing or improve the efficacy of surgical repair or reconstruction of ligaments and tendons. Successful biologically-based attempts at repair and reconstruction would require a thorough understanding of normal tendon and ligament healing. The inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, and the cells involved in tendon and ligament healing will be reviewed. Then, current research efforts focusing on biologically-based treatments of ligament and tendon injuries will be summarized, with a focus on stem cells endogenous to tendons and ligaments. Statement of clinical significance: This paper details mechanisms of ligament and tendon healing, as well as attempts to apply stem cells to ligament and tendon healing. Understanding of these topics could lead to more efficacious therapies to treat ligament and tendon injuries. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:7–12, 2020